The human identical sequence (HIS) is a sequence of RNA elements, 24-27 nucleotides in length, that coronavirus genomes share with the human genome.[1] In pathogenic progression, HIS acts as a NamiRNA (nuclear activating miRNA) through the NamiRNA-enhancer network to activate neighboring host genes.[2][3] The first HIS elements was identified in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, which has five HIS elements; other human coronaviruses have one to five.[1] It has been suggested that these sequences can be more generally termed "host identical sequences" since similar correlations have been found between the genome of SARS-CoV-2 and multiple potential hosts (bats, pangolins, ferrets, and cats).[1]

SARS-CoV-2

namelengthsequencelocation in virus genomelocation in human genomeneighboring genesnote
HIS-SARS2-126UGUCUAUGCUAAUGGAGGUAAAGGCU7570–7595 in ORF1aChr3: 124017420-124017395KALRN
HIS-SARS2-224UAUAACACAUATAAAAAUACGUGU12494–12517 in ORF1aChr3: 176597319-176597342
HIS-SARS2-324UUAUAUGCCUUAUUUCUUUACUUU6766–6789 in ORF1aChr5: 28949255-28949232
HIS-SARS2-427AGGAGAAUGACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA29860–29886 in 3' UTRChr18: 73670168-73670142FBXO15, TIMM21, CYB5Asame as HIS-SARS1-2
HIS-SARS2-524UUGUUGCUGCUAUUUUCUAUUUAA8610–8633 in ORF1aChrX: 99693480-99693457

SARS-CoV-1

namelengthsequencelocation in virus genomelocation in human genomeneighboring genesnote
HIS-SARS-125UAACAUGCUUAGGAUAAUGGCCUCU15251–15275 in ORF1bChr4: 172887105-172887129
Chr8: 122356667-122356690		HAS2, ZHX2
HIS-SARS-227AGGAGAAUGACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA29717–29743 in 3' UTRChr18: 73670168-73670142same as HIS-SARS2-4

MERS-CoV

namelengthsequencelocation in virus genomelocation in human genomeneighboring genesnote
HIS-MERS-124UUCCAUUUGCACAGAGUAUCUUUU24364–24387 in SChrX: 25635779-25635802

HCoV-HKU1

namelengthsequencelocation in virus genomelocation in human genomeneighboring genesnote
HIS-HKU1-124UUAGAAUUGUUCAAAUGUUAUCUG18656-18679chr1:106816197-106816220
HIS-HKU1-224UUUUCUAAGAAAGAUUGGUAUGAU14044-14067chr1:226438633-226438656
chr4:151100495-151100518
chr5:79284823-79284846
chr5:111192947-111192970
chr7:94695722-94695745
chr7:98386489-98386512
chr15:59768424-59768447
chr22:30137367-30137390
HIS-HKU1-324AUUUGACUUUAAAUCUUCAUACUA26693-26716chr4:11718458-11718481
HIS-HKU1-424GAUUGGUUGUAUUUUCAUUUUUAU23527-23550chr4:33759646-33759669
HIS-HKU1-524UAGAUACUGUUAUUUUUAAAAAUA19844-19867chrX:81711130-81711153

HCoV-NL63

namelengthsequencelocation in virus genomelocation in human genomeneighboring genesnote
HIS-NL63-124UUAUGAUUUUGGUGAUUUUGUUGU13044-13067chr1:215311768-215311791
HIS-NL63-224GGUGUUUUUGUUGAUGAUGUUGUU14920-14943chr4:28254452-28254475
HIS-NL63-324AUAGGCUUAAAUGCUUCUGUUACU20754-20777chr6:30469931-30469954
HIS-NL63-424AAGUAAUUGUAUUAAGAUGUUAUC12124-12147chr7:19853545-19853568
HIS-NL63-524AACUUUUAUGAUUUUGGUGAUUUU13039-13062chr9:1525276-1525299

HCoV-OC43

namelengthsequencelocation in virus genomelocation in human genomeneighboring genesnote
HIS-OC43-124UACAGCUCUUUGUAAAUCUGGUAG22827-22850chr8:122471006-122471029HAS2, ZHX2
HIS-OC43-224UUGUAUGAGUGAUUUUAUGAGUGA24509-24532chr13:30510223-30510246

HCoV-229E

namelengthsequencelocation in virus genomelocation in human genomeneighboring genesnote
HIS-229E-124AAUAUUUUAACAGUACCACGUUAU19817-19840chr8:42865576-42865599
HIS-229E-224ACUUUGUAUUGUGUCCUCCUGGAA13139-13162chr11:112451251-112451274

References

  1. 1 2 3 Li, W; Yang, S; Xu, P; Zhang, D; Tong, Y; Chen, L; Jia, B; Li, A; Lian, C; Ru, D; Zhang, B; Liu, M; Chen, C; Fu, W; Yuan, S; Gu, C; Wang, L; Li, W; Liang, Y; Yang, Z; Ren, X; Wang, S; Zhang, X; Song, Y; Xie, Y; Lu, H; Xu, J; Wang, H; Yu, W (February 2022). "SARS-CoV-2 RNA elements share human sequence identity and upregulate hyaluronan via NamiRNA-enhancer network". EBioMedicine. 76: 103861. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103861. PMC 8811534. PMID 35124429.
  2. ↑ Yang, S; Ling, Y; Zhao, F; Li, W; Song, Z; Wang, L; Li, Q; Liu, M; Tong, Y; Chen, L; Ru, D; Zhang, T; Zhou, K; Zhang, B; Xu, P; Yang, Z; Li, W; Song, Y; Xu, J; Zhu, T; Shan, F; Yu, W; Lu, H (18 March 2022). "Hymecromone: a clinical prescription hyaluronan inhibitor for efficiently blocking COVID-19 progression". Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 7 (1): 91. doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00952-w. PMC 8931182. PMID 35304437.
  3. ↑ Xiao M, Li J, Li W, Wang Y, Wu F, Xi Y, Zhang L, Ding C, Luo H, Li Y, Peng L, Zhao L, Peng S, Xiao Y, Dong S, Cao J, Yu W (October 2017). "MicroRNAs activate gene transcription epigenetically as an enhancer trigger". RNA Biology. 14 (10): 1326–1334. doi:10.1080/15476286.2015.1112487. PMC 5711461. PMID 26853707.


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