Hurricane Danielle
Danielle at its second peak intensity on September 7
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 1, 2022
ExtratropicalSeptember 8, 2022
DissipatedSeptember 15, 2022
Category 1 hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds85 mph (140 km/h)
Lowest pressure972 mbar (hPa); 28.70 inHg
Overall effects
FatalitiesNone
DamageUnspecified
Areas affectedAzores, Portugal
IBTrACS
Part of the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season and 2022–23 European windstorm season

Hurricane Danielle (also known as Ex-Hurricane Danielle in Europe) was a high-latitude Category 1 hurricane that persisted over the central Atlantic Ocean for nearly two weeks in September 2022. The fourth named storm and first hurricane of the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season, and the first windstorm of the 2022–23 European windstorm season, Danielle's formation ended an almost two-month-long period of tropical cyclone inactivity in the Atlantic basin.

Danielle traversed the open northern Atlantic as a tropical cyclone for a week before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone and dissipating off the coast of Portugal another week later. The Azores and much of mainland Portugal received heavy rain from the system. Overall damage from the storm has not been specified.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On August 31, an area of low pressure formed along a decaying frontal zone over the central subtropical Atlantic.[1] The disturbance quickly developed into Tropical Depression Five by 06:00 UTC on September 1, about 715 mi (1,150 km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland, and then strengthened into Tropical Storm Danielle six hours later. Benefiting from abnormally warm sea surface temperatures and light wind shear, Danielle became a hurricane around 12:00 UTC on September 2, about 680 mi (1,095 km) west of Flores Island in the Azores.[2] Later that day, the system slowed to nearly stationary as it was caught south of a blocking high, causing it to weaken back into a tropical storm by 06:00 UTC on September 3, due upwelled cooler waters.[3][4] Later, Danielle drifted westward, escaping its cold wake. This move enabled the storm to re-strengthen into a Category 1 hurricane. Now moving through relatively warm ocean waters and experiencing low shear, Danielle attained peak sustained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) by 18:00 UTC on September 4, while located about 760 mi (1,220 km) west of Flores Island. Danielle moved northeastward for the next few days, weakening and at times barely maintaining hurricane intensity, before rebounding slightly on September 7, when it attained a minimum pressure of 972 mbar (28.70 inHg).[2]

Deep-layer shear increased late that day, causing Danielle to weaken to a tropical storm by 06:00 UTC on September 8. Six hous later, when located about 540 mi (870 km) north of Flores Island, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. From then through September 10, the cyclone made a counterclockwise loop over the open ocean while interacting with a deep-layer low moving eastward from Atlantic Canada. It then moved eastward and southeastward while gradually weakening, and made a series of slow loops near the coasts of Portugal and northwestern Spain, before dissipating about 115 mi (185 km) north-northwest of Lisbon, Portugal, late on September 15.[2]

Preparations and impact

Danielle as an extratropical cyclone near Portugal

Large waves and heavy rain hit the Azores.[5] Extratropical Danielle brought heavy rain to mainland Portugal. Between September 12–13, 644 accidents were reported throughout the country. Many downed trees and flash floods were reported.[6] In Manteigas, floods and landslides caused major damage.[7] Four vehicles were pulled into the Zêzere River. The municipality was under a "state of calamity" at the time, following intense summer forest fires in nearby areas of the Serra da Estrela mountain range, compounding the situation. Heavy rain extended to as far north as Braga. Covilhã saw 67.2 millimetres (2.65 in) of rain while Viseu saw 62 millimetres (2.4 in) of rain. Minor wind and flooding damage was reported in both Lisbon and Setúbal.[8] One man was in serious condition when he was swept away and was under cardiac arrest.[9] The mayor of Manteigas, Flávio Massano, stated that the damage was severe, quoting "Several vehicles were swept away by the force of the water, there are houses and businesses affected, roads, public lighting, water and sanitation infrastructures, sports and recreational equipment, among others".[7] The Grândola Police Station had severe roof damage after Danielle hit. Civil Protection reported 380 emergency calls, and later on September 14, the number of calls had doubled.[10] Yellow rainfall warnings were issued throughout Portugal due to Danielle. Many locations were hit by flooding, covering numerous roadways and damaging several bridges.[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bucci, Lisa; Pasch, Richard (August 31, 2022). Five-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 Berg, Robbie (January 25, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Danielle (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  3. ↑ Beven, Jack. Tropical Storm Danielle Discussion Number 9 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  4. ↑ Masters, Jeff (September 2, 2022). "Danielle: An oddball first hurricane for an unusual hurricane season". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  5. ↑ "NHC says hurricane Danielle weakens to a tropical storm". Reuters. 2022-09-08. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  6. ↑ "Extratropical storm Danielle batters Portugal: floods, chaos and landslides". Yourweather.co.uk | Meteored. 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  7. 1 2 "Extratropical storm Danielle batters Portugal: floods, chaos and landslides". Yourweather.co.uk | Meteored. 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  8. ↑ "Portugal – Floods and Landslides Cause Severe Damage in Manteigas – FloodList". floodlist.com. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  9. ↑ "Portugal. Windstorm, hurricane Danielle. Flooded streets, fallen trees in Portugal. Flood water carried away the 32-year-old". Polish News. 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
  10. ↑ Donn, Natasha (2022-09-13). "Danielle causes widespread flooding throughout country". Portugal Resident. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
  11. ↑ "Portugal: Disruptions due to flooding ongoing in Guarda District and multiple other regions as of Sept. 14". Portugal: Disruptions due to flooding ongoing in Guarda District and multiple other regions as of Sept. 14 | Crisis24. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
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