The world's first hypercoaster, Magnum XL-200 at Cedar Point

A hypercoaster is either any continuous-circuit roller coaster with a height or drop measuring greater than 200 feet (61 m)[1][2] or any complete-circuit roller coaster with a height or drop between 200 and 299 feet (61 and 91 meters).[3][4]

The term was first coined by Arrow Dynamics and Cedar Point in 1989 with the release of the world's first hypercoaster, Magnum XL-200 featuring a height of 205 feet (62 meters). It was followed by Pepsi Max Big One five years later featuring a height of 213 feet (65 m). Other roller coaster manufacturers developed models with custom names, including Mega Coasters from Intamin, Hyper Coasters from Bolliger & Mabillard, and Hyper-Hybrid Coasters from Rocky Mountain Construction.[5] The competition between amusement parks to build increasingly taller roller coasters eventually led to giga coasters, which is a roller coaster with a height or drop between 300 and 399 feet (91 and 122 meters), strata coasters, which is a roller coaster with a height or drop between 400 and 499 feet (122 and 152 meters). For coasters between the 500 and 599 feet is no official name yet. And for coasters between the 600 and 699 there is the name: Exa coaster.

History

The world's first hypercoaster was Magnum XL-200 by Cedar Point, costing $8 million to construct. Cedar Point hired Arrow Dynamics for the design and construction began in 1988. Since its debut on May 6, 1989, Magnum XL-200 has accommodated over 36 million riders.[6] Cedar Point's official blog states that after building the ride, "...discussion was focused on just what a roller coaster such as Magnum should be called. After all, it had no loops like most of the other large steel coasters of the time and was so much bigger and faster than its non-looping brethren. After a couple of years, the name everyone agreed upon was hypercoaster."[7]

Description

Hypercoasters were originally built for speed and airtime, to counter the trend of constructing bigger and bigger looping coasters. To accomplish this the elements of a hypercoaster often include a large first drop, several additional drops of declining height, a large turn or helix, and then many airtime-inducing hills. Hypercoasters are commonly designed with an out and back layout, although there are occasionally hypercoasters that use a twisted layout, such as Raging Bull at Six Flags Great America, and others that combine both, such as Diamondback at Kings Island.

Hypercoasters are highly-ranked in the annual Amusement Today Golden Ticket Awards. For 2006, Six Flags New England's Superman: Ride of Steel (later named Bizarro and Superman The Ride) was ranked in first place. Others such as Magnum XL-200 (third), Nitro (fourth), and Apollo's Chariot (fifth) followed closely behind in the top five, with hypercoasters making up the majority of the Top 10 Steel Coasters in 2006.[8] By 2010, hypercoasters completely filled the top 10, as well as 16 of the top 20.[9]

Hypercoasters were first manufactured by Arrow Dynamics in the late 1980s to early 1990s. Since then, a number of companies, including Bolliger & Mabillard, Intamin, D. H. Morgan Manufacturing, Giovanola and others have designed and constructed hypercoasters.

Though hypercoasters are typically steel roller coasters, Son of Beast at Kings Island was the first and only wooden hypercoaster. Due to a number of issues, the ride was eventually demolished in 2012.[10][11] In 2018, Cedar Point opened the first hybrid hypercoaster, Steel Vengeance. Steel Vengeance is the first hypercoaster manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction.[12]

Bolliger & Mabillard

Hyper Coaster
StatusIn Production
First manufactured1999
No. of installations20
ManufacturerBolliger & Mabillard
Rows8
Riders per row4
Restraint StyleClamshell restraints
Hyper Coaster at RCDB
A train in the splashdown element.

Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M) produced 18 models over 21 years of production of hyper coasters, making it one of the more successful models manufactured by the company.[14]

The first installation of the hyper coaster was Apollo's Chariot located in Busch Gardens Williamsburg.[15][16] It was one of the two models released in 1999. The other being the Floorless Coaster. It was made in a similar style to the TOGO, D. H. Morgan Manufacturing and Arrow Dynamics hypercoasters. Now it has become one of the more preferred models with a success rate second only to the Inverted Coaster. In 2012, B&M decided to increase the size of its hyper coaster to exceed 300 feet. Some enthusiasts therefore classify it as a giga Coaster, although Giga coaster is a term used by Intamin for its 300-plus-foot coasters. B&M still refers to all of its models as hyper coasters.

The design of the hyper coaster includes a large lift hill then a large drop with a steep angle of descent and typically includes floater and ejector airtime hills. Only one of the B&M Hypers does not have a long out-and back layout: Raging Bull at Six Flags Great America.[17] which features more of a twister layout. According to B&M the Hyper Coasters are a -High speed, no inversion coasters specially designed to create air time. A comfortable patented lapbar procures an incomparable feeling of freedom.-

The trains feature seven to nine cars of one row with four seats, resulting in each train seating 28 to 36 riders. Depending on the dispatch time and the number of trains the coasters typically have an hourly capacity of 1,200 to 1,500 people. Each seat features a unique clamshell restraint. Some trains used on B&M Hyper Coasters feature staggered seats, where the two outer seats are located farther back than the two center seats. This makes for a more open experience. Currently this staggered seating arrangement is only featured on four coasters: Behemoth at Canada’s Wonderland, Diamondback at Kings Island, Intimidator at Carowinds & Shambhala at PortAventura Park.

Golden Ticket Awards

The B&M Hyper Coaster has been the most successful model in the Golden Ticket Awards:

B&M Hyper Coasters in the Top 15 Steel Coasters at the Golden Ticket Awards
Coaster 2009 [18] 2010 [19] 2011 [20] 2012 [21] 2013 [22] 2014 [23] 2015 [24] 2016 [25] 2017 [26] 2018 [27] 2019 [28]
Nitro 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 4th 5th 5th 5th 7th 11th 10th
Apollo's Chariot 5th 4th 7th 4th 5th 7th 6th 6th 11th 6th 8th
Goliath (SFOG) 4th 5th 4th 9th 7th 9th 12th 14th
Diamondback 7th 11th 10th 14th 4th 11th 9th 8th 10th 14th
Behemoth 12th 13th 15th 15th
Raging Bull 14th
Intimidator 7th 8th 10th 7th 8th
Leviathan 15th 6th 8th 7th 6th 8th 9th
Fury 325 4th 1st 1st 1st 1st
Mako 15th

List of hypercoasters

The following is a list of roller coasters with a height of at least 200 feet (61 m). Some enthusiasts do not consider shuttle-type roller coasters to be hypercoasters, so those are listed separately.

Manufacturer Number Production
Intamin 21 (5 Shuttle) 1999-
Bolliger & Mabillard 20 1999-
Arrow Dynamics 5 1989-2001
D. H. Morgan Manufacturing 5 1996-2001
Premier Rides 4 (All Shuttle) 1997-2000
S&S Worldwide 4 2006-2012
Mack Rides 4 2017-
Rocky Mountain Construction 3 2018-
Giovanola 2 2000-2001
TOGO 2 1996-1997
Gerstlauer 2 2015-
Chance Morgan 1 2004
Lagoon Amusement Park 1 2015
Meisho Amusement Machines 1 (All Shuttle) 1983
Roller Coaster Corporation of America 1 2000
S&S Sansei 1 2019-
Vekoma 1 (All Shuttle) 2010

Complete circuit

Name Park Country Manufacturer Height Opened Status Ref
Magnum XL-200 Cedar Point United States Arrow Dynamics 205 ft (62 m) May 1989 Operating [29]
The Big One Blackpool Pleasure Beach United Kingdom Arrow Dynamics 213 ft (65 m) May 1994 Operating [30]
Desperado Buffalo Bill's United States Arrow Dynamics 209 ft (64 m) August 1994 Closed [31]
Wild Thing Valleyfair United States D. H. Morgan Manufacturing 207 ft (63 m) May 1996 Operating [32]
Fujiyama Fuji-Q Highland Japan TOGO 259 ft (79 m) July 1996 Operating [33]
Big Apple Coaster New York-New York Hotel & Casino United States TOGO 203 ft (62 m)[note 1] January 1997 Operating [34]
Steel Force Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom United States D. H. Morgan Manufacturing 200 ft (61 m)[note 2] May 1997 Operating [35]
Mamba Worlds of Fun United States D. H. Morgan Manufacturing 205 ft (62 m) April 1998 Operating [36]
Apollo's Chariot*** Busch Gardens Williamsburg United States Bolliger & Mabillard 170 ft (52 m)[note 3] March 1999 Operating [37]
Raging Bull Six Flags Great America United States Bolliger & Mabillard 202 ft (62 m)[note 4] May 1999 Operating [38]
Ride of Steel Six Flags Darien Lake United States Intamin 208 ft (63 m) May 1999 Operating [39]
Goliath Six Flags Magic Mountain United States Giovanola 235 ft (72 m) February 2000 Operating [40]
Superman The Ride Six Flags New England United States Intamin 208 ft (63 m) May 1999 Operating [41]
Superman – Ride of Steel Six Flags America United States Intamin 208 ft

(63 m)

May 2000 Operating [42]
Millennium Force* Cedar Point United States Intamin 310 ft (94 m) May 2000 Operating [43]
Son of Beast Kings Island United States Roller Coaster Corporation of America 218 ft (66 m) May 2000 Defunct [44]
Steel Dragon 2000* Nagashima Spa Land Japan D. H. Morgan Manufacturing 318.3 ft (97.0 m) August 2000 Operating [45]
Nitro Six Flags Great Adventure United States Bolliger & Mabillard 230 ft (70 m) April 2001 Operating [46]
Titan Six Flags Over Texas United States Giovanola 245 ft (75 m) April 2001 Operating [47]
Phantom's Revenge Kennywood United States D. H. Morgan Manufacturing/Arrow Dynamics 160 ft (49 m)[note 5] May 2001 Operating [48]
X2 Six Flags Magic Mountain United States Arrow Dynamics 175 ft (53 m)[note 6] January 2002 Operating [49]
Silver Star Europa-Park Germany Bolliger & Mabillard 239.5 ft (73.0 m) March 2002 Operating [50]
Xcelerator Knott's Berry Farm United States Intamin 205 ft (62 m) June 2002 Operating [51]
Thunder Dolphin Tokyo Dome City Attractions Japan Intamin 262.5 ft (80.0 m) May 2003 Operating [52]
Top Thrill Dragster** Cedar Point United States Intamin 420 ft (130 m) May 2003 Closed [53]
Superman el Último Escape Six Flags México Mexico Chance Morgan 219.8 ft (67.0 m) November 2004 Operating [54]
SheiKra Busch Gardens Tampa United States Bolliger & Mabillard 200 ft (61 m) May 2005 Operating [55]
Kingda Ka** Six Flags Great Adventure United States Intamin 456 ft (139 m) May 2005 Operating [56]
Stealth Thorpe Park United Kingdom Intamin 205.1 ft (62.5 m) March 2006 Operating [57]
Goliath Six Flags Over Georgia United States Bolliger & Mabillard 200 ft (61 m) April 2006 Operating [58]
Zaturn Space World Japan Intamin 205 ft (62 m) April 2006 Defunct [59]
Eejanaika Fuji-Q Highland Japan S&S Worldwide 249 ft (76 m) July 2006 Operating [60]
Griffon Busch Gardens Williamsburg United States Bolliger & Mabillard 205 ft (62 m) May 2007 Operating [61]
Behemoth Canada's Wonderland Canada Bolliger & Mabillard 230 ft (70 m) May 2008 Operating [62]
Diamondback Kings Island United States Bolliger & Mabillard 230 ft (70 m) April 2009 Operating [63]
Diving Coaster Happy Valley Shanghai China Bolliger & Mabillard 213.3 ft (65.0 m) August 2009 Operating [64]
Intimidator Carowinds United States Bolliger & Mabillard 232 ft (71 m) March 2010 Operating [65]
Intimidator 305* Kings Dominion United States Intamin 305 ft (93 m) April 2010 Operating [66]
Wild Eagle Dollywood United States Bolliger & Mabillard 210 ft (64 m) March 2012 Operating [67][68]
Leviathan* Canada's Wonderland Canada Bolliger & Mabillard 306 ft (93 m) April 2012 Operating [69]
Dinoconda China Dinosaurs Park China S&S Worldwide 226.4 ft (69.0 m) April 2012 Operating [70]
Shambhala PortAventura Park Spain Bolliger & Mabillard 249.3 ft (76.0 m) May 2012 Operating [71]
Skyrush Hersheypark United States Intamin 200 ft (61 m) May 2012 Operating [72]
Bullet Coaster*** Happy Valley Shenzhen China S&S Worldwide 196.8 ft (60.0 m)[note 7] July 2012 Operating [73]
OCT Thrust SSC1000*** Happy Valley Wuhan China S&S Worldwide 196.8 ft (60.0 m)[note 8] March 2014 Operating [74]
Fury 325* Carowinds United States Bolliger & Mabillard 325 ft (99 m) March 2015 Operating [75]
The Oath of Kärnan Hansa Park Germany Gerstlauer 239.5 ft (73.0 m) July 2015 Operating [76]
Cannibal Lagoon Amusement Park United States Lagoon Amusement Park 208 ft (63 m) July 2015 Operating [77]
Flash Lewa Adventure China Mack Rides 200.2 ft (61.0 m) January 2016 Operating [78]
Flying Aces Ferrari World Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Intamin 206.7 ft (63.0 m) February 2016 Operating [79]
Valravn Cedar Point United States Bolliger & Mabillard 223 ft (68 m) May 2016 Operating [80]
Coaster Through the Clouds Nanchang Wanda Park China Intamin 242.8 ft (74.0 m) May 2016 Operating [81]
Mako SeaWorld Orlando United States Bolliger & Mabillard 200 ft (61 m) June 2016 Operating [82]
Red Force* Ferrari Land Spain Intamin 367 ft (112 m) April 2017 Operating [83]
DC Rivals HyperCoaster Warner Brothers Movie World Australia Mack Rides 202.1 ft (61.6 m) September 2017 Operating [84]
Steel Vengeance Cedar Point United States Rocky Mountain Construction 205 ft (62 m) May 2018 Operating [85]
Draken Gyeongju World South Korea Bolliger & Mabillard 206.7 ft (63.0 m) May 2018 Operating
Hyperion Energylandia Poland Intamin 252 ft (77 m)[note 9] July 2018 Operating [86]
Hyper Coaster Land Of Legends Park Turkey Mack Rides 200.2 ft (61.0 m) 2018 Operating
Yukon Striker Canada's Wonderland Canada Bolliger & Mabillard 223 ft (68 m)[note 10] May 2019 Operating [87]
Steel Curtain Kennywood United States S&S Sansei 220 ft (67 m) July 2019 Operating [88]
Zadra Energylandia Poland Rocky Mountain Construction 206 ft (63 m) August 2019 Operating [89]
Orion**** Kings Island United States Bolliger & Mabillard 287 ft (87 m)[note 11] July 2020 Operating [90]
Candymonium Hersheypark United States Bolliger & Mabillard 210 ft (64 m) July 2020 Operating [91]
Iron Gwazi Busch Gardens Tampa United States Rocky Mountain Construction 206 ft (63 m) March 2022 Operating [92]
Beyond the Cloud Suzhou Amusement Land Forest World China Mack Rides 203.4 ft (62.0 m) July 2022 Operating [93]
Unknown Skyline Park Germany Gerstlauer 229.7 ft (70.0 m) 2024 Under construction [94]
Hyperia Thorpe Park United Kingdom Mack Rides 236 ft (72 m) 2024 Under construction [95]

Shuttle

Name Park Country Manufacturer Height Opened Status Ref
Moonsault Scramble Fuji-Q Highland Japan Meisho Amusement Machines 229.7 ft (70.0 m) June 1983 Defunct [96]
Tower of Terror II* Dreamworld Australia Intamin 377.3 ft (115.0 m) January 1997 Defunct [97]
Superman: Escape from Krypton** Six Flags Magic Mountain United States Intamin 415 ft (126 m) March 1997 Operating [98]
Batman & Robin: The Chiller Six Flags Great Adventure United States Premier Rides 200 ft (61 m) June 1997 Defunct [99]
Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast Six Flags Over Texas United States Premier Rides 218 ft (66 m) March 1998 Operating [100][101]
Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast Six Flags St. Louis United States Premier Rides 218 ft (66 m) April 1998 Operating [102]
Speed – The Ride NASCAR Café United States Premier Rides 224 ft (68 m) April 2000 Defunct [103]
Wicked Twister Cedar Point United States Intamin 215 ft (66 m) May 2002 Defunct [104]
Big Air E-DA Theme Park Taiwan Vekoma 209.3 ft (63.8 m) December 2010 Operating [105]
Turbo Track Ferrari World Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Intamin 210 ft (64 m) March 2017 Operating [106]
Legendary Twin Dragon / 传奇双龙 Chongqing Sunac Land China Intamin 229.6 ft (70.0 m) February 2021 Operating [107]

* Denotes a hypercoaster that is also a giga coaster, a roller coaster that exceeds 300 ft (91 m) in height.

** Denotes a hypercoaster that is also a strata coaster, a roller coaster that exceeds 400 ft (120 m) in height.

*** Denotes a hypercoaster that is not taller than 200 feet, but has a drop of over 200 feet.

**** Denotes a giga coaster that is not taller than 300 feet, but has a drop of over 300 feet.

B&M installations

Name Park Country Opened Status Height Drop RCDb
Apollo's Chariot Busch Gardens Williamsburg  USA March 27, 1999 Operating 170 ft (52 m) 210 ft (64 m) [108]
Behemoth Canada's Wonderland  Canada May 4, 2008 Operating 230 ft (70 m) 226 ft (69 m) [109]
Candymonium Hersheypark  USA July 3, 2020 Operating 210 ft (64 m) [110]
Diamondback Kings Island  USA April 18, 2009 Operating 230 ft (70 m) 215 ft (66 m) [111]
Flight of the Himalayan Eagle Music Roller Coaster Happy Valley Beijing  China June 2019 Operating 157 ft (48 m) 157 ft (48 m) [112]
Fury 325 Carowinds  USA March 28, 2015 Operating 325 ft (99 m) 320 ft (98 m) [113]
Goliath La Ronde  Canada May 13, 2006 Operating 174 ft (53 m) 170 ft (52 m) [114]
Goliath Six Flags Over Georgia  USA April 1, 2006 Operating 200 ft (61 m) 175 ft (53 m) [115]
Hollywood Dream: The Ride Universal Studios Japan  Japan March 9, 2007 Operating 144 ft (44 m) Un­known [116]
Intimidator Carowinds  USA March 27, 2010 Operating 232 ft (71 m) 211 ft (64 m) [117]
Leviathan Canada's Wonderland  Canada May 9, 2012 Operating 306 ft (93 m) 306 ft (93 m) [118]
Mako SeaWorld Orlando  USA June 10, 2016 Operating 200 ft (61 m) 200 ft (61 m) [119]
Nitro Six Flags Great Adventure  USA April 7, 2001 Operating 230 ft (70 m) 215 ft (66 m) [120]
Orion Kings Island  USA July 12, 2020 Operating 287 ft (87 m) 300 ft (91 m) [121]
Raging Bull Six Flags Great America  USA May 1, 1999 Operating 202 ft (62 m) 208 ft (63 m) [122]
Shambhala PortAventura Park  Spain May 12, 2012 Operating 249 ft (76 m) 256 ft (78 m) [123]
Silver Star Europa Park  Germany March 23, 2002 Operating 240 ft (73 m) 220 ft (67 m) [124]
Un­known Hot Go Dreamland  China Un­known SBNO Un­known Un­known [125]

B&M

Other manufacturers

Notes

  1. Drop height is 144 ft (44 m)
  2. Drop height is 205 ft (62 m)
  3. Drop height is 210 ft (64 m)
  4. Drop height is 208 ft (63 m)
  5. Drop height is 228 ft (69 m)
  6. Drop height is 215 ft (66 m)
  7. Drop height is 221.2 ft (67.4 m)
  8. Drop height is 221.2 ft (67.4 m)
  9. Drop height is 269 ft (82 m)
  10. Drop height is 245 ft (75 m)
  11. Drop height is 300 ft (91 m)

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  75. Marden, Duane. "Fury 325  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  76. Marden, Duane. "Schwur des Kärnan  (Hansa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  77. Marden, Duane. "Cannibal  (Lagoon Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  78. Marden, Duane. "Flash  (Lewa Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  79. Marden, Duane. "Flying Aces  (Ferrari World Abu Dhabi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
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  81. Marden, Duane. "Coaster Through the Clouds  (Nanchang Wanda Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  82. Marden, Duane. "Mako  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  83. Marden, Duane. "Red Force  (Ferrari Land])". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  84. Marden, Duane. "DC Rivals HyperCoaster  (Warner Brothers Movie World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
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  89. Marden, Duane. "Zadra  (Energylandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
  90. Marden, Duane. "Orion  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  91. Marden, Duane. "Candymonium  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  92. Marden, Duane. "Iron Gwazi  (Busch Gardens Tampa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  93. Marden, Duane. "Hurricane Roller Coaster / 飓风过山车  (Suzhou Amusement Land Forest World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  94. Marden, Duane. "unknown  (Skyline Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
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  97. Marden, Duane. "Tower of Terror II  (Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  98. Marden, Duane. "Superman: Escape from Krypton  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  99. Marden, Duane. "Batman & Robin: The Chiller  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  100. Marden, Duane. "Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
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  102. Marden, Duane. "Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast  (Six Flags St. Louis)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  103. Marden, Duane. "Speed – The Ride  (Nascar Café)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  104. Marden, Duane. "Wicked Twister  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  105. Marden, Duane. "Big Air  (E-DA Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  106. Marden, Duane. "Turbo Track  (Ferrari World Abu Dhabi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  107. Marden, Duane. "Legendary Twin Dragon / 传奇双龙  (Chongqing Sunac Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  108. Marden, Duane. "Apollo's Chariot  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  109. Marden, Duane. "Behemoth  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  110. Marden, Duane. "Candymonium  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  111. Marden, Duane. "Diamondback  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  112. Marden, Duane. "Flight of the Himalayan Eagle Music Roller Coaster  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  113. Marden, Duane. "Fury 325  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  114. Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  115. Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  116. Marden, Duane. "Hollywood Dream: The Ride  (Universal Studios Japan)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  117. Marden, Duane. "Intimidator  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  118. Marden, Duane. "Leviathan  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  119. Marden, Duane. "Mako  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  120. Marden, Duane. "Nitro  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  121. Marden, Duane. "Orion  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  122. Marden, Duane. "Raging Bull  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  123. Marden, Duane. "Shambhala  (PortAventura Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  124. Marden, Duane. "Silver Star  (Europa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  125. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Hot Go Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  126. Marden, Duane. "Apollo's Chariot  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  127. Marden, Duane. "Leviathan  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  128. Marden, Duane. "Fury 325  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  129. Marden, Duane. "Mako  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  130. Marden, Duane. "Candymonium  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
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