Khanty
ханты ясаң hantĭ jasaŋ
Native toRussia
RegionKhanty–Mansi
Ethnicity31,467 Khanty people (2020 census)[1]
Native speakers
14,000 (2020 census)[2]
Dialects
  • Northern
  • Southern
  • Surgut
  • Far Eastern
Language codes
ISO 639-3kca
Glottologkhan1279

Khanty (also spelled Khanti or Hanti), previously known as Ostyak (/ˈɒstiæk/),[3] is a Uralic language spoken in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Okrugs. There were thought to be around 7,500 speakers of Northern Khanty and 2,000 speakers of Eastern Khanty in 2010, with Southern Khanty being extinct since the early 20th century,[4] however the total amount of speakers in the most recent census was around 13,900.[5][6]

The Khanty language has many dialects. The western group includes the Obdorian, Ob, and Irtysh dialects. The eastern group includes the Surgut and Vakh-Vasyugan dialects, which, in turn, are subdivided into thirteen other dialects. All these dialects differ significantly from each other by phonetic, morphological, and lexical features to the extent that the three main "dialects" (northern, southern and eastern) are mutually unintelligible.[7] Thus, based on their significant multifactorial differences, Eastern, Northern and Southern Khanty could be considered separate but closely related languages.

Alphabet

Cyrillic[8]

Northern Khanty Alphabet
А а Ӑ ӑ В в Е е Ё ё Ә ә И и Й й
К к Л л Ԯ ԯ М м Н н Ң ң О о П п
Р р С с Т т У у Ў ў Х х Ш ш Щ щ
Ь ь Ы ы Э э Ю ю Я я

Palatalised consonants are designated by either ь or a yotated character.[8]

Northern Khanty-IPA correspondence chart
Cyrillic А а Ӑ ӑ В в Е е Ё ё Ә ә И и Й й К к Л л Ԯ ԯ М м Н н Ң ң О о П п Р р С с Т т У у Ў ў Х х Ш ш Щ щ Ы ы Э э Ю ю Я я
IPA ɑ ɐ, ə β je jɔ ɵ i j k l ɬ m n ŋ ɔ p r s t u, ə ʉ x ʂ sʲ i e u, ʉ jɑ

Literary language

The Khanty language is spoken primarily in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug in western Siberia

The Khanty written language was first created after the October Revolution on the basis of the Latin script in 1930 and then with the Cyrillic alphabet (with the additional letter ⟨ң⟩ for /ŋ/) from 1937.

Khanty literary works are usually written in three Northern dialects, Kazym, Shuryshkar, and Middle Ob. Newspaper reporting and broadcasting are usually done in the Kazymian dialect.

Varieties

Dialects of Khanty (and Mansi):
  Obdorsk (Salekhard) dialect
  Ob dialects
  Southern (Irtysh) Khanty
  Surgut dialects
  Far Eastern (Vakh-Vasyugan) dialects

Khanty is divided in three main dialect groups, which are to a large degree mutually unintelligible, and therefore best considered three languages: Northern, Southern and Eastern. Individual dialects are named after the rivers they are or were spoken on. Southern Khanty is probably extinct by now.[9][10]

  • Eastern Khanty[11]
  • transitional: Salym
  • Western Khanty
    • Northern Khanty
    • Southern Khanty: Upper Demjanka, Lower Demjanka, Konda, Cingali, Krasnojarsk

The Salym dialect can be classified as transitional between Eastern and Southern (Honti:1998 suggests closer affinity with Eastern, Abondolo:1998 in the same work with Southern). The Atlym and Nizyam dialects also show some Southern features.

Southern and Northern Khanty share various innovations and can be grouped together as Western Khanty. These include loss of full front rounded vowels: *üü, *öö, *ɔ̈ɔ̈ > *ii, *ee, *ää (but *ɔ̈ɔ̈ > *oo adjacent to *k, *ŋ),[12] loss of vowel harmony, fricativization of *k to /x/ adjacent to back vowels,[9] and the loss of the *ɣ phoneme.[13]

Phonology

A general feature of all Khanty varieties is that while long vowels are not distinguished, a contrast between plain vowels (e.g. /o/) vs. reduced or extra-short vowels (e.g. /ŏ/) is found. This corresponds to an actual length distinction in Khanty's close relative Mansi. According to scholars who posit a common Ob-Ugric ancestry for the two, this was also the original Proto-Ob-Ugric situation.

Palatalization of consonants is phonemic in Khanty, as in most other Uralic languages. Retroflex consonants are also found in most varieties of Khanty.

Khanty word stress is usually on the initial syllable.[14]

Proto-Khanty

BilabialDentalPalatal(ized)RetroflexVelar
Nasal *m
[m]		*n
[n]		*ń
[nʲ]		*ṇ
[ɳ]		*ŋ
[ŋ]
Stop/
Affricate		 *p
[p]		*t
[t]		*ć
[tsʲ]		*č̣
[ʈʂ]		*k
[k]
Fricative central *s
[s]		*γ
[ɣ]
lateral *ᴧ
[ɬ]
Lateral *l
[l]		*ľ
[lʲ]		*ḷ
[ɭ]
Trill *r
[r]
Semivowel *w
[w]		*j
[j]

19 consonants are reconstructed for Proto-Khanty, listed with the traditional UPA transcription shown above and an IPA transcription shown below.

A major consonant isogloss among the Khanty varieties is the reflexation of the lateral consonants, *ɬ (from Proto-Uralic *s and *š) and *l (from Proto-Uralic *l and *ð).[13] These generally merge, however with varying results: /l/ in the Obdorsk and Far Eastern dialects, /ɬ/ in the Kazym and Surgut dialects, and /t/ elsewhere. The Vasjugan dialect still retains the distinction word-initially, having instead shifted *ɬ > /j/ in this position. Similarly, the palatalized lateral *ľ developed to /lʲ/ in Far Eastern and Obdorsk, /ɬʲ/ in Kazym and Surgut, and /tʲ/ elsewhere. The retroflex lateral *ḷ remains in Far Eastern, but in /t/-dialects develops into a new plain /l/.

Other dialect isoglosses include the development of original *ć to a palatalized stop /tʲ/ in Eastern and Southern Khanty, but to a palatalized sibilant /sʲ ~ ɕ/ in Northern, and the development of original *č similarly to a sibilant /ʂ/ (= UPA: š) in Northern Khanty, partly also in Southern Khanty.

Eastern Khanty

Far Eastern

The Vakh dialect is divergent. It has rigid vowel harmony and a tripartite (ergative–accusative) case system: The subject of a transitive verb takes the instrumental case suffix -nə-, while the object takes the accusative case suffix. The subject of an intransitive verb, however, is not marked for case and might be said to be absolutive. The transitive verb agrees with the subject, as in nominative–accusative systems.

Vakh has the richest vowel inventory, with five reduced vowels /ĕ ø̆ ə̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/ and full /i y ɯ u e ø o æ ɑ/. Some researchers also report /œ ɔ/.[15][16]

Vakh Khanty consonants[13]
BilabialDentalPalatal/izedRetroflexVelar
Nasal mnnʲɳŋ
Plosive pttʲk
Affricate tʃ
Fricative sɣ
Lateral llʲɭ
Trill r
Semivowel wj

Surgut

Surgut Khanty consonants[17]
BilabialDental /
Alveolar		Palatal/izedPost-
alveolar		VelarUvular
Nasal m n̪ nʲ ŋ
Plosive / Affricate p t̪ tʲ ~ tɕ [lower-alpha 1] tʃ k [lower-alpha 2] q [lower-alpha 2]
Fricative central s (ʃ) [lower-alpha 3] ʁ
lateral ɬ [lower-alpha 4] ɬʲ
Approximant w l j (ʁ̞ʷ) [lower-alpha 5]
Trill r
  1. ↑ /tʲ/ can be realized as an affricate [tɕ] in the Tremjugan and Agan sub-dialects.
  2. 1 2 The velar/uvular contrast is predictable in inherited vocabulary: [q] appears before back vowels, [k] before front and central vowels. However, in loanwords from Russian, [k] may also be found before back vowels.
  3. ↑ The phonemic status of [ʃ] is not clear. It occurs in some words in variation with [s], in others in variation with [tʃ].
  4. ↑ In the Pim sub-dialect, /ɬ/ has recently shifted to /t/, a change that has spread from Southern Khanty.
  5. ↑ The labialized postvelar approximant [ʁ̞ʷ] occurs in the Tremjugan sub-dialect as an allophone of /w/ between back vowels, for some speakers also word-initially before back vowels. Research from the early 20th century also reported two other labialized phonemes: /kʷ~qʷ/ and /ŋʷ/, but these are no longer distinguished.

Northern Khanty

The Kazym dialect distinguishes 18 consonants.

Kazym Khanty consonants[13]
Bilabial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar
plain pal.
Nasal m n nʲ ɳ ŋ
Plosive p t k
Fricative central s sʲ ʂ x
lateral ɬ ɬʲ
Approximant central w j
lateral l
Trill r

The vowel inventory is much simpler. Eight vowels are distinguished in initial syllables: six full /i e a ɒ o u/ and four reduced /ĭ ă ŏ ŭ/. In unstressed syllables, four values are found: /ɑ ə ĕ ĭ/.[18][19]

A similarly simple vowel inventory is found in the Nizyam, Sherkal, and Berjozov dialects, which have full /e a ɒ u/ and reduced /ĭ ɑ̆ ŏ ŭ/. Aside from the full vs. reduced contrast rather than one of length, this is identical to that of the adjacent Sosva dialect of Mansi.[15]

The Obdorsk dialect has retained full close vowels and has a nine-vowel system: full vowels /i e æ ɑ o u/ and reduced vowels /æ̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/).[15] It however has a simpler consonant inventory, having the lateral approximants /l lʲ/ in place of the fricatives /ɬ ɬʲ/ and having fronted *š *ṇ to /s n/.

Grammar

The noun

The nominal suffixes include dual -ŋən, plural -(ə)t, dative -a, locative/instrumental -nə.

For example:[20]

xot "house" (cf. Finnish koti "home", or Hungarian "ház")
xotŋəna "to the two houses"
xotətnə "at the houses" (cf. Hungarian otthon, Finnish kotona "at home", an exceptional form using the old, locative meaning of the essive case ending -na).

Singular, dual, and plural possessive suffixes may be added to singular, dual, and plural nouns, in three persons, for 33 = 27 forms. A few, from məs "cow", are:

məsem "my cow"
məsemən "my 2 cows"
məsew "my cows"
məstatən "the 2 of our cows"
məsŋətuw "our 2 cows"

Pronouns

The personal pronouns are, in the nominative case:

SGDUPL
1st personmaminmuŋ
2nd personnaŋnənnaŋ
3rd persontuwtəntəw

The cases of ma are accusative manət and dative manəm.

The demonstrative pronouns and adjectives are:

tamə "this", tomə "that", sit "that yonder": tam xot "this house".

Basic interrogative pronouns are:

xoy "who?", muy "what?"

Numerals

Khanty numerals, compared with Hungarian and Finnish, are:


NumberKhantyHungarianFinnish
1yit, yiyegyyksi
2katn, katkettő, kétkaksi
3xutəmháromkolme
4nyatənégyneljä
5wetötviisi
6xuthatkuusi
7tapəthétseitsemän
8nəvətnyolckahdeksan
9yaryaŋ [A]kilencyhdeksän
10yaŋtízkymmenen
20xushúszkaksikymmentä
30xutəmyaŋ [B]harminckolmekymmentä
40nyatəyaŋ [C]negyvenneljäkymmentä
100sotszázsata
A Possibly 'short of ten'
B 'three tens'
C 'four tens'

The formation of multiples of ten shows Slavic influence in Khanty, whereas Hungarian uses the collective derivative suffix -van (-ven) closely related to the suffix of the adverbial participle which is -va (-ve) today but used to be -ván (-vén). Note also the regularity of [xot]-[haːz] "house" and [sot]-[saːz] "hundred".

Nomen

Case and number inflection of qɒːt ‘house[21]
Case Number
Singular Dual Plural
NOM qɒːt

house

 qɒːtɣən

two houses

 qɒːtət

houses

DLAT qɒːtɐ

to the house

 qɒːtɣənɐ

to the two houses

 qɒːtətɐ

to the houses

LOC qɒːtnə

in the house

 qɒːtɣənnə

in the two houses

 qɒːtətnə

in the houses

ABL qɒːti

from the house

 qɒːtɣəni

from the two houses

 qɒːtəti

from the houses

APRX qɒːtnɐm

towards the house

 qɒːtɣənnɐm

towards the two houses

 qɒːtətnɐm

towards the houses

TRSL qɒːtɣə

as the house

qɒːtɣənɣə

as the two houses

 qɒːtətɣə

as the houses

INSC qɒːtɐt

with the house

 qɒːtɣənɐt

with the two houses

qɒːtətɐt

with the houses

COM qɒːtnɐt

with the house

 qɒːtɣənnɐt

with the two houses

qɒːtətnɐt

with the houses

ABE qɒːtɬəɣ

without the house

 qɒːtɣənɬəɣ

without the two houses

qɒːtətɬəɣ

without the houses

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns in Surgut Kanty[22]
Singular Dual Plural
1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.
NOM mɐː nʉŋ ɬʉβ, ɬʉɣ miːn niːn ɬiːn məŋ nəŋ, niŋ ɬəɣ, ɬiɣ
ACC mɐːnt nʉŋɐt ɬʉβɐt

ɬʉβət

 miːnt

miːnɐt

 niːnɐt ɬiːnɐt məŋɐt nəŋɐt ɬəɣɐt
DAT mɐːntem nʉŋɐti ɬʉβɐti miːnɐtem

miːntem minɐti

 niːnɐti ɬiːnɐti məŋɐtem

məŋɐti

 nəŋɐti

niŋɐti

 ɬəɣɐti
LAT mɐːntemɐ nʉŋɐtinɐ

nʉŋɐtenɐ nʉŋɐtijɐ

 ɬʉβɐtiɬɐ

ɬʉβɐtinɐ ɬʉβɐtɐ

 miːnɐtemɐ

miːntemɐ

 niːnɐtinɐ

niːnɐtenɐ niːnɐtijɐ

 ɬiːnɐtiɬɐ

ɬiːnɐtinɐ

 məŋɐtinɐ

məŋɐtemɐ

 nəŋɐtinɐ

nəŋɐtenɐ nəŋɐtijɐ

 ɬəɣɐtiɬɐ

ɬəɣɐtinɐ

LOC mɐːntemnə

mɐːnə, mɐːnnə mɐːn

 nʉŋɐtinə

nʉŋnə nʉŋən, nʉŋn

 ɬʉβɐtiɬnə

ɬʉβɐtinə ɬʉβnə, ɬʉβən

 miːnɐtemnə

miːntemnə miːnnə, miːnən

 niːnɐtinnə

niːnən

 ɬiːnɐtiɬnə

ɬiːnɐtinnə ɬiːnnə, ɬiːnən

 məŋɐtemnə

məŋɐtinnə məŋnə, məŋən

 nəŋɐtinnə

nəŋən, niŋnə

 ɬəɣɐtiɬnə

ɬəɣɐtinnə ɬəɣnə, ɬəɣən

ABL mɐːntemi

mɐːni

 nʉŋɐtini

nʉŋɐteni nʉŋi

 ɬʉβɐtiɬi

ɬʉβɐtini ɬʉβɐti, ɬʉβi

 miːnɐtemi

miːntemi miːnɐti, miːni

 niːnɐtini

niːnɐteni niːni

 ɬiːnɐtiɬi

ɬiːnɐtini ɬiːnɐti, ɬiːni

 məŋtemi

məŋɐtini məŋɐti, məŋi

 nəŋɐtini

nəŋɐteni niŋɐtiji, nəŋi

 ɬəɣɐtiɬi

ɬəɣɐtini ɬəɣɐti, ɬəɣi

APRX mɐːntemnɐm

mɐːnnɐm

 nʉŋɐtəɬnɐm

nʉŋɐtinɐm nʉŋɐtenɐm nʉŋnɐm

 ɬʉβɐtiɬnɐm

ɬʉβɐtinɐm ɬʉβnɐm

 miːnɐtemnɐm

miːnɐtimənɐ miːnɐm

 niːnɐtinɐm

niːnɐtenɐm niːnɐnɐm

 ɬiːnɐtiɬnɐm

ɬiːnɐtinɐm ɬiːnɐtijɐt

 məŋɐtemnɐm

məŋɐtinɐm məŋnɐm

 nəŋɐtinɐm

niŋɐtinɐm nəŋɐtenɐm nəŋɐtijɐ

 ɬəɣɐtiɬnɐm

ɬəɣɐtinɐm ɬəɣnɐm

TRSL mɐːntemɣə

mɐːnɣə

 nʉŋɐtinɣə

nʉŋɐtiɣə nʉŋɐtenɣə nʉŋkə

 ɬʉβɐtiɬɣə

ɬʉβɐtinɣə ɬʉβɐtiɣə ɬʉβkə

 miːnɐtemɣə miːnɐtikkə miːnɣə niːnɐtinɣə niːnɐtiɣə niːnɐtikkə niːnɣə ɬiːnɐtiɬɣə ɬiːnɐtinɣə ɬiːnɐtikkə ɬiːnɣə məŋtemɣə məŋɐtinɣə məŋɐtikkə məŋkə nəŋɐtinɣə nəŋɐtiɣə nəŋɐtikkə nəŋkə ɬəɣɐtiɬɣə ɬəɣɐtinɣə ɬəɣɐtikkə ɬəɣkə
INSC mɐːntemɐt nʉŋɐtinɐt nʉŋɐtenɐt nʉŋɐtijɐt ɬʉβɐtinɐt ɬʉβɐtiɬɐt ɬʉβɐtijɐt miːntemɐt niːnɐtinɐt niːnɐtenɐt niːnɐtijɐt ɬiːnɐtinɐt ɬiːnɐtiɬɐt ɬiːnɐtijɐt məŋɐtemɐt məŋɐteβɐt nəŋɐtinɐt nəŋɐtenɐt nəŋɐtijɐt ɬəɣɐtinɐt ɬəɣɐtiɬɐt ɬəɣɐtijɐt
COM mɐːntemnɐt mɐːnnɐt nʉŋɐtinɐt nʉŋɐtenɐt nʉŋnɐt ɬʉβɐtiɬnɐt ɬʉβɐtəɬnɐt ɬʉβɐtinɐt ɬʉβnɐt miːnɐtemnɐt miːntemnɐt miːnnɐt niːnɐtinɐt niːnɐtenɐt niːnnɐt ɬiːnɐtiɬɐt ɬiːnɐtinɐt ɬiːnnɐt məŋɐtinɐt məŋɐtemnɐt məŋɐtiβnɐt məŋnɐt nəŋɐtinɐt nəŋɐtenɐt nəŋnɐt ɬəɣɐtiɬnɐt ɬəɣɐtinɐt ɬəɣnɐt
ABE mɐːntemɬəɣ nʉŋɐtiɬəɣ nʉŋɐtinɬəɣ ɬʉβɐtiɬəɣ

Explanation of the case abbreviations

NOM: Nominative case

ACC: Accusative case

DAT: Dative case

LAT: Lative case, collapse of differentiated local cases. Used to indicate the relative location.

LOC: Locative case Used to indicate place and direction.[23]

ABL: Ablative case, external case meaning: moving away from something.[24]

APRX: Aproximative case, used to indicate a path towards.[25]

TRSL: Translative case, used to indicate transformation.[26]

INSC: Instructive case, related to Instrumental case, as in something is an instrument to an action.[27]

COM: Comitatative case, meaning with something.[28]

ABE: Abessive, ised to indicate that something is without x.[29]

possessee[30]
possessor singular dual plural
1sg -əm -ɣəɬɐm -ɬɐm
2sg -ən, -ɐ, -ɛ -ɣəɬɐ -ɬɐ
3sg -əɬ -ɣəɬ -ɬɐɬ
1du -imen -ɣəɬəmən -ɬəmən
2du -n -ɣəɬən -ɬən
3du -in -ɣəɬən -ɬən
1pl -iβ -ɣəɬəβ -ɬəβ
2pl -in -ɣəɬən -ɬən
3pl -iɬ -ɣəɬ -ɬɐɬ

Morphology

Verbs[31]

Khanty verbs have to agree with the subject in person and number. There are two paradigms for conjugation. One where the verb only agrees with the subject (subjective conjugation column in the verbal suffixes table) and one where the verb agrees with both subject and object (objective conjugation in the same table). In a sentence with a subject and an object the subjective conjugation puts the object in focus. The same kind of sentence with objective conjugation leaves the object topically. [32]

A table of verb suffixes in Khanty

Khanty has the tenses present and past, the moods indicative and imperative and two voices, passive and active. [33] Generally, the present tense is marked and the past is unmarked, but for some verbs present and past are distinguished by vowel alternation or consonant insertion.[34] The order of suffixes is always tense-(passive.)number-person.[35]

Non-finite verb forms are: infinitve, converb, and four particle verb forms.[36] Infinitive can complement a modal verb or a motion verb such as go. Standing alone it means necessity or possibility.[37]

The participles are present, past, negative and conditional. The first two are in use while the latter two are seemingly going extinct.[38]

Questions

Yes/no questions are marked only by intonation. Indirect yes/no questions are constructed with “or” For example:[39] S/he asked if Misha was tired [or not]. Wh-questions most often contain a wh-word in the focus position.[40]

Negation

Negation is marked by the particle əntə, that appears adjecent to the verb and between the particles of particle verbs. [41] This is different from some other uralic languages as those thend to have a negation verb or at least a negation particle that is declined in some way.

Syntax

Both Khanty and Mansi are basically nominative–accusative languages but have innovative morphological ergativity. In an ergative construction, the object is given the same case as the subject of an intransitive verb, and the locative is used for the agent of the transitive verb (as an instrumental) . This may be used with some specific verbs, for example "to give": the literal Anglicisation would be "by me (subject) a fish (object) gave to you (indirect object)" for the equivalent of the sentence "I gave you a fish". However, the ergative is only morphological (marked using a case) and not syntactic, so that, in addition, these may be passivized in a way resembling English. For example, in Mansi, "a dog (agent) bit you (object)" could be reformatted as "you (object) were bitten, by a dog (instrument)".

Khanty is an agglutinative language and employs an SOV order.[42]

Word order

On the phrasal level, the traditional relations are typical for an OV language. For example: PPs can come after the verb. Manner adverbs precede the verb. The verb phrase precedes the auxiliary. The possessor precedes the possessed.[43]

On the sentence level, case alignment in Surgut Khanty clauses follows a nominative-accusative pattern.[44] Both the subject and the object can be dropped if they are pragmatically inferable.[45] This is possible even in the same sentence.

Khanty is a verb final language, but this is not absolute as about 10% of sentences have other phrases behind the verb.[46] While the word order in matrix clauses is more variable, in embedded clauses it is quite strict.[47] The constraints are due to grammatical relations and discourse information. In older sources these phrases have content that was already introduced in the discourse while in newer sources newly introduced content can also be placed post verbally. Schön and Gugán speculate that this is because of contact with other languages, namely Russian.[48]

Imperative

Imperative clauses have the same structure as declarative sentences, apart from complex predicates where the verb may precede the preverb. Prohibitive sentences include a prohibitive particle.[49]

Passive

In Khanty passive voice is achieved by moving other phrases than the subject into subject position, focus on the agent and indefiniteness of the agent.[50]

Pro-drop

In Khanty names or pronouns can only be dropped if they are obvious from the context and marked on the verb.[51]

Lexicon

The lexicon of the Khanty varieties is documented relatively well. The most extensive early source is Toivonen (1948), based on field records by K. F. Karjalainen from 1898 to 1901. An etymological interdialectal dictionary, covering all known material from pre-1940 sources, is Steinitz et al. (1966–1993).

Schiefer (1972)[52] summarizes the etymological sources of Khanty vocabulary, as per Steinitz et al., as follows:

Inherited30% Uralic5%
Finno-Ugric9%
Ugric3%
Ob-Ugric13%
Borrowed28% Komi7%
Samoyedic
(Selkup and Nenets)		3%
Tatar10%
Russian8%
unknown40%

Futaky (1975)[53] additionally proposes a number of loanwords from the Tungusic languages, mainly Evenki.

Notes

  1. ↑ "Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020". rosstat.gov.ru. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  2. ↑ "Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку" [Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language.]. rosstat.gov.ru. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  3. ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
  4. ↑ Abondolo 2017
  5. ↑ "Khanty language, alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
  6. ↑ "Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020". rosstat.gov.ru. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  7. ↑ Gulya 1966, pp. 5–6.
  8. 1 2 Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena, eds. (2022-03-24). The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford University PressOxford. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
  9. 1 2 Abondolo 1998, pp. 358–359.
  10. ↑ Honti 1998, pp. 328–329.
  11. ↑ Honti, László (1981), "Ostjakin kielen itämurteiden luokittelu", Congressus Quintus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, Turku 20.-27. VIII. 1980, Turku: Suomen kielen seura, pp. 95–100
  12. ↑ Honti 1998, p. 336.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Honti 1998, p. 338.
  14. ↑ Estill, Dennis (2004). Diachronic change in Erzya word stress. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society. p. 179. ISBN 952-5150-80-1.
  15. 1 2 3 Abondolo 1998, p. 360.
  16. ↑ Filchenko 2007.
  17. ↑ Csepregi 1998, pp. 12–13.
  18. ↑ Honti 1998, p. 337.
  19. ↑ Kaksin 2007.
  20. ↑ Nikolaeva, I. A. (1999). Ostyak. Lincom Europa.
  21. ↑ Schön, Zsófia; Gugán, Katalin (2022-03-24), "East Khanty", The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 608–635, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0032, ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4, retrieved 2023-08-04
  22. ↑ Schön, Zsófia; Gugán, Katalin (2022-03-24), "East Khanty", The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 608–635, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0032, ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4, retrieved 2023-08-04
  23. ↑ Ostyak, Nikoleva 1999, page 13
  24. ↑ Holmberg & Nikanne, 1993
  25. ↑ Ostyak, Nikoleva 1999, page 13
  26. ↑ Holmberg & Nikanne, 1993
  27. ↑ Holmberg & Nikanne, 1993
  28. ↑ Holmberg & Nikanne, 1993
  29. ↑ Holmberg & Nikanne, 1993
  30. ↑ Schön, Gugán, Zsófia, Katalin (2022). The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages. Oxford University Press. p. 615.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ↑ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. (2022)
  32. ↑ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 616
  33. ↑ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 616
  34. ↑ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 616
  35. ↑ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 618
  36. ↑ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 618
  37. ↑ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 619
  38. ↑ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 619
  39. ↑ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 625
  40. ↑ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic languages, page 625
  41. ↑ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic languages, page 625
  42. ↑ Grenoble, Lenore A (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 9781402012983.
  43. ↑ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 622
  44. ↑ The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 622
  45. ↑ The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 622
  46. ↑ The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 624
  47. ↑ Ostyak (languages of the world), page 57
  48. ↑ The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 624
  49. ↑ The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 626
  50. ↑ The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 622
  51. ↑ The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 622
  52. ↑ Schiefer, Erhard (1972). "Wolfgang Steinitz. Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache. Lieferung 1 – 5, Berlin 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972". Études Finno-Ougriennes. 9: 161–171.
  53. ↑ Futaky, István (1975). Tungusische Lehnwörter des Ostjakischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.

References

  • Abondolo, Daniel (1998). "Khanty". In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages.
  • Csepregi, Márta (1998). Szurguti osztják chrestomathia (PDF). Studia Uralo-Altaica Supplementum. Vol. 6. Szeged. Retrieved 2014-10-11.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Filchenko, Andrey Yury (2007). A grammar of Eastern Khanty (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Rice University. hdl:1911/20605.
  • Gulya, János (1966). Eastern Ostyak chrestomathy. Indiana University Publications, Uralic and Altaic series. Vol. 51.
  • Honti, László (1988). "Die Ob-Ugrischen Sprachen". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Uralic Languages.
  • Honti, László (1998). "ObUgrian". In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages.
  • Kaksin, Andrej D. (2007). Казымский диалект хантыйского языка (in Russian). Khanty-Mansijsk: Obsko-Ugorskij Institut Prikladnykh Issledovanij i Razrabotok.
  • Steinitz, Wolfgang, ed. (1966–1993). Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache. Berlin.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Toivonen, Y. H., ed. (1948). K. F. Karjalainen's Ostjakisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
  • Bakró-Nagy, Laakso, Skribnik, ed. (2022). The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford University Press.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  • Nikolaeva, ed. (1999). Ostyak (Languages of the World). Lincom GmbH.
  • Holmberg, A., Nikanne, U., Oraviita, I., Reime, H., & Trosterud, T. (1993). The structure of INFL and the finite clause in Finnish. Case and other functional categories in Finnish syntax, 39, 177
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