Movima
Chosineɬ di' mowi:maj [1]
Native toBolivia
RegionBeni Department
Native speakers
1,000 (2012)[2]
Official status
Official language in
Bolivia[3]
Language codes
ISO 639-3mzp
Glottologmovi1243
ELPMovima

Movima is a language that is spoken by about 1,400 (nearly half) of the Movima, a group of Native Americans that resides in the Llanos de Moxos region of the Bolivian Amazon, in northeastern Bolivia. It is considered a language isolate, as it has not been proven to be related to any other language.

Locations

Movima is spoken in the locations of 18 de Noviembre, 20 de Enero, Bella Flor, Buen Día, Carmen de Iruyañez, Carnavales, Ipimo, Miraflores, Navidad, San Lorenzo, and the town of Santa Ana del Yacuma.[2] The Movima community reported that there are approximately 500 adult speakers as of 2012.[4]: 807 

Phonology

Movima has five vowels:

The vowels of Movima
 FrontCentralBack
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

/e/ and /o/ more closely resemble [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, than the close-mid vowels [e] and [o]. Vowels have a phonemic length distinction, although some prosodic processes can lengthen otherwise short vowels. Movima does not have tone.[5]

The consonants of Movima
  Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
central lateral plain lab.
Nasal m n
Stop pulmonic p t tʃ k (ɡ) kʷ (ʔ)
implosive ɓ ɗ
Fricative (f) β s ɬ h
Approximant l j w jˀ
Trill r

The plosive /p/ is realized as [p] in the syllable onset but as [pʔᵐ] (which contrasts with the simple nasal phoneme /m/) in the coda. Similarly, /t/ and /k/ are realized as [tʔⁿ] and [ʔɤ] (i.e., as a glottal stop with a vocalic release), respectively, in the syllable coda.[1] In vowel-initial words and between adjacent vowels, an epenthetic glottal stop appears.

The phonemes /f/ and /ɡ/ are only present in Spanish loanwords.

Morphology

In Movima, compounding and incorporation are productive derivational processes. Reduplication and affixation, including some processes (such as the irrealis marker (k)a') that resemble infixation, are also common. Typical examples of inflection, such as number, case, tense, mood, and aspect, are not obligatorily marked in Movima.[1] Many derivational processes can be applied to a single Movima word. The same morpheme may appear multiple times in one word this way, for instance, tikoy-na-poj-na "I make X kill Y."

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[6]

glossMovima
onesotaru
twooira
threetaxra
toothsöichlan
tonguerulkua
handchopa
womankukya
watertomi
firevé
moonyekcho
maizekuaxta
jaguarrulrul
houseroya

Further vocabulary:

glossMovima
to sitas
to standen
to comejiwa
dustvuskwa
Movimamowi:maj
languagechonsineɬ
ofdi'

See also

Further reading

  • Judy, R. A.; Judy, J. (1962). Movima y castellano. (Vocabularios Bolivianos, 1). Vocabularios Bolivianos. Cochabamba: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Katharina Haude (2006). "A grammar of Movima" (PDF). Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
  2. 1 2 Movima at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  3. ↑ "Constitution of Bolivia, Article 5. I." (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-21.
  4. ↑ Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume II: Kanoé to Yurakaré. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2.
  5. ↑ "WALS – Movima". World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  6. ↑ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
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