| Polabian | |
|---|---|
| Slüvensťă rec / Vensťĕ | |
 The first page of Vocabularium Venedicum | |
| Pronunciation | /slyˈvɛˑn.stʲɐ rɛt͡s/ |
| Native to | Germany |
| Extinct | 3 October 1756 (death of Emerentz Schultze)[1] |
| Revival | 21st century; ≥5 known L2 speakers[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pox |
pox | |
| Glottolog | pola1255 |
| Linguasphere | 53-AAA-bc |
 Grey: Former settlement area of the Polabian Slavs. Green: Uninhabited forest areas. Darker shade just indicates higher elevation. | |
The Polabian language,[lower-alpha 1] also known as Drevanian–Polabian language,[lower-alpha 2] Drevanian language,[lower-alpha 3] and Lüneburg Wendish language,[lower-alpha 4] is a West Slavic language that was spoken by the Polabian Slavs (German: Wenden) in present-day northeastern Germany around the Elbe. It was spoken approximately until the rise to power of Prussia in the mid-18th century – when it was superseded by Low German – in the areas of Pomoré (Mecklenburg-West Pomerania), central (Mittelmark) part of Branibor (Brandenburg) and eastern Saxony-Anhalt (Wittenberg originally part of Béla Serbia), as well as in eastern parts of Wendland (Lower Saxony) and Dravänia (Schleswig-Holstein), Ostholstein and Lauenburg). Polabian was also relatively long (until the 16th century) spoken in and around the cities of Bukovéc (Lübeck), Starigard (Oldenburg) and Trava (Hamburg). The very poorly attested Slavic dialects of Rügen seemed to have had more in common with Polabian than with Pomeranian varieties.[5] In the south, it bordered on the Sorbian language area in Lusatia.
By the 18th century, Lechitic Polabian was in some respects markedly different from other Slavic languages, most notably in having a strong German influence. It was close to Pomeranian and Kashubian, and is attested only in a handful of manuscripts, dictionaries and various writings from the 17th and 18th centuries.
History
About 2800 Polabian words are known; of prose writings, only a few prayers, one wedding song and a few folktales survive. Immediately before the language became extinct, several people started to collect phrases and compile wordlists, and were engaged with folklore of the Polabian Slavs, but only one of them appears to have been a native speaker of Polabian (himself leaving only 13 pages of linguistically relevant material from a 310-page manuscript).[1] The last native speaker of Polabian, a woman, died in 1756, and the last person who spoke limited Polabian died in 1825.
The most important monument of the language is the so-called Vocabularium Venedicum (1679–1719) by Christian Hennig.
The language left many traces to this day in toponymy; for example, Wustrow "Place on the island", Lüchow (Polabian: Ljauchüw), Sagard, Gartow, Krakow etc. It is also a likely origin of the name Berlin, from the Polabian stem berl-/birl- ('swamp').
Though unorganized, language revitalization for the Polabian language is occurring in small groups. As of 2023, the language has few limited speakers, but is growing due to more resources being accessible to learn the language.
Phonology
For Polabian the following segments are reconstructable:[6]
Vowels
|
|
|
|
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Post- palatal |
Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | p | pʲ | t̪ | tʲ | k | |||
| b | bʲ | d̪ | dʲ | ɡ | ||||
| Affricates | t̪͡s̪ | t͡sʲ | ||||||
| d̪͡z̪ | d͡zʲ | |||||||
| Fricatives | f | s̪ | ʃ | sʲ | xʲ | x | ||
| v | vʲ | z̪ | zʲ | |||||
| Nasals | m | mʲ | n̪ | nʲ | ||||
| Laterals | l | lʲ | ||||||
| Trills | r | rʲ | ||||||
| Semi-vowel | j | |||||||
Stress and vowel reduction
Polabian had free and mobile stress, which means its placement could not be predicted based on the shape of the word, and it could shift to other syllables in inflection and derivation, much like in Russian. Four-syllable words with stress on the last syllable had secondary stress on the second one.
Stress was interconnected with vowel reduction. All vowels except /ə/ and /ɐ/ were full vowels and could only occur in stressed syllables, or in the syllable immediately preceding primary stress, unless it was itself preceded by a syllable with secondary stress. Thus for example a four syllable word stressed on the third syllable had full vowels in the second and third syllable; but if this same word had stress on the last syllable, it had full vowels in the second and fourth syllable.
Reduced vowels were very short, so much that the transcribers (who mostly spoke Low German) sometimes omitted them in places where they could be expected, which was probably not caused by the ellipsis of said vowels, but rather by their very short duration. The full vowels were noticeably long and were often marked as such in the texts.[7]
The Lord's Prayer
The Lord's Prayer in Polabian and related Lechitic languages, compared to Upper Sorbian, Old Church Slavonic, German and English:[8] Germanic loanwords, which are comparatively rare in the other West Slavic languages, are highlighted in bold.
Drawänopolabian:
|
Eastern Polabian:
|
Kashubian:
|
Polish:
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Upper Sorbian:
|
Old Slavic (transliteration):
|
Old High German, 8th century:
|
High German, 20th century:
|
English:[9]
|
Notes
- ↑
- Polabian: slüvensťă rec, venskă rec, slüv́onsťĕ, slüvensťĕ, vensťĕ; literally: Slavic language
- German: Polabische Sprache, Polabisch;
- Lower Sorbian: połobska rěc, połobšćina;
- Polish: język połabski;
- Czech: polabština;
- Latin: lingua Polabica
- ↑
- German: Draväno-Polabische Sprache, Dravänopolabisch;
- Lower Sorbian: drjewjanopołobska rěc, drjewjanopołobšćina
- Polish: język drzewiańsko-połabski
- Latin: lingua Dravaeno-Polabica, lingua Dravaenopolabica
- ↑
- German: Drevanische Sprache, Drevanisch;
- Lower Sorbian: drjewjańska rěc, drjewjańšćina;
- Polish: język drzewiański;
- Czech: drevjanština
- Latin: lingua Dravaenica
- ↑ German: Lüneburgisch-Wendische Sprache, Lüneburgischen Wendischen
References
- 1 2 Kapović (2008), p. 109.
- ↑ "Słownik nowopołabsko-polski".
- ↑ "Lekhitic languages". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
- ↑ Lehr-Spławiński (1934), p. 26.
- ↑ Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1922). "Szczątki języka dawnych słowiańskich mieszkańców wyspy Rugii". Slavia Occidentalis (in Polish). II: 114–136.
- ↑ Cited after Polański (1993), p. 799
- ↑ Lehr-Spławiński (1929), pp. 102–111.
- ↑ Polabian version quoted after TITUS project
- ↑ Praying Together Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
Bibliography
- Kapović, Mate (2008), Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku (in Serbo-Croatian), Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, ISBN 978-953-150-847-6
- Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1929), Gramatyka połabska (in Polish), Lwów: Lwowska Bibljoteka Slawistyczna
- Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1934). O narzeczach Słowian nadbałtyckich (in Polish). Toruń.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Olesch, Reinhold (1977), "Jezik polapskih Drevana: Stanje i zadaci istraživanja", Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian), Zagreb, 15, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-06
- Polański, Kazimierz; Sehnert, Janusz (1967), Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague: Mouton
- Polański, Kazimierz (1993), "Polabian", in Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett (ed.), The Slavonic languages, London & New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-28078-5
- Rzetelska-Feleszko, Ewa (2002), "Polabisch" (PDF), Enzyklopädie des Europäischen Ostens (in German), Klagenfurt, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich, Part 1: ed. Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński & Kazimierz Polański, Wrocław, 1962, from Part 2 on: ed. K. Polański, Wrocław, 1971–
See also
