Tifal
Tifalmin
Native toPapua New Guinea
RegionSandaun Province, Telefomin District
Ethnicityincl. Urapmin
Native speakers
4,000 (2003)[1]
Dialects
  • Tifal–Urap
  • Atbal
Language codes
ISO 639-3tif – inclusive code
Individual code:
urm – Urap
Glottologtifa1245  Tifal
urap1239  Urapmin
ELP

Tifal is an Ok language spoken in Papua New Guinea. Dialects are (1) Tifal (Tifalmin) and Urap (Urapmin) and (2) Atbal (Atbalmin).

Geography

The Tifal language is bounded by Papuan and Irian Jaya speakers to the south and west, the Telefomin valley in the east, and the Sepik river to the north.[2]

Orthography

Phonemic ɑɑːbdeːfiiːklmnŋooːstuuːwj
Lowercase aaab, pdefiiiklmnngooostuuuwy
Uppercase AAaBDEFIIiKLMNOOoSTUUuWY

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive b t d k
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative f s
Semivowel w j
Liquid l
/b/ is realized as [pʰ] word finally, as [p] in syllable-coda position before a consonant, and [b] elsewhere.
/t/ is realized as [t] in syllable coda before a consonant and [tʰ] elsewhere.
/d/ is realized as [ɾ] intervocalically, e.g. /didab/: [dɪˈɾʌpʰ] 'water container'.
/k/ is [ɣ] intervocalically, [k] in syllable coda before consonants, and [kʰ] elsewhere.
/s/ is realized as [ʂ] before /u/.
/l/ is alveolar adjacent to back vowels and alveodental elsewhere.[3] One dialect realizes /l/ as [r] intervocalically.

Vowels

Vowels
FrontCentralBack
Close i iːu uː
Mid eːo oː
Open ɑ ɑː

/o/ and /oː/ rarely contrast.[4]

Vowel allophones[5]
Phoneme Condition Allophone Realization
elsewhere
/i/ word-initially and finally [i] [ɪ]
/a/ [a] [ʌ]
/u/ [u] [ʊ]
/eː/ in open syllables, before /m/, and between /j/ and /p/ [eː] [ɛː]
/o/ before /n/ or /ŋ/; between /t/ and /k/ [ɔ] [o]

Phonotactics

Syllable structure is (C)V(ː)(C). The expression kwiin takan 'oh my!' may be an exception.

/d/ only occurs word-initially.[6] /f/ only occurs syllable-initially.[7] /ŋ/ is always syllable-final.[8]

Initial /l/ only occurs in some dialects. Initial /kw/ occurs in two dialects, and may usually be interpreted as C+V.

/w/ and /j/ occur syllable-initially.[9] Only one dialect allows syllable-coda /j/.[10]

Stress

In inflected words stress lies on the last syllable of the verb stem. Otherwise, if there are long vowels stress falls on the first in the word. If all vowels are short, stress falls on the last syllable if it is closed and the first syllable otherwise.

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns are not inflected but may mark possession. Body parts and kinship terms are obligatorily possessed, and some kinship terms require affixing. On other nouns possession is optional, except for proper names which are never possessed.[11]

Pronouns

Pronoun stems[12]
Person Basic Emphatic
1 singular ni-/na- nala-/nalal-/-nila
plural nuu-/no- nuulu-/nulul-
2 singular m kab- kaltab-/kalab-
f kub- kultub-/kulub-
plural kib- kiltib-
3 singular m a- ala-/alal-/al-
f u- ulu-/ulul-/ul-
plural ib-/i- iltib-/ilib-/ilal-/il-
Non-emphatic pronouns[13]
Suffix meaning: Poss. Subj. Definitive Inst. First with, and, also
Suffix: -mi~ni -i~-di -yo ta -siik/-siin soo/soono
Emphatic pronouns[14]
Suffix meaning: Poss. Inst. 'only' 'like, simile'
Suffix: -mi~ni ta -kal tab

Verbs

Tifal has a rich aspectual system.[15] Verbs may be separated into four groups based on how they transform from continuative to punctiliar aspect. Some only have vowel and/or simple stem changes, some have suppletive stems, some change compound-final stems, and some which have allomorphs which add -(a)laa-min (or rarely -daa-laa-min) to the stem.[16]

Verbs also can be divided based on transitivity. Some require direct objects, some with optional objects, some with optional locational objects, and a few intransitive verbs.[17]

Order of verb suffixes[18]
verbben.ben.-laatensepersonmoodstatement-final marker

Tense and aspect

Most final verbs mark tense, mood, and person, but most verbs can mark aspect and not tense and still be a final verb.[19]

Tense-aspect suffixes[20]
ContinuativePunctiliar
pres -b/m1 -d
yesterday past 1-m-som/-a-som -b
dist. past -a-s
very remote past -bis -s
abilitative 1-m-am 1-d-am
near future 1-m-okom 1-d-okom
dist. future 1-m-okob 1-d-okob
  1. "initial consonant of the customary or class changing marker is retained"

Tifal sentences are contain inflected verb-root-chains, often with a final fully conjugated verb. One must inflect for the amount of time between one verb in the chain and the next.[21]

Deixis

Marking spatial relation between verbs and their objects is obligatory. "up" must be clarified as either "upslope" or "upstream", "down" as "downslope" or "downstream", and "across" as "across land" or "across a river".[21]

Kinship

Tifal has dyadic kinship terms (terms referring to the relationship two or more people have to each other), which are present in less than 10 languages and not prevalent in Papua New Guinea. However, they are a salient feature of the Ok languages. Related terms are found in Oksapmin, Mian, and Telefol.[22]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tifal at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Urap at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ↑ Boush 1975, p. 0, Introduction.
  3. ↑ Boush & Boush 1974, pp. 8–9.
  4. ↑ Boush & Boush 1974, p. 22.
  5. ↑ Boush & Boush 1974, pp. 17–19.
  6. ↑ Boush & Boush 1974, p. 3.
  7. ↑ Boush & Boush 1974, p. 7.
  8. ↑ Boush & Boush 1974, p. 8.
  9. ↑ Boush & Boush 1974, p. 9.
  10. ↑ SIL 1994, p. 3.
  11. ↑ Boush 1975, pp. 3–5.
  12. ↑ Boush 1975, p. 6.
  13. ↑ Boush 1975, p. 7.
  14. ↑ Boush 1975, p. 8.
  15. ↑ Fedden, Sebastian. "Aspectual stem distinctions in the Mian verb" (PDF). Leipzig University.
  16. ↑ Boush 1975, pp. 10–12.
  17. ↑ Boush 1975, pp. 13–16.
  18. ↑ Boush 1975, p. 16.
  19. ↑ Boush 1979, p. 1.
  20. ↑ Boush 1975, pp. 22–23.
  21. 1 2 Bercovitch, Eytan. "On Learning a New Guinea Language". Language-Learning-Advisor.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
  22. ↑ Loughnane, Robyn (2008). "The Oksapmin Kinship System". University of Sydney. Archived from the original on 2009-09-20. Retrieved 2009-05-21.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Steinkraus, Walter. 1969. 'Tifal phonology showing vowel and tone neutralization.' Kivung 2:1
  • Healey, Phyllis, and Walter Steinkraus. 1972. 'A Preliminary Vocabulary of Tifal with Grammar Notes.' Language Data Microfiche AP 5, S.I.L., Huntington Beach, v + 117 pp. ISBN 0-88312-305-3
  • Steinkraus, Walter. 1962–63. Manuscripts. SIL, Ukarumpa.
  • Boush, Al. 1974–79. Manuscripts. SIL, Ukarumpa.
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