Pholo
Native toChina
EthnicityPhula
Native speakers
30,000 (2011)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3yip
Glottologphol1235

Pholo (autonym: pʰo55 lo55) is an unclassified Loloish language of Yunnan, China. Although culturally associated with the Phula languages, Pelkey (2011) does not consider it to be linguistically related to the Phula languages.

Pholo speakers are also referred to as Black Phula and Flowery Phula.[2]

Classification

Pelkey (2011:353) specifically excludes Pholo, noting that it does not share the defining features of Southeastern Loloish. However, Lama (2012) classifies Pholo as a Southeastern Loloish language, and considers it to be most closely related to Zokhuo

Distribution

Pholo speakers are most densely concentrated in:[2]

Other Pholo speakers are found in:[2]

Vocabulary

The following Pholo lexical items along with their Proto-Ngwi (Proto-Loloish) reconstructed proto-forms are from Pelkey (2011:390).

GlossPholoProto-Ngwi
beebjɯ³³*bya²
tarobjɑ⁵³*blum²
silverpʰi³³*plu¹
facepʰjɔ⁵⁵*pyu²
destroype̠⁴⁵*pyakH
changepʰjɑ̠⁴⁵*C-plekL
pusᵐbjɑ³³*m-bliŋ¹
fullphɑ̠²¹*m-bliŋ³
fly (v.)bi⁵³*b-yam¹
lightning*b-lyapL
releasepʰjɑ³³*pyiŋ²
eagleto³³*ʔ-glaŋ²
stab*m-gya²
excrementtʰæ³³*ʔ-kle²
load (v.)ʦɯ⁵⁵*ʔ-kun³/²

Most, but not all, of the Pholo words above do not share the following innovations that define Southeastern Ngwi.[3]

  1. Proto-Ngwi *ʔ-k and *ʔ-ɡl > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *tɬ (modern reflexes: tɬ, kɬ, k, t, ɬ, etc.)
  2. Proto-Ngwi *pl/j and *ʔ-kl > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *tɬʰ (modern reflexes: tɬʰ, kɬʰ, kʰ, tʰ, ɬ, etc.)
  3. Proto-Ngwi *bl/j and *ɡl > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *dɮ (modern reflexes: dɮ, ɡɮ, ɡ, d, etc.)
  4. Proto-Ngwi *m-pl/j and *m-bl/j > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *ndɮ (modern reflexes: ndɮ, ŋɡɮ, nd, etc.)

Other Pholo words from Pelkey (2011:301):

  • qɑ̠⁴⁵lɑ̠⁴⁵ (neck)
  • ᵐbjɑ⁵⁵ʑɛ²¹ (pus)
  • phɑ̠²¹ (full)
  • χɑ⁵⁵ (long)
  • mɑ⁵⁵ (name)
  • mɑ̠⁴⁵ (cooked)

More Pholo words are documented in YYFC (1983), part of which are quoted in Lama (2012).

Notes

  1. ↑ Pholo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. 1 2 3 Pelkey (2011), p. 176.
  3. ↑ Pelkey (2011), p. 365.

References

  • Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages: A Study From the Perspectives of Shared Innovation and Phylogenetic Estimation (PhD thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/11161.
  • Pelkey, Jamin R. (2011). Dialectology as Dialectic: Interpreting Phula Variation. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110245851. ISBN 978-3-11-024585-1.
  • Yunnan minzu daxue ge yunnan minzu yuwen zhidao gongzuo weiyuan (YYFC) 云南民族大学格云南民族语文指导工作委员会编, ed. (1983). Yúnnán Yíyǔ fāngyán cíyǔ huìbiān 云南彝语方言词语汇编 [A Collection of Yi Dialects’ Lexicon in Yunnan] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan minzu xueyuan chubanshe. (Handwritten Mimeograph).
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