ISWIM
ParadigmImperative, functional
Designed byPeter Landin
First appeared1966 (1966)
Influenced by
ALGOL 60, Lisp
Influenced
SASL, Miranda, ML, Haskell, Clean, Lucid

ISWIM (If You See What I Mean) is an abstract computer programming language (or a family of languages) devised by Peter Landin and first described in his article "The Next 700 Programming Languages", published in the Communications of the ACM in 1966.[1]

Although not implemented, it has proved very influential in the development of programming languages, especially functional programming languages such as SASL, Miranda, ML, Haskell and their successors, and dataflow programming languages like Lucid.

Design

ISWIM is an imperative programming language with a functional core, consisting of a syntactic sugaring of lambda calculus to which are added mutable variables and assignment and a powerful control mechanism: the program point operator. Being based on lambda calculus, ISWIM has higher-order functions and lexically scoped variables.

The operational semantics of ISWIM are defined using Landin's SECD machine and use call-by-value, that is eager evaluation.[2] A goal of ISWIM was to look more like mathematical notation, so Landin abandoned ALGOL's semicolons between statements and begin ... end blocks and replaced them with the off-side rule and scoping based on indentation.

A notationally distinctive feature of ISWIM is its use of where clauses. An ISWIM program is a single expression qualified by where clauses (auxiliary definitions including equations among variables), conditional expressions and function definitions. Along with CPL, ISWIM was one of the first programming languages to use where clauses.

A notable semantic feature was the ability to define new data types, as a (possibly recursive) sum of products. This was done using a somewhat verbose natural language style description, but apart from notation amounts exactly to the algebraic data types found in modern functional languages. ISWIM variables did not have explicit type declarations and it seems likely (although not explicitly stated in the 1966 paper) that Landin intended the language to be dynamically typed, like LISP and unlike ALGOL; but it is also possible that he intended to develop some form of type inference.

Implementations and derivatives

No direct implementation of ISWIM was attempted but Art Evan's language PAL,[3] and John C. Reynolds' language Gedanken,[4] captured most of Landin's concepts, including powerful transfer-of-control operations. Both of these were typed dynamically. Robin Milner's ML may be considered equivalent to ISWIM without the J operator and with type inference.

Another line of descent from ISWIM is to strip out the imperative features (assignment and the J operator) leaving a purely functional language.[5] It then becomes possible to switch to lazy evaluation. This path led to programming languages SASL, Kent Recursive Calculator (KRC), Hope, Miranda, Haskell, and Clean.

References

  1. ↑ Landin, P. J. (March 1966). "The Next 700 Programming Languages" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. Association for Computing Machinery. 9 (3): 157–165. doi:10.1145/365230.365257. S2CID 13409665.
  2. ↑ Plotkin, Gordon (1975). Call-by-Name, Call-by Value and the Lambda Calculus (PDF) (Report).
  3. ↑ Evans, Art (1968). "PAL: a language designed for teaching programming linguistics". Proceedings ACM National Conference. ACM National Conference. Association for Computing Machinery.
  4. ↑ Reynolds, John C. (September 1969). GEDANKEN: a simple typeless language which permits functional data structures and co-routines (Report). Argonne National Laboratory.
  5. ↑ Ivanović, Mirjana; Budimac, Zoran (April 1993). "A definition of an ISWIM-like language via Scheme". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (4): 29–38. doi:10.1145/152739.152743. S2CID 14379260.
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