An inland salt marsh is a saltwater marsh located away from the coast. It is formed and maintained in areas when evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation and/or when sodium- and chloride-laden groundwater is released from natural brine aquifers. Its vegetation is dominated by halophytic plant communities.[1]

Salt flats in an inland salt marsh in Quivira National Wildlife Refuge in Kansas.

Overview

Inland salt marshes (ISMs) are rare, non-tidal wetlands which form either due to the influence of saline groundwater and proximate springs and seeps[2] [3] or from evapotranspiration exceeding precipitation.[1] Primarily located in the Great Lakes region of the US, they are dominantly composed of salt-tolerant, halophytic plant communities including the invasive Phragmites australis (common reed).[3] Anthropogenic impacts on brine springs have decreased their already low global coverage and have led to their classification as G1 critically imperiled ecosystems.[2] Of note, inland salt marshes are globally occurring, though this article primarily discusses ISMs from the US and Europe.

Flora and fauna

Phragmites australis (common reed) in a salt marsh community. P. australis is a non-native species in US ISMs.

If vegetation is at all present, ISMs are typically dominated by halophytic vegetative communities, though species-specific composition may vary among marshes. In a study quantifying spatial variability of ISM vegetation, New York ISMs were found to be composed of Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass), Typha × glauca, Lythrum salicaria (purple loostrife), and invasive Phragmites australis (common reed).[4] Rapidly invading US ISMs, Phragmites australis has been shown to associate with highly saline areas with short hydroperiods, suggesting high water levels dilute salinity and decrease photosynthetic activity of this halophytic species.[4] Michigan ISMs were found to be mainly composed of E. parvula and S. americanus, with little commonality with New York ISMs.[4]

Vegetation of inland salt marshes have also been shown to reflect environmental conditions. A recently accepted European study provides detailed analyses on species associations with salinity, moisture, light availability, and nitrogen content. Analyses suggest that certain ISM species have specific environmental requirements, and knowledge of which can better inform salt marsh conservation efforts accordingly.[5]  

Soil chemistry

Inland salt marshes can have extremely dynamic and harsh soil chemistry conditions. Much of the marsh is saturated with a layer of sodium chloride, failing to sustain much plant life that can not tolerate such high salinity environments.[6] For halophytic plants which can colonize this harsh soil, nitrogen content is also a limiting factor. This limitation is increased when plants are inundated with water, as higher levels can dilute the soil and reduce availability of nitrate and ammonium sources of nitrogen.[7]


Many studies have also investigated the role of soil chemistry in the productivity and community structures of ISMs. For instance, a study on an Ohio salt marsh found Salicornia europea (common glasswort) increased production when fertilized with nitrogen, and its different growth forms may be induced by varying soil nitrogen concentrations.[8] Conversely, Hordeum jubatum (foxtail barley) and Atriplex triangularis (orache) were found to be limited by another factor other than nitrogen availability.[8] In other words, different species are limited by different factors within an inland salt marsh ecosystem, providing competitive advantages and allowing for the occupation of different niches.

There have also been efforts to apply GIS and remote sensing methods to characterize the soil chemistry of inland salt marshes.[9]

Conservation and management

Inland salt marshes are quite rare and have unique conservation needs, yet there is a severe lack of research on these ecosystems.


Protected by the European Natura 2000 network [10] and classified as a G1 category endangered ecosystem,[11] there is a strong need to protect these rare, decreasing ecosystems, yet a lack of available research supports these conservation initiatives. One study aimed to address this gap with a case study in Central Europe; interdisciplinary analysis of various salt marsh conditions suggested that regular flooding of the inland salt marsh with nearby brine, in this case from a nearby health center, could be used to restore endangered inland salt marshes.[12]  

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Wetland ecosystems. William J. Mitsch. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. 2009. ISBN 978-0-470-28630-2. OCLC 246886817.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. 1 2 "Inland Salt Marsh - Michigan Natural Features Inventory". mnfi.anr.msu.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
  3. 1 2 Eallonardo, Anthony S.; Leopold, Donald J. (2013-11-14). "Inland Salt Marshes of the Northeastern United States: Stress, Disturbance and Compositional Stability". Wetlands. 34 (1): 155–166. doi:10.1007/s13157-013-0493-y. ISSN 0277-5212. S2CID 17512655.
  4. 1 2 3 Eallonardo, Anthony S.; Leopold, Donald J. (2013-11-14). "Inland Salt Marshes of the Northeastern United States: Stress, Disturbance and Compositional Stability". Wetlands. 34 (1): 155–166. doi:10.1007/s13157-013-0493-y. ISSN 0277-5212. S2CID 17512655.
  5. ↑ Lubińska-Mielińska, Sandra; Kącki, Zygmunt; Kamiński, Dariusz; Pétillon, Julien; Evers, Christiane; Piernik, Agnieszka (2023-01-15). "Vegetation of temperate inland salt-marshes reflects local environmental conditions". Science of the Total Environment. 856 (Pt 2): 159015. Bibcode:2023ScTEn.856o9015L. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159015. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 36162575. S2CID 252498969.
  6. ↑ "Inland Salt Marsh - Michigan Natural Features Inventory". mnfi.anr.msu.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
  7. ↑ Huang, Laibin; Bai, Junhong; Xiao, Rong; Shi, Jianbin; Gao, Haifeng (2014-08-15). "The soil nitrogen dynamics in an inland salt marsh as affected by various experimental water levels: NITROGEN DYNAMIC AT DIFFERENT WATER LEVELS". Hydrological Processes. 28 (17): 4708–4717. doi:10.1002/hyp.9965. S2CID 129402120.
  8. 1 2 Loveland, David G.; Ungar, Irwin A. (1983). "The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Production of Halophytes in an Inland Salt Marsh". The American Midland Naturalist. 109 (2): 346–354. doi:10.2307/2425415. ISSN 0003-0031. JSTOR 2425415.
  9. ↑ Grunstra, Matthew; Van Auken, O. W. (2007-01-01), Sarkar, Dibyendu; Datta, Rupali; Hannigan, Robyn (eds.), "Chapter 19 Using GIS to display complex soil salinity patterns in an inland salt marsh", Developments in Environmental Science, Concepts and Applications in Environmental Geochemistry, Elsevier, vol. 5, pp. 407–431, doi:10.1016/S1474-8177(07)05019-X, ISBN 9780080465227, retrieved 2022-12-01
  10. ↑ "Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ L 206 22.07.1992 p. 7)", Documents in European Community Environmental Law, Cambridge University Press, pp. 568–583, 2006-03-30, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610851.039, ISBN 9780521833035, retrieved 2022-12-01
  11. ↑ Wetland ecosystems. William J. Mitsch. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. 2009. ISBN 978-0-470-28630-2. OCLC 246886817.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  12. ↑ Lubińska-Mielińska, Sandra; Kamiński, Dariusz; Hulisz, Piotr; Krawiec, Arkadiusz; Walczak, Maciej; Lis, Marta; Piernik, Agnieszka (2022-04-01). "Inland salt marsh habitat restoration can be based on artificial flooding". Global Ecology and Conservation. 34: e02028. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02028. ISSN 2351-9894. S2CID 246190293.
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