West Papuan Highlands
Irian Highlands
Geographic
distribution
Highlands of Irian Jaya
Linguistic classificationTrans–New Guinea
  • West Papuan Highlands
Subdivisions
GlottologNone
Map: The Irian Highlands languages of New Guinea
  The Irian Highlands families
  Other Trans–New Guinea families
  Other Papuan languages
  Austronesian languages
  Uninhabited

The West Papuan Highland languages, also known as the Irian Highland languages, are a branch of the Trans–New Guinea language family proposed by Larson & Larson (1972) and confirmed by Timothy Usher.[1] William A. Foley considers their Trans–New Guinea identity to be established.

History

Capell linked the Dani languages to Kwerba in 1962, a position followed by Wurm, who included Dani-Kwerba and the Wissel Lakes (Paniai Lakes) languages as branches of Trans–New Guinea. Larson & Larson (1972) proposed that the Dani and Paniai Lakes families, along with the Amung and Dem isolates, grouped together within TNG. Ross (2005) suggests a possible link between Dani and Paniai with his West TNG proposal. Usher confirms Larson & Larson and finds that the Amung and Dem languages are closest to each other.

Lexical comparison

The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database[2] and Usher (2020).[3] The Bayono-Awbono data is from Wilbrink (2004).[4] Neighboring languages not traditionally classified within West Papuan Highlands are also included for comparison.

Body parts
familylanguageheadhaireareyenosetoothtonguelegbloodboneskinbreast
Trans-New Guinea Proto-Trans-New Guinea *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna*iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun*ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d)*g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV*mundu; *mutu*magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi*balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e*kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu*ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa*kondaC; *kwata(l,n)*gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu*amu
Paniai Lakes Ekari (Paniai Lake dialect) migoiyopekajumaegóetáemomitookadóama
Paniai Lakes Proto-Lakes Plain[3] *kru/i*kudatiCV*bri*ɸidi*touCV
Dem Dem yagabuakari; yakulieŋgioyavkasaabuomietaran; asi
Uhunduni Damal niŋokniŋatoknoŋopnaikdok; noknimangdok; noknigip
Bayono-Awbono Bayono[4] bɑˈbʔbɑbʔnɑkoβokɑsukiy ̚ wũtɑmueˈbitiβuˈtɛkuruɑˈmɑ
Bayono-Awbono Awbono[4] bapebabenaˑkobkaˈsukiɛˑwontamõ newotomoepitebubumikaraka
Bayono-Awbono Kovojab[4] bɐbebɐbenɐkɔbɔkɐsukiɛwɔntəmuɛbitibɯkənitəɾɔʰkɯrɯkʰɐɐmɐ
Bayono-Awbono Densar[4] ˈbabibabaˈminakɔbuˈkas̪uˈkibɔnteˈmɔniˈbiˈkibʏnneˈqat̪ɵˈɾɔkuˈɾa/[dɪˈba]kɵˈɾu[digjɔ]qaʔaˈma
Dani Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dialect) mʋkkʋl-oaknesinesakkoneil-ekkennamisaŋnaiknamilimepnoaknakapneilak
Somahai Momuna tokotoko-ateotuijai jo-kujanɨtokoke
Mek Proto-Mek[3] *p[ɔ]t[ɔ]ŋ*aᵓ*atiŋ*jo̝*se̝l[ija]mu*jan*e̝ne̝ŋ*jɔk*mɔᵘm
Nature
familylanguagelousedogpigbirdeggtreesunmoonwaterfirestonepath
Trans-New Guinea Proto-Trans-New Guinea *niman*n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem*maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka*ida; *inda ~ *iñja*kamali; *kamuli; *ketana*kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V]*nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V]*inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p*kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna
Paniai Lakes Ekari (Paniai Lake dialect) ukadodiekinabedonipopijameuka; taniagoouwobodijamogoitá
Paniai Lakes Proto-Lakes Plain *pri*tabi*du*kuCV*deida*kudaide*kuipade*kuadi
Dem Dem nduukwauwam; uwombelaau; ondeniyeuweməjada; yatkunu(da)ŋat
Uhunduni Damal mamitimbowelato; olemolemagamemulo; uk; utka; kanelepkela
Bayono-Awbono Bayono onusimi / tanɛnọɑbiwiŋuɑ[ɔɣ]ɔʁ kumrumwɑnto
Bayono-Awbono Awbono tʰigitanɛnaʔˑnɛɾɛɣɛɾɛabwĩwourõhwã tõwarʏ
Bayono-Awbono Kovojab təɾɔʰtʰiˈŋginɛhtɐnenɔxʌbiŋwɔhɔxwɐntõmintɔ̃
Bayono-Awbono Densar t̪ɵˈɾɔtiːhgehɒnituum
Dani Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dialect) napɩjekkewamsʋesʋe-kkenemotukiiettuhelepkwe
Somahai Momuna amegakwokauwomagisagakwoɨkɨiŋgakukwa
Mek Proto-Mek *ami*gam*be̝sam*mak, *mag*do̝[k]*gal*k[ɛ]t[e̝]ŋ*wal*m[ɛ/a]g*o̝ᵘg*gɛⁱl; *gidig*bi[t/s]ig
Miscellaneous
familylanguagemanwomannameeatonetwo
Trans-New Guinea Proto-Trans-New Guinea *abV; *ambi*panV; *pan(V)*ibi; *imbi; *wani*na; *na-*ta(l,t)(a,e)
Paniai Lakes Ekari (Paniai Lake dialect) jameekanaiena; katewijá
Paniai Lakes Proto-Lakes Plain *tau
Dem Dem ŋoaluŋ; gagonenaweyagaŋugwaŋ
Uhunduni Damal menemnowinamenkakau; u
Bayono-Awbono Bayono kɑrioo.suɛbiʔɛrɛhigodɛke[aβəsərɑŋui]ɑsɑʉrʉ
Bayono-Awbono Awbono mesiosuɸwiɛrikyâˈkyâmɯrʏ
Bayono-Awbono Kovojab kʷaiɔsɯɸiɛlexeneqjʌ̃qjʌ̃mərugɐ
Bayono-Awbono Densar ˈjãmɾʏ
Dani Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dialect) aphe; hʋmɩettakeoppakke-atp:ie
Somahai Momuna mogo-mearunowa-
Mek Proto-Mek *ge̝l*si*de̝-(b)*[na]tɔn*b[e̝/ɛ]te̝ne̝

References

  1. NewGuineaWorld - West Papuan Highlands
  2. Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  3. 1 2 3 Usher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World". Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilbrink, Ans (2004). The Kopkaka of Papua: Provisional notes on their language, its language affiliation and on the Kopkaka culture. MA thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.