Isa Yusuf Alptekin
ئەيسا يۈسۈپ ئالپتېكىن
Senior Advisor of the Border Affairs Department of the Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of China
In office
1932–1949
Member of the Legislative Yuan for Xinjiang Province
In office
1936–1949
Personal details
Born1901 (1901)
Kashgar, Qing dynasty
Died1995 (aged 93–94)
Istanbul, Turkey
RelativesErkin Alptekin (son)
ProfessionPolitician
Isa Alptekin
Uyghur name
Uyghurئەيسا يۈسۈپ ئالپتېكىن‎
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese艾薩·玉素甫·阿布甫泰肯
Simplified Chinese艾萨·玉素甫·阿布甫泰肯
Turkish name
Turkishİsa Yusuf Alptekin

Isa Yusuf Alptekin (1901 – 17 December 1995) was a Uyghur politician who served in the Chinese Nationalist government and supported the Islamist pan-Turkic First East Turkistan Republic but he opposed the Second East Turkestan Republic because it was run by pro-Soviet Communist Uyghurs.[1][2] When Xinjiang came under communist control in 1949, Alptekin went into exile and became an ultra-nationalist and pan-Turkic separatist.

Biography

He was born in 1901 in Yengisar County, Kashgar, Qing dynasty.

Alptekin supported the First East Turkestan Republic which existed in Kashgar from November 12, 1933, to April 16, 1934. Initially, the republic was named the "Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan" (TIRET), representing the multi-national staff of its government, which included Uyghurs. Its anti-Hui and anti-communist policies were declared in its declaration of independence, its basic Islamic principles, and its constitution. After Hui Muslims defeated the Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan and massacred the Uyghurs supporting it in Kashgar in 1934, executing the Amir brothers Abdullah Bughra and Nur Ahmadjan Bughra, Isa Yusuf Alptekin defected to the Republic of China and fled to Nanjing to serve in the government. The only surviving Bughra brother, Muhammad Amin Bughra fled as well.

On September 18, 1936, Aliptekin was "elected" as a member of the Chinese National Assembly (Legislative Yuan).[3]

He stayed in Nanjing and then fled to Chongqing with the Chinese government when the Empire of Japan invaded. He lived there along with several other Uyghurs such as Masud Sabri. In order to gain sympathy for the Chinese War against Japan, the countries of Egypt, Syria, and Turkey were visited by Hui Muslim Ma Fuliang (馬賦良) and Uyghur Muslim Isa Yusuf Alptekin in 1939. They contacted Muhammad Amin Bughra when they also went to Afghanistan in 1940, asking him to come to Chongqing, the capital of the Kuomintang regime. The Kuomintang arranged for Bughra's release after the British had arrested Bughra for spying. Kuomintang Muslim publications used Isa and Bughra as editors.[4]

The bombardment of Chinese Muslims by the warplanes of the Japanese was reported in the newspapers of Syria. Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon were all toured by the delegation. The Foreign Minister, Prime Minister, and President of Turkey met with the Chinese Muslim delegation after they came via Egypt in May 1939. Gandhi and Jinnah met with the Hui Ma Fuliang and Uyghur Isa Alptekin as they denounced Japan.[5]

Ma Fuxliang, Isa Alptekin, Wang Zengshan, Xue Wenbo, and Lin Zhongming all went to Egypt to denounce Japan in front of the Arab and Islamic worlds.[6] China was supported by Alptekin during the Japanese invasion.[7]

Isa returned to Xinjiang, and he opposed the Second East Turkestan Republic in northern Xinjiang during the Ili Rebellion, claiming that it was a Soviet Communist puppet state of Stalin. Instead, he worked for the Chinese Kuomintang regime of Zhang Zhizhong. There were 3 Effendis, (Üch Äpändi) (ئۈچ ئەپەندى) Aisa Alptekin, Memtimin Bughra (Muhammad Amin Bughra), and Masud Sabri.[8][2] The Second East Turkestan Republic attacked them as Kuomintang "puppets".[9][10]

He asked Ma Bufang on whether Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese government would allow an independent Islamic state in southern Xinjiang to counter the Communists and the Soviet-backed Second East Turkestan Republic, but Ma Bufang did not bother with this request. Instead, Ma fled in an American CIA airplane with several million dollars in gold as the Chinese Red Army approached Qinghai. Ma then fled to the Kuomintang-controlled island of Taiwan, then to Egypt.

The Mongol Oirat (Kalmyk) Torghut royalty in Dzungaria like Prince Minjur remained loyal to the Republic of China Kuomintang and were against the Soviet backed Second East Turkstan Republic, which took over and occupied his own princely capital, Ussu and he wanted the Kuomintang to evict the Soviets and East Turkestan Republic from Ussu. Prince Minjur was living in exile in Beijing and met with Isa Yusuf Alptekin who carried a message to him from Chiang Kai-shek in 1946 where Chiang proposed to make Prince Minjur the governor of Xinjiang. In 1947 Prince Minjur came to Ürümqi via Lanzhou on a plane for an official inspection tour before he would become governor, but he was unable to assume the position because he had to escape when the Communists were about to take over. Chiang Kai-shek also summoned nearly 100 Kazakhs who were exiled in Calcutta, British India after forced to flee Xinjiang in 1938-9 by Soviets and Sheng Shicai to come back to Xinjiang after a decade, under their leader Hamga Haji Wagir to return to Xinjiang in 1947 to serve as Kuomintang loyalists.[11] Prince Minjur, his wife Dechen Minh, and his daughter Dewa Nimbo fled to Taiwan with the Kuomintang and Dewa Nimbo, who was involved with a Tibetan man Lobsang Gyatso and gave birth out of wedlock to Tsem Rinpoche on 24 October 1965 but immediately split from him when she found out he was already married in Tibet and had children and had deceived her. She later moved to the United States where she pursued a failed doctoral thesis at Indiana University and became part of the Kalymk American community.[12] Prince Minjur's sister Princess Nirgidma was married to Michel Bréal, the French consul-general in Beijing and moved to France with him.[13][14][15]

Alptekin fled the Communist takeover of Xinjiang through the Himalayas, reaching Ladakh in Indian-controlled Kashmir and going into exile in Turkey. In 1954, he and Muhammad Amin Bughra went to Taiwan to try to persuade the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China to drop its claims to Xinjiang. Their demand was rejected and Taiwan affirmed that it claimed Xinjiang as "an integral part of China".[16]

Members of the US Congress met with Alptekin in 1970.[17] Alptekin met with the ultra-nationalist Pan-Turkic leader Alparslan Türkeş.[18][19][20][21][22][23] The marriages between Muslim (Uyghur) women and Han Chinese men infuriated him.[24] Anti-Soviet sentiment was espoused by Isa while pro-Soviet sentiment was espoused by Burhan. The Soviets were angered by Isa.[25] Alptekin also voiced anti-Armenian rhetoric while he was in Turkey and claimed that innocent Turkish Muslims were massacred by Armenians.[26][27][28][29][30]

Isa Yusuf Alptekin was the father of Erkin Alptekin. During Alptekin's exile in Turkey, where he received great support from Pan-Turkic elements in the Government of Turkey, the PRC government denounced him for continuing his "Xinjiang independence activities", and for trying to overthrow the "socialist system". When he died there in 1995, over a thousand people[31] allegedly attended his funeral, and he was buried in Topkapı Cemetery, next to the mausoleums of two former Turkish leaders, Adnan Menderes and Turgut Özal.[32][33] In 1995, a park was dedicated to Alptekin in the Blue Mosque section in Istanbul, along with a memorial for martyrs of the late East Turkestan Independence Movement. The high-profile nature of the dedication, including the attendance of the Turkish President, Prime Minister, chairman of parliament, and others, enraged China. It denounced Turkey for meddling in its 'internal affairs', and the Turkish state department requested the closing of the park, but domestic constituencies refused.[34][35]

Notes

  1. ↑ Kamalov, Ablet (2010). Millward, James A.; Shinmen, Yasushi; Sugawara, Jun (eds.). Uyghur Memoir literature in Central Asia on Eastern Turkistan Republic (1944–49). Studies on Xinjiang Historical Sources in 17–20th Centuries. Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko. p. 260.
  2. 1 2 Ondřej Klimeš (8 January 2015). Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949. BRILL. pp. 197–. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6.
  3. ↑ Taşçı 1985, p. 238, 575.
  4. ↑ Lin 2010, p. 90.
  5. ↑ "西北回族在抗战中的贡献" [The contribution of Northwest Hui in the war effort]. www.xzbu.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  6. ↑ "中国首批留埃学生林仲明" [Lin Zhongming, the first Chinese student to study in Egypt]. www.xzbu.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  7. ↑ The Muslim World. Motamar al-Alam al-Islami; World Muslim Congress. 1994. p. 99.
  8. ↑ Kamalov, Ablet (2010). Millward, James A.; Shinmen, Yasushi; Sugawara, Jun (eds.). Uyghur Memoir literature in Central Asia on Eastern Turkistan Republic (1944–49). Studies on Xinjiang Historical Sources in 17–20th Centuries. Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko. p. 260.
  9. ↑ Ondřej Klimeš (8 January 2015). Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949. BRILL. pp. 241–. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6.
  10. ↑ David D. Wang (January 1999). Clouds Over Tianshan: Essays on Social Disturbance in Xinjiang in the 1940s. NIAS Press. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-87-87062-62-6.
  11. ↑ Lin 2010, p. 109.
  12. ↑ "Dewa Nimbo in the Herald". Tsem Rinpoche. 14 November 2014.
  13. ↑ "Princess Nirgidma (prelude to The Mandate)". Carl Barkman.
  14. ↑ "My Royal Great Aunt". Tsem Rinpoche. 12 March 2010.
  15. ↑ "My Great Aunt the Princess". Tsem Rinpoche. 12 March 2010.
  16. ↑ Page 52, Ismail, Mohammed Sa'id, and Mohammed Aziz Ismail. Moslems in the Soviet Union and China. Translated by U.S. Government, Joint Publications Service. Tehran, Iran: Privately printed pamphlet, published as vol. 1, 1960 (Hejira 1380); translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, September 19, 1960.
  17. ↑ "غەرب دۇنياسىدىكى ئۇيغۇرلار (4A)". Radio Free Asia. 30 April 2016.
  18. ↑ "İsa Yusuf Alptekin". Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  19. ↑ "İsa Yusuf ALPTEKİN'i Rahmet ve Minnetle Yad Ediyoruz..." Archived from the original on 23 May 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  20. ↑ "Doğu Türkistan Vakfı Resmi Web Sitesi". Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  21. ↑ "Mithatuyanikeskipazar78". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  22. ↑ "Rüzgar birliği". www.turkcuturanci.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.
  23. ↑ "Türkeş: Türkistan Türklüğün davası". 17 July 2009.
  24. ↑ Linda Benson (1990). The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 164–. ISBN 978-0-87332-509-7.
  25. ↑ Jeremy Brown; Paul Pickowicz (2007). Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China. Harvard University Press. pp. 188–. ISBN 978-0-674-02616-2.
  26. ↑ "İsa Yusuf Alptekin ve Türkiye'nin Siyasal Hayatına Etkileri". Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  27. ↑ "Doğu Türkistan Vakfı Resmi Web Sitesi".
  28. ↑ "Sayfa Bulunamadı – Konya Yenigün Gazetesi". Konya Yeni Gün. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  29. ↑ "Doğu Türkistan Kültür ve Dayanışma Derneği Genel Merkezi". Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  30. ↑ "Dış Türk Kardeşlerime sesleniyorum! Ermeni katilleri protesto eden mitingler, yürüyüşler tertip etmeliyiz. Ermenileri destekleyen devletleri ve milletleri şiddetle telin etmeliyiz... İslam Dünyasına sesleniyorum! Bir milyarı aşan İslam âlemi; diniyle, kitabıyla, Rasulüyle bir bütündür. (Bu sebeple) birimizin dostu hepimizin dostu, birimizin düşmanı hepimizin düşmanı olmadı idi... Fakat maalesef olmadı. Olamıyor. Birimizin düşmanı maalesef diğerinin dostu oluyor. Ermeni caniler masum Müslüman Türk kardeşlerimizi katlederken, İslam dünyası sessiz kalıyor, sükût ediyor... Ortadoğu'daki Müslüman devletler ve milletler şunu bilmelidirler ki, bugün Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, dünya hâkimiyeti güden Rusya ile sizin aranızda yıkılmaz bir kale, aşılmaz bir settir. Evvel Allah Türkiye sayesinde hür ve müstakil yaşama imkânına sahip bulunuyorsunuz... Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin mevcudiyeti, sizin de mevcudiyetiniz ve bekanızın teminatı demektir. Ermenileri destekleyen devletlere sesleniyorum! Şunu unutmayınız ki, esaret altında olsalar bile yüz milyon Türk, Türkiye'ye yekvücut gibi bağlıdır. Onun zararına olacak her hareket, bütün Türk dünyasını incitmiş olacak, ona yan bakanlar, yüz milyon Dış Türkü yanında yanında bulacaktır. Bunları bütün dünyanın böyle bilmesini istiyoruz."
  31. ↑ "Merhum İsa Yusuf Alptekin Beyin Cenaze Töreni". DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN KÜLTÜR VE DAYANIŞMA DERNEĞİ. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  32. ↑ Polat 1995.
  33. ↑ Kayıkçı 2008.
  34. ↑ Allievi, Stefano; Nielsen, Jørgen (2003). Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe. Brill Publishers. pp. 303–305. ISBN 978-90-04-12858-3.
  35. ↑ Çolakoğlu 2013, p. 35.

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.