Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces
نیروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ایران
Logo of the General Staff of the Armed Forces
Service branches
HeadquartersEshrat Abad, Tehran, Iran
Leadership
Commander-in-chief Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei
Minister of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics General Mohammad-Reza Gharaei Ashtiani
Chief of the General Staff MG Mohammad Bagheri
Minister of Interior BG Ahmad Vahidi
Personnel
Military age18
ConscriptionYes
Active personnel610,000[1] (ranked 8th)
Reserve personnel350,000[1]
Deployed personnel Syria
 Russia
 Iraq
 Lebanon
 Tajikistan
Expenditures
BudgetUS$15.1 billion (2023)[2]
Percent of GDP2.3% (2023)[2]
Industry
Domestic suppliers
Annual exports
 Serbia
 Lebanon
 Belarus
 Yemen
+ US$1 billion(2022)
Related articles
History
RanksRank insignia of the Iranian military

The Iranian Armed Forces,[lower-alpha 1] officially the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces,[lower-alpha 2] are the combined military forces of Iran, comprising the Islamic Republic of Iran Army (Artesh), the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah) and the Law Enforcement Force (Faraja).

Iranian Armed Forces are the largest in the Middle East in terms of active troops.[5] Iran's military forces are made up of approximately 610,000 active-duty personnel plus 350,000 reserve and trained personnel that can be mobilized when needed, bringing the country's military manpower to about 960,000 total personnel.[1] These numbers do not include Law Enforcement Command or Basij.

Most of Iran's imported weapons consist of American systems purchased before the 1979 Islamic Revolution, with limited purchases from Russia in the 1990s following the Iran–Iraq War.[6][7] However, the country has since then launched a robust domestic rearmament program,[8] and its inventory has become increasingly indigenous. According to Iranian officials, most of the country's military hardware is domestically manufactured, and the country had already become an exporter of arms by the 2000s.[9] Unable to import weapon systems from abroad due to international and U.S. sanctions, and suffering from an increasingly aging air force fleet, Iran has invested considerable funds into an ambitious ballistic and cruise missile program for long-range strike capability,[10] and has manufactured different types of arms and munitions, including tanks, armoured vehicles and drones, as well as various naval assets and aerial defense systems.[11][12][13][14]

Iran's ballistic missile and space program is an internationally hot political topic over which it has consistently refused to negotiate. Iranian authorities state that the country's missile program is not designed to deliver nuclear payloads, but used only for surgical strikes, and is therefore not relevant to any nuclear negotiations with the P5+1.[15][16]

The Iranian drone program has also raised concerns across the Middle East and much of the Western world, especially with proliferation among Iranian-allied forces in the Middle East, as well as exports to countries hostile to the U.S.[17] According to U.S. Central Command chief Gen. Kenneth McKenzie, the U.S is "for the first time since the Korean War operating without complete air superiority" due to threats posed by Iranian drones.[18]

All branches of the armed forces fall under the command of the General Staff of the Iranian Armed Forces. The Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics is responsible for planning logistics and funding of the armed forces and is not involved with in-the-field military operational command. The commander-in-chief of the armed forces is the Supreme Leader.

History

After the coup in 1953, Iran began purchasing some weapons from Israel, the United States and other countries of the Western Bloc. Later on, Iran began establishing its own armaments industry; its efforts in this remained largely unrecognized internationally, until recently.

Following the Iranian revolution in 1979, deteriorating relations with the U.S. resulted in international sanctions led by the US, including an arms embargo being imposed on Iran.

Revolutionary Iran was taken by surprise by the Iraqi invasion that began the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988. During this conflict, there were several conflicts against the United States. From 1987, the United States Central Command sought to stop Iranian mine-laying vessels from blocking the international sea lanes through the Persian Gulf in Operation Prime Chance. The operation lasted until 1989. On April 18, 1988, the US retaliated for the Iranian mining of the USS Samuel B. Roberts in Operation Praying Mantis. Simultaneously, the Iranian armed forces had to learn to maintain and keep operational, their large stocks of US-built equipment and weaponry, without outside help, due to the American-led sanctions. However, Iran was able to obtain limited amounts of American-made armaments, when it was able to buy American spare parts and weaponry for its armed forces, during the Iran–Contra affair. At first, deliveries came via Israel and later, from the US.[19]

The Iranian government established a five-year rearmament program in 1989 to replace worn-out weaponry from the Iran–Iraq War. Between 1989 and 1992, Iran spent $10 billion on arms, some of which were designed to prevent other states' naval vessels from accessing the sea, including marines and long-range Soviet planes capable of attacking aircraft carriers.[20]

Iranian cavalry in 1930

A former military-associated police force, the Iranian Gendarmerie, was merged with the National Police (Shahrbani) and Islamic Revolution Committees in 1990.

Iranian soldiers during Iran-Iraq war, 1980s

In 1991, the Iranian armed forces received a number of Iraqi military aircraft being evacuated from the Persian Gulf War of that year; most of which were incorporated into the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force.

From 2003, there have been repeated US and British allegations that Iranian forces have been covertly involved in the Iraq War. In 2004, Iranian armed forces took Royal Navy personnel prisoner, on the Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud in Persian) river, between Iran and Iraq. They were released three days later following diplomatic discussions between the UK and Iran.

In 2007, Iranian Revolutionary Guard forces also took prisoner Royal Navy personnel when a boarding party from HMS Cornwall was seized in the waters between Iran and Iraq, in the Persian Gulf. They were released thirteen days later.

According to Juan Cole, Iran has never launched an "aggressive war" in modern history, and its leadership adheres to a doctrine of "no first strike".[21] The country's military budget is the lowest per capita in the Persian Gulf region besides the UAE.[21]

Since 1979, there have been no foreign military bases present in Iran. According to Article 146 of the Iranian Constitution, the establishment of any foreign military base in the country is forbidden, even for peaceful purposes.[22]

On 4 December 2011, an American RQ-170 Sentinel unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was captured by Iranian forces near the city of Kashmar in northeastern Iran.

In 2012, it was announced that Iran's Quds Force is operating inside Syria providing the government of Bashar al-Assad with intelligence and direction against rebel opposition.[23]

In December 2012, Iran stated it had captured an American ScanEagle UAV that violated its airspace over the Persian Gulf. Iran later stated it had also captured two other ScanEagles.

In November 2015, Iranian special forces assisted in the rescue of a Russian pilot that was shot down by Turkey, over Syria.[24]

In April 2016, Iran sent advisors from the 65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade to Syria in support of the government.[25]

In 2016, Revolutionary Guard forces captured US Navy personnel when their boats entered Iranian territorial waters off the coast of Farsi Island in the Persian Gulf. They were released the next day following diplomatic discussions between the US and Iran.

In March 2021 state TV in Iran showed footage of a “missile city” armed with ballistic and cruise weapons described as "a new Revolutionary Guard base" along the Gulf coast.[26]

In March 2023, Iran is in the process of allowing women to enlist in the military for the first time since the White Revolution.[27]

Commanders

Ali Khamenei with IRIN commanders (at the time) during inauguration of Jamaran frigate
  • Ayatollah Ali Khamenei (Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic, in Persian: فرمانده کل قوا, romanized: Fermāndeh-e Koll-e Qavā)
  • Hujjat al-Islam Ebrahim Raisi (President of the Islamic Republic and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic)
  • Brigadier General Mohammad-Reza Gharaei Ashtiani (امیر سرتیپ محمدرضا قرایی آشتیانی) (Minister of Defence)
  • Brigadier General Ahmad Vahidi (احمد وحیدی) (Minister of Interior)
  • Major General Mohammad Bagheri (سردار سرلشکر پاسدار محمد باقری) (Commander of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, in Persian: رئیس ستاد کل نیروهای مسلح)
  • Brigadier General Aziz Nasirzadeh (امیر سرتیپ عزیز نصیرزاده) (Deputy commander of General Staff of the Armed Forces, in Persian: جانشین رئیس ستاد کل نیروهای مسلح)
  • Major General Yahya Rahim Safavi (سردار سرلشکر پاسدار یحیی رحیم صفوی) (Senior Military Advisor to the Leader of the Islamic Revolution)
  • Islamic Republic of Iran Army
    • Major General Abdolrahim Mousavi (امیر سرلشکر عبدالرحیم موسوی) (Commander-in-Chief of the Army, in Persian: فرمانده کل ارتش)
    • Brigadier General Mohammad-Hossein Dadras (امیر سرتیپ محمدحسین دادرس) (Deputy Commander in Chief of the Army)
    • Rear admiral Habibollah Sayyari (امیر دریادار حبیب‌الله سیاری) (Chief of the Army Joint Headquarters)
    • Brigadier General Kioumars Heydari (امیر سرتیپ کیومرث حیدری) (Commander of the Army Ground Forces)
    • Brigadier General Hamid Vahedi (حمید واحدی) (Commander of the Air Force)
    • Brigadier General Alireza Sabahifard (امیر سرتیپ علیرضا صباحی‌فرد) (Commander of Air Defense Force)[28][29]
    • Rear admiral Shahram Irani (شهرام ایرانی) (Commander of the Navy)
  • IRGC
    • Major General Hossein Salami (سردار سرلشکر پاسدار حسین سلامی) (Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC, in Persian: فرمانده کل سپاه پاسداران)
    • Rear admiral Ali Fadavi (سردار دریادار پاسدار علی فدوی) (Deputy Commander of the IRGC)
    • Brigadier General Mohammad Reza Naqdi (سردار سرتیپ بسیجی محمدرضا نقدی) (Chief of the IRGC Joint Headquarters)
    • Brigadier General Mohammad Pakpour (سردار سرتیپ پاسدار محمد پاکپور) (Commander of IRGC Ground Force)[30]
    • Brigadier General Amir Ali Hajizadeh (سردار سرتیپ پاسدار امیرعلی حاجی‌زاده) (Commander of the IRGC Aerospace Force)[31]
    • Rear admiral Alireza Tangsiri (سردار دريادار پاسدار علیرضا تنگسیری) (Commander of IRGC Navy)[32]
    • Brigadier General Esmail Qaani (Commander of Quds Force) [33]
    • Brigadier General Gholamreza Soleimani (سردار سرتیپ پاسدار غلامرضا سلیمانی) (Commander of the Basij Resistance Force)[31]
  • Law Enforcement Force
    • Brigadier General Ahmad-Reza Radan (سردار سرتیپ پاسدار احمدرضا رادان) (Commander-in-Chief of the General Command of the Law Enforcement, in Persian: فرمانده کل انتظامی)

Structure

Joint morning call of Iranian Armed Forces in 2019.

Cyberwarfare

It has been reported that Iran is one of the five countries that has a cyber-army capable of conducting cyber-warfare operations. It has also been reported that Iran has immensely increased its cyberwarfare capability since the post presidential election un-rest.[36][37][38][39][40] Furthermore, China has accused the United States of having initiated a cyber war against Iran through websites such as Twitter and YouTube in addition to employing a hacker brigade for the purpose of fomenting unrest in Iran.[41][42] It has also been reported in early 2010 that two new garrisons for cyberwarfare have been established at Zanjan and Isfahan.[43]

Iranian Velayat-90 Naval Exercise Iran

Budget

Iran's 2021 defense budget was estimated to be $25.0 billion by IISS.[44]

Iranian 21st century military spending in $ billion, constant prices of 2019 (via SIPRI Military Expenditure Database)

Defense industry

A formation flight of Iranian F-14 Tomcats, in 2008
Iran has three Russian-built Kilo-class submarines patrolling the Persian Gulf.
Fateh-110 is a solid-fuel, guided ballistic missile
The Shahed 129 drone is widely considered to be one of the most capable Iranian drone in service

Under the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iran's military industry was limited to assembly of foreign weapons. In the assembly lines that were put up by American firms, such as Bell, Litton and Northrop, Iranian workers put together a variety of helicopters, aircraft, guided missiles, electronic components and tanks.[45]

In 1973, the Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) was established.[46] The company was set up in a first attempt to organize the assembly and repair of foreign-delivered weapons.[47] The Iranian Defense Industries Organization was the first to succeed in taking a step into what could be called a military industry by reverse engineering Soviet RPG-7, BM-21, and SAM-7 missiles in 1979.[47]

Nevertheless, most of Iran's weapons before the Islamic revolution were imported from the United States and Europe. Between 1971 and 1975, the Shah went on a buying spree, ordering $8 billion in weapons from the United States alone. This alarmed the United States Congress, which strengthened a 1968 law on arms exports in 1976 and renamed it the Arms Export Control Act. Still, the United States continued to sell large amounts of weapons to Iran until the 1979 Islamic Revolution.[48]

Armed Forces Day exhibition in Isfahan

After the Islamic revolution, Iran found itself severely isolated and lacking technological expertise. Because of economic sanctions and a weapons embargo put on Iran by the United States, it was forced to rely on its domestic arms industry for weapons and spare parts, since there were very few countries willing to do business with Iran.[49]

The Islamic Revolutionary Guards were put in charge of creating what is today known as the Iranian military industry. Under their command, Iran's military industry was enormously expanded, and with the Ministry of Defense pouring investment into the missile industry, Iran soon accumulated a vast arsenal of missiles.[45] Since 1992, it has also produced its own tanks, armored personnel carriers, radar systems, guided missiles, marines, military vessels and fighter planes.[50] Iran is also producing its own submarines.[51]

In recent years, official announcements have highlighted the development of weapons such as the Fajr-3 (MIRV), Hoot, Kowsar, Fateh-110, Shahab-3 missile systems and a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles, at least one of which Israel claims has been used to spy on its territory.[52]

On November 2, 2012, Iran's Brigadier General Hassan Seifi reported that the Iranian Army had achieved self-suffiency in producing military equipment, and that the abilities of Iranian scientists have enabled the country to make significant progress in this field. He was quoted saying, "Unlike Western countries which hide their new weapons and munitions from all, the Islamic Republic of Iran's Army is not afraid of displaying its latest military achievements and all countries must become aware of Iran's progress in producing weaponry."[53]

UAV program

Iran has produced several unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which can be used for reconnaissance and combat operations. Iran has also claimed to have downed, captured and later reverse-engineered US and Israeli drones. Iranian drones have seen extensive combat during the Syrian Civil War[54] as well as by the Houthi movement during the Yemeni Civil War, mostly against Saudi targets.[55] Some time after the beginning of Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the U.S reported that Iran was supplying Russia with military drones.[56] Iran later confirmed the reports, though it denied the drones were meant to be used in the Ukraine war, and added that China was on the list of countries looking to import Iranian drones.[57][58]

Ballistic missile program

The "Great Prophet II" Shahab-3 test,
2 November 2006.
Ballistic missiles in Holy Defense Museum in Tehran

On November 2, 2006, Iran fired unarmed missiles to begin 10 days of military simulations. Iranian state television reported "dozens of missiles were fired including Shahab-2 and Shahab-3 missiles. The missiles had ranges from 300 km to up to 2,000 km. Iranian experts have made some changes to Shahab-3 missiles installing cluster warheads in them with the capacity to carry 1,400 bombs." These launches came after some United States-led military exercises in the Persian Gulf on October 30, 2006, meant to train for blocking the transport of weapons of mass destruction.[59]

Iran is also believed to have started the development of an ICBM/IRBM missile project, known as Ghadr-110 with a range of 3000 km; the program is believed to be a parallel of the advancement of a satellite launcher named IRIS. Iran also dedicated underground ballistic missile bases and silos. Older generation platforms, like the Shahab family, are slowly being phased out of service and replaced by newer generation ballistic missiles that emphasise accuracy and manoeuvrability over longer range, such as the Fateh and Sejjil families. By 2020, the U.S military command in the Middle East had assessed that Iran's missile forces, by far the largest and most diverse in the Middle East, have already achieved overmatch against their adversaries in the region.[60]

Weapons of mass destruction

Iran started a major campaign to produce and stockpile chemical weapons after a truce was agreed with Iraq after 1980-88 Iran–Iraq War.[61] However, Iran ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1997. Iranian troops and civilians suffered tens of thousands of casualties from Iraqi chemical weapons during the 1980-88 Iran–Iraq War.

Even today, more than twenty-four years after the end of the Iran–Iraq War, about 30,000 Iranians are still suffering and dying from the effects of chemical weapons employed by Iraq during the war. The need to manage the treatment of such a large number of casualties has placed Iran's medical specialists in the forefront of the development of effective treatment regimens for chemical weapons victims, and particularly for those suffering from exposure to mustard gas.[62]

Iran ratified the Biological Weapons Convention in 1973.[63] Iran has advanced biological and genetic engineering research programs supporting an industry that produces vaccines for both domestic use and export.[64]

Military aid

In 2013, Iran was reported to supply money, equipment, technological expertise and unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to the Syrian government and Hezbollah during the Syrian civil war, and to the Iraqi government and its state-sponsored organizations the Popular Mobilization Forces, and Peshmerga during War on ISIL.[65]

Equipment

Iranian Fighting Vehicles[66]
Model Image Origin Quantity Notes
Tanks
T-54A  Soviet Union Unknown [66]
T-55A [66]
Type 69  China (Captured from Iraq).[66]
Safir-74  Iran [66]
Chonma-ho  North Korea [66]
T-72M  Soviet Union (Captured from Iraq), (Some with an upgraded fire-control system).[66]
T-72M1 (Some with an upgraded fire-control system).[66]
T-72S  Russia (Some with electro-optical active protection system or slat armour).[66]
FV 101 Scorpion  United Kingdom (Locally upgraded examples known as Tosan).[66]
FV4201 Chieftain (Locally upgraded examples known as Mobarez), (Some with a Russian V-84 engine).[66]
M47M  United States (Some upgraded with an EO device and explosive reactive armour).[66]
M48A5 [66]
M60A1 Patton [66]
Karrar  Iran [66]
Armoured Fighting Vehicles
EE-9  Brazil Unknown (Captured from Iraq).[66]
Lynx  United States (Some armed with ZU-23s).[66]
Infantry Fighting Vehicles
BMP-1  Soviet Union Unknown [66]
BMP-2 (Some upgraded to carry Dehlavieh ATGMs).[66]
BTR-82  Iran [66]
Armoured Personnel Carriers
BTR-50PK  Soviet Union Unknown [66]
BTR-60PB [66]
M113  United States [66]
Boragh  Iran (Can be armed with MRLs and ZU-23s).[66]
Rakhsh (Can be armed with ZU-23s).[66]
Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles
Toofan  Iran Unknown [66]
Ra'ad (Yet to enter mass production).[66]
Caracal
Infantry Mobility Vehicles (IMV)
M1151  United States Unknown (Taken over from Afghan National Army elements that escaped to Iran).[66]
YOZ 102  Iran [66]
Jasour [66]
Fateq (Can be armed with RCLs).[66]
Roueintan (Yet to enter mass production).[66]
Early Rakhsh (Can be armed with ZU-23s).[66]
Late Rakhsh [66]
Kia [66]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Persian: نيروهای مسلح ايران, romanized: Niruhâ-ye Mosallah-e Irân
  2. ↑ Persian: نيروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ايران, romanized: Niruhâ-ye Mosallah-e Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân, pronounced [niːɾuːˈhɒːje mosælˈlæhe d͡ʒʊmhuːˈɾiːje eslɒːˈmiːje iːˈɾɒːn]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2023). The Military Balance 2023. London: Routledge. pp. 324–328. ISBN 9781032508955.
  2. 1 2 Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (24 April 2022). "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2021" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Iran Military Power: Ensuring Regime Survival and Securing Regional Dominance (PDF), Defense Intelligence Agency, August 2019, p. 90, ISBN 978-0-16-095157-2, DIA-Q-00055-A
  4. ↑ "Iran inaugurates new drone production line in Tajikistan", The Washington Post, Associated Press, 17 May 2022
  5. ↑ "2021 Military Strength Ranking".
  6. ↑ "The Iranian Army: Tasks and Capabilities".
  7. ↑ Larson, Caleb (1 April 2020). "How Iran Got Russia's Deadly MiG-29 Fighter". The National Interest. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  8. ↑ "Analysis of Defence Sector in Iran (2018 - 2023) | Size | Share". www.mordorintelligence.com. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  9. ↑ "How Iran's Revived Weapons Exports Could Boost Its Proxies". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  10. ↑ "Pentagon says Iran's missiles unrivaled in Middle East". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  11. ↑ "Iran Develops Air Defense Capability for Possible Regional Role". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  12. ↑ Sutton, H. I. "Iranian Navy Building New Submarines And A 6,000-Ton Destroyer". Forbes. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  13. ↑ Beckhusen, Robert (7 September 2019). "How Does Iran's Karrar Tank Compare to The Best of the Best?". The National Interest. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  14. ↑ "How to Combat the Iranian Drone Threat". The Defense Post. 1 September 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  15. ↑ "Iran's missile programme is non-negotiable, says Rouhani". Reuters. 14 December 2020. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  16. ↑ Sharafedin, Bozorgmehr (30 March 2016). "Khamenei says missiles, not just talks, key to Iran's future". Reuters. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  17. ↑ "SFRC Approves Stop Iranian Drones Act | United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations". www.foreign.senate.gov. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  18. ↑ "Iran's Game of Drones". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  19. ↑ "The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On". nsarchive2.gwu.edu. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  20. ↑ Pipes, Daniel; Patrick Clawson (1992–1993). "Ambitious Iran, Troubled Neighbors". Foreign Affairs. 72 (1): 127. doi:10.2307/20045501. JSTOR 20045501.
  21. 1 2 Cole, Juan (2 October 2009). "The top ten things you didn't know about Iran: The assumptions most Americans hold about Iran and its policies are wrong". Salon. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  22. ↑ "Russian Military Alliance With Iran Improbable Due To Diverging Interests". RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
  23. ↑ Spillius, Alex (9 February 2012). "Syria: Iran's elite Quds force 'advising Assad regime'". Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  24. ↑ Webb, Sam (26 November 2015). "Pilot of Russian jet downed by Turkey was 'rescued by elite Iranian squad'". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  25. ↑ "Iran sends special forces to Syria as 'advisors': report". i24news. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016.
  26. ↑ "Iran reveals underground 'missile city' as regional tensions rise". CNBC. 16 March 2021.
  27. ↑ "تصاویری متفاوت از زنان ارتشِ ایران". Bartarinha. 1 March 2023.
  28. ↑ "Government creates 4th military arm: Air Defense". Iran Times International. 20 February 2009.
  29. ↑ "Appointment of Farzaf Esmaili as commander of IRIADF". 20 February 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  30. ↑ "Appointment of Mohammad Pakvar as commander of IRGC Ground Force". dolat.ir. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  31. 1 2 "Iran's Khamenei reshuffles Revolutionary Guards top brass". 4 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  32. ↑ "Appointment of Ali Fadavi as commander of IRGC Navy". Mehrnews.
  33. ↑ "Iran names deputy commander of Quds Force to replace Soleimani after killing". CNBC. 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  34. 1 2 "The Consequences of a Strike on Iran: The Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy" Global Bearings, 15 December 2011.
  35. ↑ "Air Defense Unit Added to Iran's Armed Forces". Farsnews. 15 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012.
  36. ↑ Leyne, Jon (11 February 2010). "How Iran's political battle is fought in cyberspace". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  37. ↑ "Iran among 5 states with cyber warfare capabilities: US institute". Payvand.com. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  38. ↑ "Who's winning Iran's cyber-war?". Channel 4 News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  39. ↑ "BBC فارسی - ايران - سایت رادیو زمانه هک شد". BBC News. 30 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  40. ↑ Alka Marwaha (24 June 2009). "What rules apply in cyber-wars?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  41. ↑ Simon Tisdall (3 February 2010). "Cyber-warfare 'is growing threat'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  42. ↑ "Beijing accuses U.S. of cyberwarfare". Washington Times. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  43. ↑ BBC فارسی - ايران - قرارگاه های 'جنگ نرم' در اصفهان و زنجان راه اندازی شد Archived 2012-06-17 at the Wayback Machine. Bbc.co.uk (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
  44. ↑ The military balance. 2022. James Hackett, International Institute for Strategic Studies. Abingdon, Oxon. 2022. ISBN 978-1-000-61972-0. OCLC 1296940601.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  45. 1 2 Dar Al Hayat Archived 2006-06-23 at the Wayback Machine. Dar Al Hayat. Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
  46. ↑ "A Brief Introduction". Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
  47. 1 2 NTI: Country Overviews: Iran: Missile Chronology Archived June 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  48. ↑ "A Code of Conduct for Weapons Sales". Archived from the original on 8 March 2006. Retrieved 6 February 2012.. cdi.org. May 22, 1994
  49. ↑ Procurement: November 3, 2004 Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine. Strategypage.com (2004-11-03). Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
  50. ↑ Iran Launches Production of Stealth Archived 2011-02-08 at the Wayback Machine. FOXNews.com (2005-05-10). Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
  51. ↑ "Iran set to unveil new submarine class". UPI. 19 July 2010.
  52. ↑ British Broadcasting Corporation, Hezbollah drone flies over Israel Archived 2006-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, 7 December 2004
  53. ↑ Iran reports that Iran's Army has achieved self-suffiency in producing military equipment Archived November 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine - Armyrecognition.com, November 5, 2012
  54. ↑ agencies, The New Arab & (16 October 2018). "Iran admits to conducting 700 drone attacks in Syria". alaraby. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  55. ↑ "Iran-backed Houthis in Yemen ramp up drone, missile attacks on Saudis". NBC News. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  56. ↑ "Russian officials visited Iran to view drones, says U.S. official". Reuters. 16 July 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  57. ↑ "Iran says it shipped drones to Russia before Ukraine war". Reuters. 5 November 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  58. ↑ "Iran intel official says China in line to buy Tehran's drones - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  59. ↑ "Iran fires unarmed missiles". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  60. ↑ "The Effects of Iran Drone & Missile Strikes". Tablet Magazine. 2 November 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  61. ↑ Times, Michael R. Gordon With Stephen Engelberg and Special To the New York (27 June 1989). "A GERMAN CONCERN SOLD CHEMICALS TO IRAN, U.S. SAYS". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  62. ↑ "Basic Facts on Chemical Disarmament". Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2008.. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. opcw.org
  63. ↑ Signatories of the Biological Weapons Convention Archived 2008-02-24 at the Wayback Machine. Opbw.org. Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
  64. ↑ "Razi Institute produces dlrs 100 m worth of vaccines, serums a year". Archived from the original on 19 April 2006. Retrieved 22 April 2006.
  65. ↑ Warrick, Joby (2 June 2013). "National Security". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  66. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Oryx. "The Oryx Handbook Of Iranian Fighting Vehicles". Oryx. Retrieved 4 March 2023.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military of Iran.
  • IISS (2020). The Military Balance 2020. Routledge. ISBN 978-0367466398.
  • (in French) Alain Rodier, "The Iranian Menace" (PDF)., French Centre for Research on Intelligence, January 2007 - Order of Battle, strategy, asymmetric warfare, intelligence services, state terrorism. Includes detailed order of battle for both regular army and Revolutionary Guard
  • Anthony H. Cordesman, Iran's Military Forces in Transition: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, ISBN 0-275-96529-5
  • 'Iranian exercise reveals flaws in air defences,' Jane's Defence Weekly, 9 December 2009
  • Kaveh Farrokh, Iran at War: 1500–1988, Osprey Hardcover, released May 24, 2011; ISBN 978-1-84603-491-6.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.