Jacques-André Mallet
Born(1740-09-23)23 September 1740
Geneva, Republic of Geneva
Died31 January 1790(1790-01-31) (aged 49)
Avully,[1][2][3] Republic of Geneva
Alma materAcademy of Geneva[4][5]
University of Basel[4][5]
Known forFounding the first Geneva Observatory in 1772
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy
Mathematics
InstitutionsAcademy of Geneva
Academic advisorsDaniel Bernoulli[5]
Louis Necker[5]
Notable studentsMarc-Auguste Pictet[6][7]
Jean Trembley[6][7]

Jacques-André Mallet (French: [mɑlɛ]);[8] also Mallet-Favre;[9][10] 23 September 1740 – 31 January 1790[11]) was a Genevan mathematician[6][12] and astronomer.[7][13][14]

In 1772, Mallet established and co-financed the first Geneva Observatory,[6] and served as its director until his death in 1790.[4][15] His research primarily concerned occultations,[13] especially lunar and solar eclipses,[7][14] sunspots,[7][16] planetary orbits,[14][17] and the orbits of the moons of Jupiter.[7]

Biography

Early life and education

Jacques-André was born in Geneva to Jean-Robert, a captain in the French Army, and his wife, Dorothée Favre, both of noble lineage.[18][19] Jean-Robert was from a branch of the Mallet family of Huguenot merchants and bankers[1][20] who had fled from Rouen to Geneva in 1557 to escape growing religious persecution.[4][21][22] Through his mother, Dorothée, Jacques-André was also a direct descendant of the Eidguenot patriot François Favre, who famously clashed (with later support from his son-in-law, Ami Perrin) with the Calvinist rule of Geneva.[23][24][25]

Engraving of Mallet by Jean-Alexandre Grand (c.1759-1820)

Jean-Robert wanted his son to become a career soldier, but a severe burn to the thigh in childhood rendered Jacques-André permanently disabled and unfit for future service.[19][26] Jacques-André instead pursued an education in science and research, joining the Academy of Geneva in 1755.[26] There, he was a pupil of the mathematician Louis Necker, brother of Jacques. Mallet also studied privately with Le Sage before leaving Geneva in 1760 to study at the University of Basel, where he was a student of Daniel Bernoulli.[27] He completed his studies in 1762,[28] and journeyed to France and England in 1765, where he became friends with astronomers Jérôme Lalande, John Bevis, who discovered the Crab Nebula, and Nevil Maskelyne, among others.[1][27] Mallet's first introduction to the science of astronomy came from Lalande and Maskelyne during this trip.[29]

Expedition to Lapland

In April 1768, upon the recommendation of Lalande and Bernoulli, Mallet was invited to Russia by Catherine the Great and the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences to prepare to observe the 1769 transit of Venus from Ponoy, Lapland.[30][31][32][33] He was accompanied by another Genevan astromer, Jean-Louis Pictet, whose own assignment was along the Umba.[30][33] Others who were engaged to observe the transit include Stepan Rumovsky, Christian Mayer,[34] and Christoph Euler,[35] son of the mathematician Leonhard Euler. While in Saint Petersburg, readying themselves for their expedition north, Mallet and Pictet met with many members of high society, including Jean-Baptiste Charpentier and the Baron Stroganov, who, like Mallet, had been a pupil of Necker at the Geneva Academy.[36]

The transit of Venus occurred on 3 June 1769. From 76 points globally,[37] astronomers and navigators, like James Cook in Tahiti, were charged with observing the rare phenomenon.[38] Unfortunately for Mallet, rain obscured the transit, and he was only able to view its beginning.[14] Despite the weather, he still managed to publish useful data regarding solar parallax, allowing for better estimation of the Earth-Sun distance by him and his colleagues.[39][40] In December 1776, perhaps owing to his contributions in Lapland, Mallet was awarded honorary membership in the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences.[10][41]

Geneva Observatory

A reproduction of Mallet's observatory, based on the description given by Jean (Johann) Bernoulli.[6][19]

After his return from Russia, Mallet was elected by the bourgeoisie to the Council of Two Hundred of Geneva, the canton's legislative authority.[4] In 1771, he accepted an honorary professorship at the Academy of Geneva, acting as lifetime chairperson of the astronomy department.[42] The same year, Mallet convinced his fellow members of the council to approve construction of a permanent observatory on the casemate of the Bastion St-Antoine,[43] provided he settle a portion of the financing himself and supply accurate time calculations to the city watchmakers.[15][29] Although the observatory, Geneva's first, was founded by Mallet in 1772, some sources suggest the project was completed in 1773.[44][45][46]

For the structure's design, Mallet had departed from a traditional, utilitarian plan,[NB 1] instead building a single-story octagon, capped with a drum and small dome.[43][47] To furnish the observatory, Mallet purchased and installed a 10-foot achromatic telescope, likely manufactured by the English optician John Dollond, a high-precision clock from the French maître Jean-André Lepaute, and a meridian bezel, crafted by Jeremiah Sisson, to better calculate the duration of Earth's rotation for timekeeping.[7][29][49] With his pupils and assistants, including Marc-Auguste Pictet and Jean Trembley, Mallet continued to observe celestial objects and bodies, and their interactions with each other and the Earth.[7] In May 1772, Mallet was appointed as a corresponding member of the Académie des sciences by Jérôme Lalande.[50] As a correspondent, Mallet was seen as effective, meticulous, and dependable.[1]

Avully

In 1771, after the death of his father, Jacques-André became responsible for the family estate located in Avully, a small municipality southwest of Geneva.[46] The property included a château, agricultural buildings, and arable land approaching the Rhône to the north and west.[3][51][NB 2] Each year, from about April to November, Mallet relocated to the country, eventually renovating a portion of the chateau's roof to act as his personal observatory.[3] Mallet conducted official research in Avully, as well, with occasional assistance from Pictet and Trembley.[52] In April 1773, having developed an interest in meteorology and crop cultivation, Mallet began a diary, diligently detailing weather patterns, livestock acquisition, sharecropping and labor, equipment maintenance, crop maturation, quality of wine production, and more.[26] His records have provided useful information to historians in their study of the agrarian systems and climate of Geneva in the late 18th century.[53] Mallet continued his diary until January 1789.[54]

By January 1787, Mallet's health had deteriorated to such a great extent[NB 3] that he permanently retired to Avully, though he remained in his leadership position at the Geneva Observatory.[1][26] In June of the same year, while passing through Geneva on his continental research expedition with Duke Ernest II, astronomer Franz Xaver von Zach visited Mallet in Avully to socialize and conduct research.[55] Other scientists and intellectuals maintained epistolary communication with Mallet, including Johann Bernoulli, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Jean Hyacinthe de Magellan, Johann Euler, and Charles Messier.[56][57]

After his death in 1790, his former pupil Marc-Auguste Pictet succeeded Mallet as director of the observatory.[43][58] Mallet's astronomical instruments from Avully were purchased by Pictet and the Geneva Arts Society, an organization founded by another of Pictet's instructors, Saussure, and donated to the Geneva Observatory.[3][19] The Avully estate is currently protected as a regional cultural asset according to the Hague Convention and Swiss federal law.[59]

Family

Jacques-André was never married and fathered no known children.[4] In 1773, his youngest sister, Marguerite (1745-1824), married the astronomer and lawyer Jean-Louis Pictet, Jacques-André's companion during the 1769 expedition to the Kola peninsula.[60] His other sister, Isabelle (1743-1798), continued Jacques-André's diary and estate accounts for two years after his last entry.[54] When Isabelle, like her brother, died unmarried, the Avully estate passed to her nephew, Jean-Pierre Pictet, father of the zoologist and paleontologist Francois-Jules Pictet.[26][61]

Legacy

It is generally accepted that the lunar crater Mallet was named after Robert Mallet, the Irish geophysicist and engineer.[62][63] However, since no given name was originally denoted, Swiss astronomer Marcel Golay, eighth director of the Geneva Observatory (1956-1992), suggested that Blagg and Müller had labelled the eponymous crater in honor of Jacques-André.[4][64] Founder and director of Geneva's Museum of the History of Science, chemist Marc Cramer (1892-1976), also supported the misnomer theory, though he implied the crater was first named by Johann Schmidt.[65][66]

Notes

  1. ↑ Until the 1770s, most European observatories were created by repurposing upper stories in a previously-existing tall building, or by assembling new, many-storied towers. In either case, a flat terrace would adorn the roof, so that observations and experiments could be performed outside.[47][48]
  2. ↑ The Mallet estate was built in the 17th and 18th centuries by the Saladin family. In 1705, Antoine Saladin willed the estate to his daughter, Hélène Favre, Jacques-André's maternal grandmother. Antoine died in 1709, and when his daughter died in 1743, Jacques-André's mother Dorothée inherited the estate.[3][51]
  3. ↑ "Une espèce d'apoplexie lente, une augmentation extraordinaire du cœur, gênait la circulation; il s'endormait malgré lui; ses périodes d'assou pissement étaient toujours plus longues, et finalement il s'endormit pour tou jours, sans douleur, sans agonie, le 31 janvier 1790." (English: "A kind of slow apoplexy, an extraordinary enlargement of the heart, impeded the circulation; [Mallet] fell asleep in spite of himself; his periods of drowsiness were always longer, and finally he fell asleep for ever, without pain, without agony, on January 31, 1790.")[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lalande, Joseph Jérôme (1803). Bibliographie astronomique; avec l'histoire de l'astronomie depuis 1781 jusqu'à 1802 [Astronomical Bibliography; along with the History of Astronomy from 1781 to 1802] (in French). Paris: l'Imprimerie de la République. pp. 699–700.
  2. ↑ Poggendorff, Johann Christian (1863). Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der exacten Wissenschaften, M-Z [Biographical-literary dictionary on the history of the exact sciences, M-Z] (in German). Leipzig: de:Johann Ambrosius Barth. p. 27.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Bertrand, Pierre (1952). "Avully, commune genevoise" [Avully, Genevan village]. Bulletin de l'Institut National Genevois (in French). Genève. 55: 118–119. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Golay, Marcel (August 25, 2008). "Mallet, Jacques-André". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in French). Online: Swiss Academies of Humanities and Social Sciences. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [in German] (2021). "Observatoire de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland". Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy. UNESCO. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Bernoulli, Johann (1777). "Lettre III.". Lettres sur différens sujets, écrites pendant le cours d'un voyage par l'Allemagne, la Suisse, la France méridional et l'Italie, en 1774 et 1775, Vol. 1 à 2. Berlin: de:Georg Jacob Decker. pp. 274–279.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lacki, Jan (2007). "The Physical Tourist. Geneva: From the Science of the Enlightenment to CERN". Physics in Perspective. 9 (2): 231–252. doi:10.1007/s00016-007-0327-5. S2CID 125852719. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  8. ↑ Thomas, Joseph (1901). Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology: Her to Z. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. p. 1637.
  9. ↑ Hoefer, Ferdinand (1860). Nouvelle biographies générale: depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'a nos jours. Maldonado — Martial, Vol. 33. Paris: Firmin Didot. pp. 75–77.
  10. 1 2 "Малле-Фавр Жак-Андрэ" [Mallet-Favre, Jacques-André]. Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian). February 12, 2002. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  11. ↑ Wolf, Rudolf (1859). Biographien zur Kulturgeschichte der Schweiz, Vol. II. Zürich: Orell Füssli & Cie. p. 249.
  12. ↑ Neuenschwander, Erwin [in German]; Dauben, Joseph; Scriba, Christoph (2002). "Switzerland". Writing the History of Mathematics: Its Historical Development. Basel: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 99. ISBN 9783764361679.
  13. 1 2 Reuss, Jeremias [in German] (1804). Repertorium commentationum a societatibus litterariis editarum, Tom. V., Astronomia [Repertory of commentaries published by literary societies, Vol. V., Astronomy.] (in Latin). Göttingen: apud Henricum Dietrich. pp. 447, 453, 470.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Citizen Scholars' walk — Jacques-André Mallet (1740-1790) (PDF) (Educational pamphlet). Online: University of Geneva. 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  15. 1 2 Bianchi, Simone (March 13, 2021). "Where was Mean Solar Time first adopted?". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 24 (2): 337–344. arXiv:2103.07694. Bibcode:2021JAHH...24..337B. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2021.02.04. S2CID 232233150.
  16. ↑ Memoirs of the Royal Astronominal Society, Vol. 42-43. London: Royal Astronomical Society. 1875. p. 201.
  17. ↑ Reuss 1804, pp. 71, 237, 249, 291, 292, 303.
  18. ↑ Droin, Jacques, ed. (1988). Factums Judiciaires Genevois [Judicial Factums of Geneva] (in French). Genève: Société d'Histoire et d'Archéologie de Genéve; Librairie Droz. pp. 148–149. ISBN 2600050272.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Gautier, Raoul [in French]; Tiercy, Georges (1930). "L'Observatoire de Genève: 1772 - 1830 - 1950". Publications of the Observatoire Geneve Series A. Geneva: Geneva Observatory. 12: 14. Bibcode:1930PGenA..12....3G.
  20. ↑ Ahamed, Liaquat (2009). "La Bataille". Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World. London: Penguin Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-59420-182-0.
  21. ↑ Senarclens, Jean de [in French]. "Mallet". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Online: Swiss Academies of Humanities and Social Sciences. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  22. ↑ Smith, Michael S. (2006). "From Merchant Capitalism to Finance Capitalism". The Emergence of Modern Business Enterprise in France, 1800-1930. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press. p. 50. ISBN 0674019393.
  23. ↑ Galiffe, Jacques Augustin (1829). Notices Généalogiques Sur Les Familles Genevoises, Depus Les Premiers Temps Jusqu'A Nos Jours, Vol. 1 [Genealogical Notes on the Families of Geneva, from the First Times to Ours, Vol. 1] (in French). Genève: J. Barbezat. pp. 115–121. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  24. ↑ Galiffe, Jacques Augustin; Galiffe, Jean-Barthélemy-Gaïfre (1831). Notices Généalogiques Sur Les Familles Genevoises, Depus Les Premiers Temps Jusqu'A Nos Jours, Vol. 2 [Genealogical Notes on the Families of Geneva, from the First Times to Ours, Vol. 2] (in French). Genève: J. Barbezat. pp. 612–613. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  25. ↑ Watt, Jeffrey R. (2020). The Consistory and Social Discipline in Calvin's Geneva. Liberal Arts Faculty Books. pp. 7, 15–17. doi:10.38051/9781787449428. ISBN 9781648250040. S2CID 225012676.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Delleaux, Fulgence; Mallet, Jacques-André (2009). "L'astronome aux champs: Le Journal de Jacques-André Mallet sur le domaine d'Avully en Genevois (1773-1789) — 1re partie" [The Astronomer in the Fields: The Diary of Jacques-André Mallet on the Avully Estate in Geneva (1773-1789), 1st Part]. History and Rural Societies (in French). 31: 141–194.
  27. 1 2 Hans, Nicholas (1967). "Educational Relations of Geneva and England in the Eighteenth Century". British Journal of Educational Studies. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 15 (3): 269. doi:10.2307/3119457. JSTOR 3119457. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  28. ↑ "Jacques-André Mallet". Bibliothèque de Genève: Iconographie (in French). Bibliothèque de Genève. 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  29. 1 2 3 Fischer, Stépane (2020) [2009]. "Scruter le ciel" [Scanning the Sky] (PDF). Les petits carnets du Musée d'histoire des sciences (in French). No. 6. Geneva: Musée d'histoire des sciences de la Ville de Genève. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  30. 1 2 Wulf, Andrea (2012). "Russia Enters the Race". Chasing Venus: the Race to Measure the Heavens. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 117–119. ISBN 978-0307958617.
  31. ↑ Mallet, Jacques-André (January 1, 1771) [read June 21, 1770]. "XXXI. Extract of a Letter from Mr. Mallet, of Geneva, to Dr. Bevis, F.R.S." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 60: 363–367. doi:10.1098/rstl.1770.0033. S2CID 186209822. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  32. ↑ Citizen Scholars (PDF) (Educational pamphlet). Online: University of Geneva. 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  33. 1 2 Pictet, Jean-Louis; Candaux, Jean-Daniel (2005). Deux astronomes genevois dans la Russie de Catherine II: journaux de voyage en Laponie russe de Jean-Louis Pictet et Jacques-André Mallet pour observer le passage de Vénus devant le disque solaire, 1768-1769 [Two Genevan astronomers in Catherine II's Russia: travel journals in Russian Lapland by Jean-Louis Pictet and Jacques-André Mallet to observe the passage of Venus in front of the solar disk, 1768-1769]. Ferney-Voltaire: Centre international d'étude du XVIIIe siècle. ISBN 2845590288.
  34. ↑ Mayer, Christian; Parsons, James (1764). "An Account of the Transit of Venus: In a Letter to Charles Morton, M. D. Secret. R. S. from Christian Mayer, S. J. Translated from the Latin by James Parsons, M. D". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 54: 163–164. doi:10.1098/rstl.1764.0030. S2CID 186209847.
  35. ↑ Euler, Christoph (1769). Auszug aus den Beobachtungen welche zu Orsk bey Gelegenheit des Durchgangs der Venus vorbey der Sonnenscheibe angestellt worden sind [Excerpt from the observations made at Orsk on the occasion of the passage of Venus past the solar disc] (in German). Saint Petersburg: Kaiserl. Academie der Wissenschafften.
  36. ↑ Rjéoutski, Vladislav; Somov, Vladimir (2015). "3: Language Use Among the Russian Aristocracy". French and Russian in Imperial Russia. Vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press. p. 69. doi:10.1515/9780748695522-008. ISBN 9780748695515. S2CID 246912444.
  37. ↑ "James Cook and the Transit of Venus: The best reason to watch the 2004 transit of Venus is history". NASA Science. NASA. 2004.
  38. ↑ Wilson, Ian R. (2014). "Are the Strongest Lunar Perigean Spring Tides Commensurate with the Transit Cycle of Venus?". Pattern Recognition. 2 (2): 75–93. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  39. ↑ Mallet, Jacques-André (1769). Observation du passage de Vénus devant le disque du soleil faite à Ponoi en Lapponie [Observation of the passage of Venus in front of the disc of the sun made at Ponoi in Lapponia] (in French). Saint Petersburg: Imprimerie nationale de l'Academie des Sciences. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  40. ↑ Lehmann, August (1869). "Der Venus-Durchgang am 8. December 1874" [The transit of Venus on December 8, 1874]. Gaea: Natur und Leben (in German). Cologne and Leipzig: Eduard Heinrich Mayer. 5: 408. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  41. ↑ Procès-verbaux des séances de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences depuis sa foundation jusqu'à 1803, Tome III. 1771-1785 [Minutes of the sessions of the Imperial Academy of Sciences from its foundation to 1803, Vol. III. 1771-1785] (in French). Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences. 1900. p. 280.
  42. ↑ Imperial Academy of Sciences 1900, pp. 442.
  43. 1 2 3 Holden, Edward S., ed. (1881). Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. p. 691.
  44. ↑ Jean-Alfred Gautier (1882). "Obituary: Jean-Alfred Gautier". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 42 (4): 150. doi:10.1093/mnras/42.4.150.
  45. ↑ Pickering, David B. (1928). "The Astronomical Fraternity of the World, Part V." Popular Astronomy. Northfield, Minnesota: Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College. 36 (3): 167. Bibcode:1928PA.....36..167P. Retrieved June 1, 2022.
  46. 1 2 Grenon, Michel (2010). "Jean Senebier: de l'astro-météorologie au prévisionnisme empirique en passant par la météorologie instrumentale" [Jean Senebier: from astro-meteorology to empirical forecasting via instrumental meteorology] (PDF). Archives des Sciences (in French). fr:Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève. 63 (1–2): 150.
  47. 1 2 Donnelly, Marian C. (1977). "Jefferson's Observatory Design". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. University of California Press. 36 (1): 33–35. doi:10.2307/989145. JSTOR 989145. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  48. ↑ d'Aviler, Augustin-Charles (1691). Cours d'architecture, II [Lessons in architecture, II]. Paris: Nicolas Langlois. p. 709.
  49. ↑ Trembley, Jacques; Golay, Marcel (1987). "L'astronomie". In fr:Journal de Genève [in French] (ed.). Les savants genevois dans l'Europe intellectuelle du XVIIe au milieu du XIXe siècle [Genevan scholars in intellectual Europe from the 17th to the middle of the 19th century] (in French). Geneva. p. 69. ISBN 2882770006.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  50. ↑ "Les membres du passé dont le nom commence par M" [Past members whose names begin with M]. Institut de France: Académie des sciences (in French). Paris: Académie des sciences. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  51. 1 2 "Avully Temple". Association In the Footsteps of the Huguenots and Waldensians of Piedmont – Geneva (in French). Association Sur les Pas des Huguenots et des Vaudois du Piedmont - Genève. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  52. ↑ "Observations du passage de Mercure sur le Soleil" [Observations of the transit of Mercury across the Sun]. The Spirit of French and Foreign Newspapers by a Society of Men-of-Letters (in French). Paris: Mrs. fr:Jacques-François Valade (widow); fr:Jean-Jacques Tutot. 12: 338. 1786. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  53. ↑ Delleaux, Fulgence (2008). "Pour une meilleure approche de la conjoncture "météo-viticole" dans le Genevois à la fin du XVIIIe siècle" [For a better approach to the "weather and wine" situation in Geneva at the end of the 18th century]. Revue Suisse d'Histoire (in French). fr:Société suisse d'histoire. 58 (3): 318–326. doi:10.5169/seals-99098. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
  54. 1 2 Delleaux, Fulgence; Mallet, Jacques-André (2009). "L'astronome aux champs: Le Journal de Jacques-André Mallet sur le domaine d'Avully en Genevois (1773-1789) — 2e partie" [The Astronomer in the Fields: The Diary of Jacques-André Mallet on the Avully Estate in Geneva (1773-1789), 2nd Part]. History and Rural Societies (in French). 32: 135–197.
  55. ↑ Vargha, Magda (2005). Franz Xaver von Zach (1754-1832): His Life and Times (PDF). Translated by Csaba, József. Budapest: Konkoly Observatory. p. 35. ISBN 963-8361-50-6. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  56. ↑ Delarue, Henri (1942). "La Bibliothèque publique et universitaire en 1941" [The Public and University Library in 1941]. Genava: Bulletin de Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva) du Musée Ariana (in French). Geneva: Albert Kundig. 20: xxi. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
  57. ↑ "Correspondance de Jacques-André Mallet; Ms. fr. 655" [Correspondence of Jacques-André Mallet; Ms. fr. 655]. Bibliothèque de Genève (in French). Retrieved June 5, 2022.
  58. ↑ Tissot, Paul (1997). "Allocution de bienvenue de la présidente de la SPHN" [Welcome Address by the President of the SPHN]. Archives des Sciences (in French). Geneva: fr:Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève. 50 (1): 37. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
  59. ↑ "Inventaire PBC 2021: Listes cantonales, objets A et B, GE" [PBC Inventory 2021: Cantonal lists, objects A and B, GE] (PDF) (in French). Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance. January 1, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  60. ↑ "Jean-Louis Pictet (1739-1781)". Archives Famille Pictet (in French). Genève: La Fondation des Archives de la Famille Pictet. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  61. ↑ Buchs, Armand (April 1, 2010). "François-Jules Pictet". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in French). Online: Swiss Academies of Humanities and Social Sciences. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
  62. ↑ "Mallet". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  63. ↑ Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Greensboro, North Carolina: Tudor Publishers Inc. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
  64. ↑ Blagg, Mary Adela; Müller, Karl (1935). Named Lunar Formations. London: Percy Lund, Humphries & Co. Ltd. p. 181.
  65. ↑ Cramer, Marc (1975). "Sélénographie: les Suisses sur la lune" [Selenography: the Swiss on the moon]. Gesnerus: Aspects historiques de la médecine et des sciences naturelles en Suisse romande (in French). 32 (1): 115–118. doi:10.5169/seals-520581. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
  66. ↑ Barrelet, Jacques (July 1, 2022). "Marc Cramer". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in French). Online: Swiss Academies of Humanities and Social Sciences. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
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