Jamaican vomiting sickness
SpecialtyToxicology

Jamaican vomiting sickness, also known as toxic hypoglycemic syndrome (THS),[1] acute ackee fruit intoxication,[2] or ackee poisoning,[1] is an acute illness caused by the toxins hypoglycin A and hypoglycin B, which are present in fruit of the ackee tree. While in the fully ripened arils, hypoglycin A is at levels of less than 0.1 ppm, in unripe arils it can be over 1000 ppm[3] and can cause vomiting and even death. Some countries in the Caribbean and Western Africa experience frequent cases.[4]

Presentation

Abdominal discomfort begins two to six hours after eating unripe ackee fruit, followed by sudden onset vomiting. In severe cases, profound dehydration, seizures, coma, and death may ensue. Children and those who are malnourished are more susceptible to the disease.[3]

Pathophysiology

When ingested, hypoglycin A is metabolized to produce methylenecyclopropylacetic acid (MCPA). MCPA acts to inhibit the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in two ways. First, it interferes with the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria. Also, it inhibits acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, so that only unsaturated fatty acids can be fully oxidized. Fatty acids accumulate in the liver in a microvesicular pattern that can be seen on biopsy. In the absence of fatty acid metabolism, the body becomes dependent on glucose and glycogen for energy. Octreotide can be used to reduce the secretion of insulin by the pancreas, thereby preventing severe hypoglycemia.[3]

Inhibition of beta-oxidation of fatty acids, however, also depletes a necessary cofactor for gluconeogenesis. Once the liver glycogen stores are depleted, the body cannot synthesize glucose, and severe hypoglycemia results.[3]

Initial symptoms appear after about four hours, and deaths have been reported from 12 to 48 hours following consumption. Supportive care involves carefully metered IV glucose infusion and fluid/eletrolyte replacement; Mortality was 80% before glucose infusion was introduced in 1954. [5][6]

A similar outbreak of lethal hypoglycemic encephalopathy has been linked to the consumption of lychee fruit in Muzaffarpur, India. Urinalysis of children affected by the disease has shown all affected have elevated levels of hypoglycin suggesting the same underlying pathophysiology as Jamaican vomiting sickness.[7]

Diagnosis

The disease appears in the ER episode "Great Expectations", where the symptoms are recognised by Dr Mallucci who, it is later revealed, attended medical school in Grenada.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Gordon, André (2015-01-01), Gordon, André (ed.), "Chapter 4 - Biochemistry of Hypoglycin and Toxic Hypoglycemic Syndrome", Food Safety and Quality Systems in Developing Countries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 47–61, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801227-7.00004-4, ISBN 978-0-12-801227-7, retrieved 2020-07-05
  2. ↑ "The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs". Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Medscape- Toxicity, Plants - Ackee Fruit
  4. ↑ "Jamaican vomiting sickness | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
  5. ↑ "American College of Emergency Physicians".
  6. ↑ Surmaitis, R.; Hamilton, R. J. (2021). "Ackee Fruit Toxicity". StatPearls. StatPearls. PMID 28613753.
  7. ↑ Barry, Ellen (2017-01-31). "Dangerous Fruit: Mystery of Deadly Outbreaks in India Is Solved". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
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