Jemaah Islamiyah
LeaderAbu Bakar Baasyir (Imprisoned, later released)
Dates of operation1993–present
Active regionsSoutheast Asia
IdeologyIslamism
Islamic fundamentalism
Pan-Islamism
Salafism
Wahhabism
Anti-Australian sentiment[3]
Anti-Christian sentiment
Notable attacksPhilippine consulate bombing in Jakarta
Jakarta Stock Exchange bombing
Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings
2002 Bali bombings
2003 Marriott Hotel bombing
2004 Jakarta embassy bombing
2005 Bali bombings
2005 Indonesian beheadings of Christian girls
2009 Jakarta bombings
Size6,000[4] (2021)
Allies Al-Qaeda
Opponents United Nations

Non-state opponents

Designated as a terrorist group by United Nations
 European Union
 United States
 Argentina
 Australia
 Bahrain
 Canada
 Indonesia
 Japan[5]
 Malaysia
 New Zealand

Jemaah Islamiyah[lower-alpha 1] (Arabic: الجماعة الإسلامية, al-Jamāʿah al-Islāmiyyah, meaning "Islamic Congregation", frequently abbreviated JI)[6] is a Southeast Asian Islamist militant group based in Indonesia, which is dedicated to the establishment of an Islamic state in Southeast Asia.[7][8] On 25 October 2002, immediately following the JI-perpetrated 2002 Bali bombings, JI was added to the UN Security Council Resolution 1267.

JI is a transnational organization with cells in Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines.[9] In addition to al-Qaeda, the group is also thought to have alleged links to the Moro Islamic Liberation Front[9] and Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, a splinter cell of the JI which was formed by Abu Bakar Baasyir on 27 July 2008. The group has been designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations, Australia, Canada, China, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.[10] It remained very active in Indonesia where it publicly maintained a website as of January 2013.[11][12]

In October 2021, Director of Identification and Socialization, Detachment 88 Muhammad Sodiq said that 876 members of Jamaah Islamiyah had been arrested and sentenced in Indonesia.[13]

On 16 November 2021, Indonesian National Police launched a crackdown operation, which revealed that the group operated in disguise as a political party, Indonesian People's Da'wah Party. The revelation shocked many people, as it was the first time in Indonesia that a terrorist organization disguised itself as a political party and attempted to intervene and participate in the Indonesian political system.[14]

History

JI has its roots in Darul Islam (DI, meaning "House of Islam"), a radical Islamist/anti-colonialist movement in Indonesia in the 1940s.[15]

The JI was established as a loose confederation of several Islamic groups. Sometime around 1969, three men, Abu Bakar Bashir, Abdullah Sungkar and Shahrul Nizam 'PD' began an operation to propagate the Darul Islam movement, a conservative strain of Islam.

Bashir and Sungkar were both imprisoned by the New Order administration of Indonesian president Suharto as part of a crackdown on radical groups such as Komando Jihad, that were perceived to undermine the government's control over the Indonesian population. The two leaders spent several years in prison. After release, Bashir and his followers moved to Malaysia in 1982. They recruited people from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. The group officially named itself Jemaah Islamiyah around that time period.

JI was formally founded on 1 January 1993, by JI leaders, Abu Bakar Bashir and Abdullah Sungkar[16] while hiding in Malaysia from the persecution of the Suharto government.[17] After the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, both men returned to Indonesia[18] where JI gained a terrorist edge when one of its founders, the late Abdullah Sungkar, established contact with Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network.[19]

JI's violent operations began during the communal conflicts in Maluku and Poso.[20] It shifted its attention to targeting US and Western interests in Indonesia and the wider Southeast Asian region[21] since the start of the US-led war on terror. JI's terror plans in Southeast Asia were exposed when its plot to set off several bombs in Singapore was foiled by the local authorities.

In 2004, Abu Bakar Bashir created the Indonesian Mujahedeen Council to connect Islamist groups, including JI, in Indonesia.[22]

Recruiting, training, indoctrination, financial, and operational links between the JI and other militant groups,[23] such as al-Qaeda, the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), the Misuari Renegade/Breakaway Group (MRG/MBG) and the Philippine Rajah Sulaiman movement (RSM) have existed for many years.

Bashir became the spiritual leader of the group while Hambali became the military leader. Unlike the Al-Mau'nah group, Jemaah Islamiyah kept a low profile in Malaysia and their existence was publicized only after the 2002 Bali bombings. It is suspected by some to be linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban.[24]

Designation as a terrorist group

Jemaah Islamiyah has been designated a terrorist group by the following countries and international organizations:

State opponents

2002 Bali bombing

Prior to the first Bali bombings on 12 October 2002, there was underestimation to the threat Jemaah Islamiyah posed.[30] After this attack, the U.S. State Department designated Jemaah Islamiyah as a Foreign Terrorist Organization.[31]

Other terrorist attacks

In 2003, Indonesian police confirmed the existence of "Mantiqe-IV"  the JI regional cell which covered Irian Jaya and Australia. Indonesian police said Muklas has identified Mantiqe IV's leader as Abdul Rahim—an Indonesian-born Australian.[32] Jemaah Islamiyah is also strongly suspected of carrying out the 2003 JW Marriott hotel bombing, the 2004 Australian embassy bombing,[33] the 2005 Bali bombings and the 2009 JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton hotel bombings.[34] The Bali and JW Marriott attacks showed that JI did not rule out attacking the same target more than once. The JI also has been directly and indirectly involved in dozens of bombings in the southern Philippines, usually in league with the ASG.[35][36]

However, most of Jemaah Islamiyah prominent figures such as Hambali, Abu Dujana, Azahari Husin, Noordin Top and Dulmatin have either been captured or killed, mostly by Indonesian anti-terrorist squad, Detachment 88.[37][38] While several of its former leaders, including Malaysian Islamic extremist and Afghanistan War veteran Nasir Abbas, have renounced violence and even assisted the Indonesian and Malaysian governments in the war on terrorism. Nasir Abbas was Noordin Top's former trainer.[35]

Indonesian investigators revealed the JI's establishment of a hit squad in April 2007, which was established to target top leaders who oppose the group's objectives, as well as other officials, including police officers, government prosecutors and judges handling terrorism-related cases.[39]

In April 2008, the South Jakarta District Court declared JI an illegal organisation when sentencing former leader Zarkasih and military commander Abu Dujana to 15 years on terrorism charges.[40]

In 2010, Indonesian authorities cracked down on the Jemaah Islamiyah network in Aceh. Between February and May 2010, more than 60 militants were captured.[41] This Aceh network was established by Dulmatin sometime after 2007 when he returned to Indonesia.[42]

Naming

The name Jemaah Islamiyah roughly translates to "Islamic Community" in English and is abbreviated as "JI". To counter the recruitment efforts by the group, Islamic scholars in Indonesia and the Philippines who are critical of the group suggested it be called Jemaah Munafiq (JM) instead, translated as "Hypocrites' Community".[43]

Timeline

  • 12 March 2000, 3 JI members were arrested in Manila carrying plastic explosives in their luggage. One of them is later jailed for 17 years.
  • 1 August 2000, Jemaah Islamiyah attempted to assassinate the Philippine ambassador to Indonesia, Leonides Caday.[44] The bomb detonated as his car entered his official residence in central Jakarta killing two people and injuring 21 others, including the ambassador.[45]
  • 13 September 2000, a car bomb explosion tore through a packed parking deck beneath the Jakarta Stock Exchange building killing 15 people and injuring 20.[46][45]
  • 24 December 2000, JI took part in a major coordinated terror strike, the Christmas Eve 2000 bombings.
  • 30 December 2000, a series of bombings that occurred around Metro Manila in the Philippines, 22 died and over a hundred were injured. In the following years, several members of the Jemaah Islamiyah for their suspected involvement in the bombings.
  • 5 June 2002, Indonesian authorities arrest Kuwaiti Omar al-Faruq. Handed over to the US authorities, he subsequently confesses he is a senior al-Qaeda operative sent to Southeast Asia to orchestrate attacks against U.S. interests. He reveals to investigators detailed plans of a new terror spree in Southeast Asia.[47][48]
  • After many warnings by U.S. authorities of a credible terrorist threat in Jakarta, on 23 September 2002, a grenade explodes in a car near the residence of a U.S. embassy official in Jakarta, killing one of the attackers.[49]
  • 26 September 2002, the US State Department issued a travel warning urging Americans and other Westerners in Indonesia to avoid locations such as bars, restaurants and tourist areas.
  • 2 October 2002, a US Soldier and two Filipinos are killed in a JI nail-bomb attack outside a bar in the southern Philippine city of Zamboanga.[50]
  • 10 October 2002, a bomb rips through a bus terminal in the southern Philippine city of Kidapawan, killing six people and injuring twenty-four. On the same day The U.S. ambassador in Jakarta, Ralph Boyce, personally delivers to the Indonesian President a message of growing concern that Americans could become targets of terrorist actions in her country.[51]
  • 12 October 2002, on the second anniversary of the USS Cole bombing in Yemen, a huge car bomb kills more than 202 and injures 300 on the Indonesian resort island of Bali. Most are foreigners, mainly Australian tourists. It is preceded by a blast at the US consulate in nearby Denpasar. The attack known as the 2002 Bali bombings is the most deadly attack executed by JI to date.
  • Bashir was arrested by the Indonesian police and was given a light sentence for treason.[52]
  • Hambali was arrested in Thailand on 11 August 2003, and is currently detained and awaiting trial by Military Commissions, in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.[53]
  • A bomb manual published by the Jemaah Islamiyah was used in the 2002 Bali terrorist bombing, the 2003 JW Marriott hotel bombing, the Philippine consulate bombing in Jakarta, the Jakarta Stock Exchange bombing and the Christmas Eve bombings.
  • A British-born Australian named Jack Roche confessed to being part of a JI plot to blow up the Israeli embassy in Canberra, Australia on 28 May 2004. He was sentenced to 9 years in prison on 31 May. The man admitted to meeting figures like Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan.[54]
  • JI are widely suspected of being responsible for the bombing outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta on 9 September 2004, which killed 11 Indonesians and wounded over 100 more.[55]
  • They are also suspected of committing 1 October, 2005 Bali bombings.
  • 9 November 2005, bomb-making expert and influential figure in Indonesian terrorist organization, Azahari Husin was killed in a raid at Batu, East Java.[56]
  • 5 August 2006, Al-Qaeda's Al Zawahiri appeared on a recorded video announcing that JI and Al-Qaeda had joined forces and that the two groups will form "one line, facing its enemies".[57]
  • 13 June 2007, Abu Dujana, the head of JI's military operations, is captured by Indonesian police.[58]
  • 15 June 2007, Indonesian police announced the capture of Zarkasih, who was leading Jemaah Islamiyah since the capture of Hambali. Zarkasih is believed to be the emir of JI.[59]
  • 27 February 2008, the leader of JI in Singapore, Mas Selamat bin Kastari, escaped from the Whitley Road Detention Centre.[60]
  • 1 April 2009, Mas Selamat bin Kastari was recaptured in a raid by Pasukan Gerakan Khas and Special Branch in Johor, Malaysia.[58]
  • 17 July 2009, Jemaah Islamiyah blamed for attacks on the Ritz Carlton Jakarta and the J.W. Marriott hotels in Jakarta.[61]
  • 17 September 2009, Noordin Mohammad Top was killed in a raid by Indonesian police in Surakarta, Central Java.[62] Top was a recruiter, bomb maker, and explosions expert for Jemaah Islamiyah.[63] However, later on his colleagues in Jemaah Islamiyah claimed that Noordin had formed his own splinter cell which was even more violent and militant. He was for a while dubbed the "most wanted Islamic militant in Southeast Asia".
  • 9 March 2010, Dulmatin was killed in a raid by Detachment 88 in Pamulang, South Tangerang
  • 13 December 2010, Indonesian police charged Abu Bakar Bashir, spiritual head of Jemaah Islamiyah, with involvement in plans of terror and military training in Aceh province. The charge against him of inciting others to commit terrorism carries the death penalty.
  • January 2012, the Philippine military announced that it had killed two key leaders of Jemaah Islamiyah, a Malaysian called Zulkifli bin Hir (aka Marwan) and Mohammad Ali (aka Muawiyah). Senior intelligence sources later stated that Hir and Ali survived the air strike. Reports of Bin Hir's death were again retracted in 2014.[64][65][66]
  • 14 December 2012, the Philippine police tries to kill a suspected Malaysian terrorist after he was trying to detonate a bomb in Davao City, Philippines, and including one of a wife from Bicol Region after being arrested by the police.[67]
  • 26 February 2014, Sheikh Kahar Mundos, a bomb maker, left a bomb in a motorcycle hidden at the city hall in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines.[68]
  • 27 June 2014, Abdul Basit Usman, a bomb maker who was falsely reported as killed in a US airstrike in Pakistan in 2010, is revealed to be alive and a potential terror threat.[69]
  • 16 September 2014, Jemaah Islamiyah claimed responsibility for the bombing of the Rizal Monument in front of the city hall of General Santos, Philippines, killing one person and injuring 7.[70][71]
  • 25 January 2015, JI member Zulkifli Abdhir was killed in the Philippines, an operation that also resulted in the death of 44 police officers.[72]
  • 1 July 2019, Indonesian police arrested Para Wijayanto, who was said to have been the leader of Jemaah Islamiyah since 2007.[73]
  • 2 July 2019, after the arrest of leader Para Wijayanto, Densus 88 counterterrorism unit of Indonesia traced palm oil plantations as a source of funding for the group, according to National Police spokesperson Brig. Gen. Dedi Prasetyo.[74][75]
  • 23 November 2020, Indonesian Police arrested Upik Lawanga, who has been involved in the 2002 Bali bombings. His role involves constructing bombs to be used in several terror attacks.[76]
  • 10 December 2020, Indonesian Police arrested Zulkarnaen, a high-ranking Jemaah Islamiyah official and leader. He is said to have been the mastermind of several terror attacks, including the 2002 Bali bombings, Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings, and 2003 JW Marriott bombing.[77][78]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ Other transliterations include Jemaa Islamiyah, Jema'a Islamiyya, Jema'a Islamiyyah, Jema'ah Islamiyah, Jema'ah Islamiyyah, Jemaa Islamiya, Jemaa Islamiyya, Jemaah Islamiyya, Jemaa Islamiyyah, Jemaah Islamiyyah, Jemaah Islamiyyah, Jemaah Islamiya, Jamaah Islamiyah, Jamaa Islamiya, Jama'ah Islamiyah and Al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyyah.

References

  1. ↑ David Martin Jones, Sacred Violence: Political Religion in a Secular Age, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  2. ↑ Zachary Abuza, Political Islam and Violence in Indonesia, Routledge, 2006.
  3. ↑ "JI claims responsibility for blast: Report". 10 September 2004.
  4. ↑ "BNPT: Jumlah Anggota dan Simpatisan Organisasi Teroris Capai 17.000 Orang".
  5. ↑ "Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 5 July 2002. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  6. ↑ Zalman, Amy. "Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)". About.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  7. ↑ Counter-Society to Counter-State: Jemaah Islamiah According to Pupji, p. 11., Elena Pavlova, The Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies,
  8. ↑ JI is also believed to be linked to the insurgent violence in southern Thailand. "Conspiracy of Silence: Who is Behind the Escalating Insurgency in Southern Thailand?"
  9. 1 2 "UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia, Indonesia". Ucdp.uu.se. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  10. ↑ "Janes, Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid (JAT) (Indonesia), GROUPS – ASIA – ACTIVE". Articles.janes.com. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  11. ↑ "Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid website, accessed January 17, 2013". Ansharuttauhid.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  12. ↑ "MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like". Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  13. ↑ "Densus 88 Klaim Jamaah Islamiyah Mulai Melemah".
  14. ↑ Dirgantara, Adhyasta (16 November 2021). "Polri Sebut Farid Okbah Bentuk Partai Dakwah sebagai Solusi Lindungi JI". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  15. ↑ Rommel C. Banlaoi (23 January 2011). "Jemaah Islamiyah Briefer: Evolution, Organization and Ideology".
  16. ↑ Jemaah Islamiyah Dossier, Blake Mobley, 2006-08-26, Center For Policing Terrorism
  17. ↑ "Genealogies of Islamic Radicalism in post-Suharto Indonesia, Martin van Bruinessen, ISIM and Utrecht University". Let.uu.nl. Archived from the original on 28 December 2002. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  18. ↑ Gauging Jemaah Islamiyah's Threat in Southeast Asia, Sharif Shuja, 2005-04-21, The Jamestown Foundation, Terrorism Monitor, Volume 3, Issue 8 Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ "borrull.org - borrull Resources and Information". ww16.borrull.org. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009.
  20. ↑ "Weakening Indonesia's Mujahidin Networks: Lessons from Maluku and Poso, 2005-10-13, International Crisis Group, Asia Report N°103". Archived from the original on 6 August 2009.
  21. ↑ Rommel C. Banlaoi (25 January 2011). "Jemaah Islamiyah Briefer: Terrorist Activities, Targets and Victims".
  22. ↑ "Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (MIT) | Terrorist Groups | TRAC". www.trackingterrorism.org. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  23. ↑ Rommel C. Banlaoi (24 January 2011). "Jemaah Islamiyah Briefer: Links with Foreign Terrorist Organizations".
  24. ↑ "UN Press Release SC/7548".
  25. ↑ "Listed terrorist organisations". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  26. ↑ "Currently listed entities". Publicsafety.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  27. ↑ "Terrorism Act 2000". Schedule 2, Act No. 11 of 2000.
  28. ↑ "The List established and maintained by the 1267/1989 Committee". United Nations Security Council Committee 1267. UN.org. 14 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  29. ↑ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations". State.gov. 28 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  30. ↑ Singapore facts stranger than fiction Archived 5 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Age 21 September 2002
  31. ↑ Country Reports on Terrorism 2011 Archived 1 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine US Department of State. 31 July 2012
  32. ↑ The Bali Confessions Archived 5 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Four Corners, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 10 February 2003
  33. ↑ Oliver, Mark; Jeffery, Simon (9 September 2004). "Australian embassy bomb kills nine". the Guardian. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  34. ↑ "The 12 October 2002 Bali bombing plot". BBC News. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  35. 1 2 "Meet The Former Mujahideen Behind Indonesia's Fight Against Terrorism". Vice. 5 May 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  36. ↑ "Authorities move to stop JI resurgence". philstar.com. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  37. ↑ Narendra, D. S. (29 June 2015). Teror Bom Jamaah Islamiyah (in Indonesian). Pionir Ebook.
  38. ↑ "Noordin Top dipastikan tewas". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). February 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  39. ↑ "JI forms new shoot-to-kill hit squad in Indonesia". The Straits Times. 16 April 2007.
  40. ↑ "JI declared an illegal network". The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 April 2008.
  41. ↑ Terror suspects nabbed The Straits Times 14 May 2010
  42. ↑ Indonesia: Jihadi Surprise in Aceh International Crisis Group 20 April 2010
  43. ↑ Aben, Elena (16 January 2016). "Call them 'Daesh' not ISIS or ISIL, says AFP". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  44. ↑ Roundup, A. WSJ com News (2 August 2000). "Indonesia Car Bomb Kills Two, Injures Philippine Ambassador". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  45. 1 2 "TIMELINE: Terrorist attacks in Indonesia". Rappler. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  46. ↑ "15 Reported Killed by Bomb at Jakarta Stock Exchange". The New York Times. 14 September 2000. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  47. ↑ "CNN.com - Operative details al Qaeda's Asian expansion - September 17, 2002". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  48. ↑ Street Journal, Timothy MapesStaff Reporter of The Wall (20 September 2002). "Indonesia Is Urged To Rein In Radical". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  49. ↑ Clifford, Bill. "Blast near U.S. embassy site in Jakarta". MarketWatch. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  50. ↑ "More Attacks In Afghanistan". www.cbsnews.com. 18 November 2002. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  51. ↑ "LIVES DESTROYED - Attacks Against Civilians in the Philippines" (PDF). 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  52. ↑ "Indonesian cleric freed from jail". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  53. ↑ "Brother of Top Asian Terrorist Held". Los Angeles Times. 23 September 2003. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  54. ↑ "British Muslim is jailed for al-Qa'eda embassy bomb plot". www.telegraph.co.uk. 2 June 2004. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  55. ↑ hermesauto (14 January 2016). "Timeline of previous bomb attacks in Indonesia". The Straits Times. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  56. ↑ "Azahari 'dead after police raid'". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 November 2005. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  57. ↑ "Jemaah Islamiyah". www.tititudorancea.net. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  58. 1 2 "Indonesia captures most-wanted Islamic militant". Reuters. 13 June 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  59. ↑ "Indonesia Captures "Emir" of Regional Terrorist Network". Monsters & Critics. 15 June 2007. Archived from the original on 17 June 2007.
  60. ↑ "JI detainee Mas Selamat bin Kastari escapes from Singapore detention centre". Channel NewsAsia. 27 February 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008.
  61. ↑ "Blasts at Luxury Hotels in Jakarta Kill 8, Injure 50". Fox News. 17 July 2009. Archived from the original on 18 July 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  62. ↑ "Police: Indonesia terror chief killed in raid". NBC News. 17 September 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  63. ↑ "Terrorist Noordin Top confirmed dead". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 September 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  64. ↑ BBC (2 February 2012). "Profile: Jemaah Islamiah". BBC.
  65. ↑ "Philippine military 'kills three wanted militants'". BBC News. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  66. ↑ "Three militant leaders killed in Philippines". www.scotsman.com. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  67. ↑ "Philippine Agents Kill Suspected Malaysian Terrorist in Davao". www.bloomberg.com. 15 December 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  68. ↑ "Abandoned motorbike sparks bomb scare in CDO". ABS-CBN News. 26 February 2014.
  69. ↑ "PNoy alerts Duterte on potential terror threat". ABS-CBN News. 27 June 2014.
  70. ↑ "Blast at southern Philippine city hall wounds 6". Yahoo News. 16 September 2014. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  71. ↑ "Military tags BIFF in General Santos bombing". Rappler. 17 September 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  72. ↑ Williams, Matt (17 February 2015). "After Deadly Raid in Philippines, What Implications for the President and the Country?". IPI Global Observatory. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  73. ↑ "TERBARU Densus 88 Bekuk Pemimpin Jamaah Islamiah dan 4 Kaki Tangannya". Warta Kota (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  74. ↑ "Police track funding of Jamaah Islamiyah terror group". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  75. ↑ "With funding from palm oil and schools, Indonesia's terror group Jemaah Islamiah set for resurgence in Malaysia, Singapore". Yahoo News. 8 July 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  76. ↑ Media, Kompas Cyber (20 December 2020). "Sosok Upik Lawanga Tokoh JI yang Sehari-hari Jualan Bebek, Disebut "Profesor" karena Ahli Membuat Bom Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  77. ↑ hermesauto (13 December 2020). "Indonesian police arrest Jemaah Islamiah linked terrorist Zulkarnaen after 17-year hunt". The Straits Times. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  78. ↑ Luxiana, Kadek Melda. "Ditangkap, Zulkarnaen Teroris Bom Bali I Pernah Latih Militer di Afghanistan". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 December 2020.

Further reading

  • Abuza, Zachary. Militant Islam in Southeast Asia: Crucible of Terror. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003. ISBN 1-58826-237-5.
  • Atran, Scott (2010). Talking to the Enemy: Faith, Brotherhood, and the (Un)Making of Terrorists. New York: Ecco Press / HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-134490-9.
  • Barton, Greg (2005). Jemaah Islamiyah: radical Islam in Indonesia. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ISBN 9971-69-323-2.
  • Lim, Merlyna. Islamic Radicalism and Anti-Americanism in Indonesia: The Role of the Internet. Washington: East-West Center, 2005. ISBN 978-1-932728-34-7.
  • Reeve, Simon. The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999. ISBN 1-55553-509-7.
  • Ressa, Maria. Seeds of Terror: An Eyewitness Account of Al-Qaeda's Newest Center of Operations in Southeast Asia. New York: Free Press, 2003. ISBN 0-7432-5133-4.
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