Jeongan
定安國
정안국
938–986
CapitalXijing/Seogyeong
Common languagesUnknown
Religion
Unknown
GovernmentMonarchy
King 
• 938–976
Yeol Manhwa (first)
• 976–986
Oh Hyeon-myeong (last)
History 
• Establishment
938
• Fall
986
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Balhae
Goryeo Dynasty
Liao Dynasty
Today part ofChina
North Korea

Jeongan or Ding'an (Chinese: 定安國; Korean: 정안국; 938–986) was a successor state of Balhae (Bohai) founded by Yeol Man-hwa (Lie Wanhua).

Establishment and Downfall

The early history of Jeongan is mostly unknown. Large number of rebels emerged on the former Balhae territories after the kingdom's conquest by the Liao dynasty in 926, although most were quickly defeated by Liao forces. General Yeol Manhwa (Lie Wanhua) established Jeongan in the mid-930s, at a time when the Liao puppet state of Dongdan was abolished and the main Liao forces left the region.[1] Jeongan is recorded to have enlisted the assistance of neighboring tribes with the hopes of overthrowing the Liao dynasty, but apparently failed to do so.

In 970, the king paid tribute to the Song dynasty together with the neighboring Jurchens.[1] The official Chinese historical record, the History of Song claimed that Jeongan people's origin can be traced back to the former confederacy of Mahan. However, the Mahan confederacy in the distant south of the Korean peninsula had disappeared for almost a millennium by the 10th century, and many scholars consider this record, written in the Yuan dynasty, to be an error.[1] Oh Hyeon-myeong himself, on the other hand, stated that his people were Balhae remnants that lived the former land of Goguryeo. The purpose of Jeongan's tributary mission was a proposal that the Song and Jeongan ally and initiate a joint attack against the Liao, which the Song declined due to the Liao's military prowess.[2][3][4]

In 975, the Liao Dynasty once again invaded Jeongan, which failed.[5] In 976, the Yeol clan was replaced by the Oh clan, and Jeongan was ruled by Oh Hyeon-myeong (Wu Xuanming) until before it was finally destroyed by the Liao dynasty in 986 CE. Korean historians theorize that the Oh Clan's replacement of the Yeol Clan may have been violent and could have played a role in the destruction of Jeongan. According to the Goryeosa, tens of thousands of Balhae refugees fled to Goryeo in 979, and was recorded as the largest Balhae migration since the 936 exodus when Balhae Crown Prince Dae Gwang-hyeon had similarly led tens of thousands of refugees into Goryeo.[6]

Although Jeongan officially fell in 986, records indicate that Balhae resistance against the Liao continued despite the fall of the state and the Liao had to establish three military outposts in the lower Yalu River when they formally annexed Jeongan in 991.[7] The last remnants of Balhae resistance from the former state of Jeongan were destroyed by 999.[8][9]

Rulers

  1. Yeol Man-hwa/Lie Wanhua (烈萬華, 열만화, 938–976)
  2. Oh Hyeon-myeong/Wu Xuanming (烏玄明, 오현명, 976–986)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 苗威 (2011). "定安国考论". 中国边疆史地研究. 21 (2): 110–118.
  2. ↑ The Cambridge History of China. The Liao (Chapter 1). Cambridge University Press. March 2008. pp. 43–88.
  3. ↑ "정안국" [Jeongan Kingdom]. terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  4. ↑ History of Song, Book 491, Jeongan "定安國本馬韓之種，為契丹所攻破，其酋帥糾合餘眾，保于西鄙，建國改元，自稱定安國。... 臣本以高丽旧壤，渤海遗黎，保据方隅，涉历星纪，仰覆露鸿钧之德，被浸渍无外之泽，各得其所，以遂本性。"
  5. ↑ Twitchett, Dennis (1994). "The Liao", The Cambridge History of China, Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
  6. ↑ Kim, Jongseo; Jeong, Inji. "고려사 (발해인 수만 명이 내투해오다)". 고려시대. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  7. ↑ Twitchett, Dennis (1994). "The Liao", The Cambridge History of China, Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
  8. ↑ Twitchett, Dennis (1994). "The Liao", The Cambridge History of China, Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
  9. ↑ Bielenstein, Hans (2005). Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589-1276. Brill. p. 217.
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