The Honourable
Joaquim Forn
Forn in August 2017
Minister of the Interior
In office
14 July 2017 – 27 October 2017
PresidentCarles Puigdemont
Preceded byJordi Jané i Guasch
Succeeded byMiquel Buch
(Direct rule until 2 June 2018)
Member of the Catalan Parliament
for the Province of Barcelona
In office
21 December 2017 – 24 January 2018
Succeeded byAntoni Morral i Berenguer
First Deputy Mayor of Barcelona
In office
2011–2015
Preceded byJordi William Carnes i Ayats
Succeeded byGerardo Pissarello Prados
Councillor of Barcelona
Assumed office
15 June 2019
In office
1999–2017
Personal details
Born
Joaquim Forn i Chiariello

(1964-04-01) 1 April 1964
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
CitizenshipSpanish
Political partyTogether for Catalonia
Other political
affiliations		Catalan European Democratic Party (until 2020)
Together for Catalonia (coalition)
Alma materUniversity of Barcelona
OccupationLawyer
WebsiteCatalan government in exile

Joaquim Forn i Chiariello (born 1 April 1964) is a Spanish politician and lawyer from Catalonia. A former deputy mayor of the city of Barcelona in north-eastern Spain, Forn served as Minister of the Interior from July 2017 to October 2017 when he was removed from office following the Catalan declaration of independence.

Born in 1964 in Barcelona, Forn graduated from the University of Barcelona before joining the legal profession. A supporter of Catalan independence, Forn joined the nationalist Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) whilst a student. He was elected to the Municipality Council of Barcelona in 1999 and in 2011 he became the city's first deputy mayor, serving until 2015. He was appointed Minister of the Interior for Catalonia in July 2017.

On 1 October 2017, an independence referendum was held in Catalonia despite the Constitutional Court ruling that it breached the Spanish constitution. 92% supported independence though turnout was only 43% due to a boycott by unionists. The Catalan Parliament declared independence on 27 October 2017 which resulted in the Spanish government imposing direct rule on Catalonia, dismissing the Catalan government, including Forn. The Catalan Parliament was dissolved and fresh elections imposed by central government. On 30 October 2017 charges of rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds were brought against Forn and other members of the Catalan government. Forn and Puigdemont, along with others, fled to Belgium, but on 31 October 2017 Forn returned to Spain. On 2 November 2017 Forn and seven other Catalan ministers were remanded in custody by the Audiencia Nacional. Six of the ministers were released on bail on 4 December 2017 but Forn and Vice President Oriol Junqueras were kept in custody. At the regional elections held on 21 December 2017 Forn was elected to Parliament and Catalan secessionists retained a slim majority in the Catalan Parliament. Forn resigned from Parliament in January 2018 but remains in prison. During December 2018 he did a hunger strike.[1] On 1 February 2019 he was transferred to a prison in Madrid, waiting for the trial that started on 12 February.[2]

In the 2019 Barcelona City Council election, he was head of the Together for Catalonia candidacy to Mayor of Barcelona. He was not able to participate in the electoral campaign while in prison. The Supreme Court allowed him to collect the councilor's credentials on 14 June and took office on 15 June.[3][4]

He was pardoned and released, along with the other 8 jailed Catalonia independence leaders, in June 2021.[5]

Early life and family

Forn was born on 1 April 1964 in Barcelona, capital of Catalonia in north eastern Spain.[6][7] He is the son of a Catalan and an Ecuadorian.[8][9] After being home schooled, he joined the Lycée Français de Barcelone aged 13, avoiding the Spanish francoist education.[6][9][10]

After school Forn joined the University of Barcelona, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree.[6][11] Whilst a student he joined the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), a conservative Catalan nationalist political party, now known as the Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT), and helped re-establish the National Student Federation of Catalonia (Federació Nacional d'Estudiants de Catalunya, FNEC), a Catalan nationalist student organisation, serving as its president from 1986 to 1988.[8][9]

Career

Forn speaking at Barcelona City Council in October 2014

After university Forn started working in a law firm.[10] In 1989 he joined the Acció Olímpica (Olympic Action) group that organised the Freedom for Catalonia campaign during the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona.[10][12]

Forn contested the 1999 local elections as a Convergence and Union (CiU) electoral alliance candidate in Barcelona and was elected.[13] In May 2000 he was beaten and his arm broken by the National Police Corps (Policía Nacional) as he took part in a demonstration against a Spanish Army parade on Montjuïc, in the Sants district of Barcelona, celebrating Armed Forces Day (Día de las Fuerzas Armadas).[10][12] He was re-elected at the 2003 and 2007 local elections.[14][15] He was CiU group spokesman on the city council from 2007 to 2011.[7][16] At the 2011 local elections, in which Forn we re-elected, the CiU ended the Socialists's 32-year rule in Barcelona and Forn became first deputy mayor.[6][17] He was spokesman of the city government, president of Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, vice-president of the Autoritat del Transport Metropolità's board of directors, and an advisor and member of the Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona's board of governors.[7][16]

Forn was re-elected at the 2015 local elections but the CiU lost control of Barcelona to Barcelona en Comú.[18] He was appointed Minister of the Interior for Catalonia in July 2017.[19] During his office, the 17 August 2017 terrorist attacks occurred.[20]

Catalonia independence crisis

In June 2017 President of Catalonia Carles Puigdemont announced that a referendum on Catalan independence would be held on 1 October 2017.[21][22] The Catalan Parliament passed legislation on 6 September 2017 authorising the referendum which would be binding and based on a simple majority without a minimum threshold.[23][24] The following day Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the legislation, blocking the referendum.[25][26] The Spanish government put into effect Operation Anubis in order to disrupt the organisation of the referendum and arrested Catalan government officials.[27][28] Despite this the referendum went ahead though it was boycotted by unionists and turnout was only 43%.[29][30] 92% of those who voted supported independence.[31][32] Around 900 people were injured as the Spanish police used violence to try to prevent voting in the referendum.[33][34][35]

On 27 October 2017 the Catalan Parliament declared independence in a vote boycotted by opposition MPs.[36][37] Almost immediately the Senate of Spain invoked article 155 of the constitution, dismissing Puigdemont and the Catalan government and imposing direct rule on Catalonia.[38][39] The following day Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy dissolved the Catalan Parliament and called for fresh regional elections on 21 December 2017.[40][41] On 30 October 2017 Spanish Attorney General José Manuel Maza laid charges of rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds at the Audiencia Nacional against Puigdemont, Forn and other members of the Catalan government.[42][43] The charges carry maximum sentences of 30, 15 and 6 years in prison respectively.[44]

Forn, Puigdemont and four other Catalan ministers (Dolors Bassa, Meritxell Borràs, Antoni Comín and Meritxell Serret) arrived in Belgium on 30 October 2017.[45][46] According to Spanish media the group had driven to Marseille shortly after the charges were laid before the Audiencia Nacional and from there flown to Brussels.[47][48] Forn and Bassa flew back to Barcelona on 31 October 2017 where they were met at El Prat Airport by a group of Spanish nationalists hurling abuse and taunting the former ministers.[49][50] The flag waving group shouted "off to prison", "dogs", "traitors" and "where is your republic?" through megaphones and pursued Forn as he left the airport, causing the Mossos d'Esquadra to intervene.[51][52][53]

Imprisonment

On 2 November 2017 Audiencia Nacional judge Carmen Lamela remanded in custody Forn and seven other Catalan ministers (Bassa, Borrás, Oriol Junqueras, Carles Mundó, Raül Romeva, Josep Rull and Jordi Turull) as she considered them a flight risk.[54][55][56] The jailed ministers were separated and sent to five different prisons: Bassa and Borrás to Alcalá, Junqueras and Forn to Estremera, Mundó to Aranjuez prison, Romeva and Turull to Valdemoro and Rull to Navalcarnero.[57] A ninth minister, Santi Vila, was freed on bail as he had resigned from the government the day before the declaration of independence, but had to spend a night in Estremera prison whilst his lawyers secured his €50,000 bail.[58][59] According to their lawyer Jaume Alonso-Cuevillas, the ministers were mistreated whilst being transported to prison.[60][61] They were allegedly handcuffed behind their backs without seat belts in a van going very fast, forced to listen to the Spanish national anthem on a loop and threatened by their guards.[61][62][63] Mundo allegedly suffered injuries due to the handcuffs and two ministers were allegedly forced to strip to prevent them carrying anything into prison.[61][62][63] Earlier, as the ministers arrived at the Audiencia Nacional, Spanish police officers were shown, in video obtained Reuters and published by the La Vanguardia, making sneering, homophobic comments about the ministers, with one officer saying "Wait till you see what they do to the little teddy bear", referring to Junqueras, "When they get him on all fours, they’ll fix his eye".[60][63][64][65][66]

On 1 December 2017 the eight jailed ministers and two jailed independence activists - Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol - appeared before Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena to request bail while they await trial.[67] They renounced the declaration of independence, pledged support for the imposition of direct rule and agreed to work within the law.[68][69][70] On 4 December 2017 Llarena released, after 32 days in prison, six of the ministers (Bassa, Borrás, Mundó, Romeva, Rull and Turull) on bail of €100,000 but ordered that their passports be confiscated.[71][72] However, Forn and Junqueras, together with Cuixart and Sànchez, were refused bail.[73][74][75] In denying them bail, Llarena claimed that it remained to be seen if their pledge to abide by Spanish law was "truthful and real" and that there was a risk that they would commit the same crimes if released.[76][77][78]

Whilst remaining in prison, Forn contested the 2017 regional election as a Together for Catalonia (JuntsxCat) electoral alliance candidate in the Province of Barcelona and was elected to the Parliament of Catalonia.[79] A Christmas crib sent to Forn and Junqueras in prison was returned to its sender Antoni Bargalló smashed and with Viva España scrawled on the box.[80][81] Cuixart, Forn and Sànchez appeared before Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena on 11 January 2018 to secure release from prison.[82] At the hearing Forn testified that, although he did not renounce Catalan independence, he would only seek to achieve this by reforming the Spanish constitution and if the Catalan government sought to achieve independence unilaterally he would resign from Parliament.[83][84] On 12 January 2018, at a separate hearing for Junqueras, Llarena opened the way for the three jailed MPs - Forn, Junqueras and Sànchez - to vote by proxy in the Catalan Parliament.[85][86] When the Catalan Parliament met on 17 January 2018 it allowed the three jailed MPs to vote by proxy, with Turull voting for Forn and Sànchez.[87][88] Forn resigned from Parliament with effect from 24 January 2018 in order to secure his freedom.[89][90][91] Despite this, on 2 February 2018, Llarena refused Forn's application for release on bail, saying that Forn's refusal to give up support for independence meant that there was a risk that he would re-offend.[92][93] The testimony by Spanish army colonel Diego Pérez de los Cobos, who was in charge of Spanish security forces during the crackdown against the independence referendum, was seen as key to keeping Forn in prison.[94][95]

On 7 March 2018 the High Commissioner of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reminded Spanish authorities that "pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort" referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum.[96]

On 3 December 2018, he went on a hunger strike, ended on 20 December.[1] On 1 February 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial that started on 12 February.[97] The trial ended and was remitted to decision on 12 June 2019.[98]

On 14 October 2019, he was sentenced to 10 years and six months in prison and disqualification for sedition crime. The verdict was delivered by 7 judges at Spain's supreme court, after a 4-month trial that heard from 422 witnesses.[99][100][101]

Pardon

He was pardoned and released, along with the other 8 jailed Catalonia independence leaders, in June 2021. Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez said that he pardoned them because it was the best decision for Spain and Catalonia, but did not overturn their bans from holding public office.[5]

Personal life

Forn is married to Laura Masvidal.[6][11] They have two daughters.[6][10]

Electoral history

Electoral history of Joaquim Forn
Election Constituency Party Alliance Result
1999 local[13]BarcelonaDemocratic Convergence of CataloniaConvergence and UnionElected
2003 local[14]BarcelonaDemocratic Convergence of CataloniaConvergence and UnionElected
2007 local[15]BarcelonaDemocratic Convergence of CataloniaConvergence and UnionElected
2011 local[17]BarcelonaDemocratic Convergence of CataloniaConvergence and UnionElected
2015 local[18]BarcelonaDemocratic Convergence of CataloniaConvergence and UnionElected
2017 regional[79]Province of BarcelonaCatalan European Democratic PartyTogether for CataloniaElected

References

  1. 1 2 Bathgate, Rachel (20 December 2018). "Jailed Catalan leaders end hunger strike". catalannews.com. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  2. ↑ Congostrina, Alfonso L. (1 February 2019). "Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  3. ↑ Joaquim Forn llega al Ayuntamiento de Barcelona para obtener el acta de concejal (in Spanish)
  4. ↑ Intervención de Joaquim Forn en el pleno de investidura de Ada Colau (in Spanish)
  5. 1 2 Jones, Sam (22 June 2021). "Spanish government pardons nine jailed Catalan leaders". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Nou govern: Joaquim Forn, l'home que dirigirà els Mossos l'1-O". Diari de Girona (in Catalan). Girona, Spain. EFE. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 "Joaquim Forn" (PDF) (in Catalan). Barcelona, Spain: Ajuntament de Barcelona. 13 June 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  8. 1 2 "Forn, el guardián del Govern: de ser golpeado por la Policía a comandar a los Mossos". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 1 September 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 Vila, Enric (30 July 2017). "Joaquim Forn, la Catalunya de orden". El Nacional (in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Hinojosa, Silvia (29 July 2017). "El conseller que gobierna a los Mossos". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  11. 1 2 "Joaquim Forn, pedigrí convergente para mandar a los Mossos el 1-O". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  12. 1 2 "Quim Forn, un activista sense por al capdavant dels Mossos". VilaWeb (in Catalan). 14 July 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  13. 1 2 "Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Junio 1999 - Mun. Barcelona" (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  14. 1 2 "Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2003 - Mun. Barcelona" (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
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  21. ↑ Dowsett, Sonya (9 June 2017). "Catalonia calls October referendum on independence from Spain". Reuters. London, U.K. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
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  33. ↑ "Catalonia referendum: Madrid representative apologises for police violence during vote". ABC News. Sydney, Australia. Reuters. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
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  39. ↑ Burgess, Sanya (27 October 2017). "Catalan votes for independence as Madrid approves direct rule". The National. Abu Dhabi, U.A.E. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  40. ↑ "Catalonia independence: Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament". BBC News. London, U.K. 28 October 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  41. ↑ Smith-Spark, Laura; Rebaza, Claudia (28 October 2017). "Catalonia government dissolved after declaring independence from Spain". CNN. Atlanta, U.S.A. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  42. ↑ "Charges of rebellion and sedition called for by Spain's attorney general against Puigdemont and other Catalan officials". The Local. Stockholm, Sweden. 1 November 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  43. ↑ Newton, Creede (30 October 2017). "Spain prosecutor files charges against Catalan leaders". Al Jazeera. Doha, Qatar. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  44. ↑ Baynes, Chris (30 October 2017). "Catalonia independence: Spanish state prosecutor says Catalan leaders will be charged with rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds". The Independent. London, U.K. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  45. ↑ "Catalan independence: Carles Puigdemont in Belgium, lawyer says". BBC News. London, UK. 31 October 2017. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  46. ↑ Stone, Jon (30 October 2017). "Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont has fled the country amid rebellion charges". The Independent. London, UK. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  47. ↑ Jones, Sam (31 October 2017). "Catalan leaders facing rebellion charges flee to Belgium". The Guardian. London, UK. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  48. ↑ "Catalonian leader Carles Puigdemont flees to Belgium amid accusations of sedition from Spain". ABC News. Sydney, Australia. 31 October 2017. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
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  55. ↑ Jones, Sam (2 November 2017). "Spanish judge jails eight members of deposed Catalan government". The Guardian. London, U.K. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  56. ↑ Minder, Raphael (2 November 2017). "Spanish Judge Jails 8 Catalan Separatists Before Trial". The New York Times. New York, U.S.A. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  57. ↑ "Eight deposed Catalan ministers sent to prison without bail". Catalan News Agency. Barcelona, Spain. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  58. ↑ "Jailed Catalonia leader Santi Vila to leave jail after paying bail". Reuters. London, U.K. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  59. ↑ Liñán, Gemma (3 November 2017). "Former Catalan minister Santi Vila leaves prison on 50,000 euro bail". El Nacional. Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  60. 1 2 "Lawyer alleges mistreatment of jailed ministers". Catalan News Agency. Barcelona, Spain. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  61. 1 2 3 Liñán, Gemma (3 November 2017). "Catalan ministers reportedly mistreated on way to prison". El Nacional. Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  62. 1 2 "Catalan jailed ministers suffered "unjustifiably vexatious" treatment, says lawyer". Catalan News Agency. Barcelona, Spain. 5 November 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  63. 1 2 3 Russell, Greg (7 November 2017). "Communities rally to show their support for imprisoned Catalan politicians". The Herald. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  64. ↑ "Las burlas de tres policías nacionales a los consellers en su salida hacia la cárcel". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
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  68. ↑ "Former Catalan leaders appear before supreme court in Madrid". The Guardian. London, U.K. 17 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  69. ↑ Castillo, Raquel (1 December 2017). "Former Catalan cabinet members appear before Supreme Court". Reuters. London, U.K. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  70. ↑ "Catalonia's ex-vice president Oriol Junqueras refused bail by Spanish Supreme Court". Deutsche Welle. Bonn, Germany. Agence France-Presse/Reuters/Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
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  72. ↑ Liñán, Gemma (4 December 2017). "Supreme Court judge releases Catalan ministers; Junqueras, Forn and 'Jordis' to stay in prison". El Nacional. Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  73. ↑ "Catalonia: Spanish court releases six secessionists on bail, ousted VP Oriol Junqueras still in custody". ABC News. Sydney, Australia. Associated Press/Reuters. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  74. ↑ Minder, Raphael (4 December 2012). "Judge Frees Some Jailed Catalan Separatists, but Holds Others". The New York Times. New York, U.S.A. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  75. ↑ Stone, Jon (4 December 2017). "Catalonia's former vice president kept in jail by Spanish judge as Puigdemont faces extradition deadline". The Independent. London, U.K. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  76. ↑ Parra, Aritz; Casert, Raf (5 December 2017). "4 Catalan separatists kept in jail as campaigning begins". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, U.S.A. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  77. ↑ "The Latest: Pro-Spain pol urges big turnout in Catalonia". Daily Herald. Chicago, U.S.A. Associated Press. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  78. ↑ Jones, Sam (4 December 2017). "Catalan's deposed vice-president to contest election from prison". The Guardian. London, U.K. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  79. 1 2 "Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2017: Composició del Parlament" (in Catalan). Generalitat de Catalunya. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  80. ↑ Russell, Greg (6 January 2018). "Catalan independence: Jailed minister's nativity decoration smashed". The National. Glasgow, U.K. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  81. ↑ De Sancha Rojo, María (5 January 2018). "Un pesebrista envía un belén a Junqueras en prisión y se lo devuelven roto y con un "Viva España"". HuffPost (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  82. ↑ "Hearing to decide on Catalan pro-independence leaders' incarceration underway". Catalan News Agency. Barcelona, Spain. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  83. ↑ Liñán, Gemma (11 January 2018). "Joaquim Forn says the only path to independence is constitutional reform". El Nacional. Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  84. ↑ "Jailed Catalan leaders give up on unilateral path to independence". Catalan News Agency. Barcelona, Spain. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  85. ↑ "Judge denies jailed Catalan VP to attend Parliament". Catalan News Agency. Barcelona, Spain. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  86. ↑ Liñán, Gemma (12 January 2018). "Judge refuses Junqueras's prison transfer request, lets Parliament decide on delegating his vote". El Nacional. Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  87. ↑ Russell, Greg (18 January 2018). "Jailed Catalan MPs vote by proxy as Roger Torrent becomes president". The National. Glasgow, U.K. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  88. ↑ "Roger Torrent, new Catalan Parliament president". Catalan News Agency. Barcelona, Spain. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  89. ↑ "Jailed Catalan minister gives up post as MP". Catalan News Agency. Barcelona, Spain. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  90. ↑ González, David (23 January 2018). "Forn resigns as a deputy to increase chances of release from prison". El Nacional. Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  91. ↑ "BUTLLETÍ OFICIAL DEL PARLAMENT DE CATALUNYA: XII legislatura · primer període · número 6 · dilluns 29 de gener de 2018" (PDF) (in Catalan). Barcelona, Spain: Parliament of Catalonia. 29 January 2018. p. 3. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  92. ↑ "Jailed pro-independence minister kept in jail". Catalan News Agency. Barcelona, Spain. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  93. ↑ Liñán, Gemma (2 February 2018). "Judge keeps Joaquim Forn in prison". El Nacional. Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  94. ↑ "Family anguish after judge refuses to free Catalan former minister Joaquim Forn". The National. Glasgow, U.K. 3 February 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  95. ↑ "Jailed Catalan minister Forn: "It's difficult, but I'm well"". El Nacional. Barcelona, Spain. 3 February 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  96. ↑ "High Commissioner's global update of human rights concerns". OHCHR. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  97. ↑ Congostrina, Alfonso L. (1 February 2019). "Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  98. ↑ "Trial of Catalan Independence Leaders Ends in Spain (Published 2019)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023.
  99. ↑ Violent clashes over Catalan separatist leaders' prison terms
  100. ↑ Catalan separatist leaders handed jail terms for independence bid
  101. ↑ Sentencia del ‘procés’: penas de 9 a 13 años para Junqueras y los otros líderes por sedición y malversación (in Spanish)
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