Johann Kaspar Hechtel | |
|---|---|
 Stipple engraving portrait by Leonhard Schlemmer (1800) after Leonhard Heinrich Hessell (1799) | |
| Born | Johann Kaspar Hechtel 1 May 1771 Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany |
| Died | 20 December 1799 (aged 28) Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation(s) | Businessman, writer, board game designer |
Johann Kaspar Hechtel (1 May 1771 – 20 December 1799) was a German businessman, owner of a brass factory in Nuremberg, non-fiction writer and designer of parlour games including the prototype for the Petit Lenormand cartomancy deck. According to published biographies, Hechtel also contributed anonymously to some treatises on physics.[1][2][3][4]
Early life
Death
Hechtel died on 20 December 1799 in Nuremberg during a smallpox epidemic and was survived by a wife.[1][2][5]
Works
- Sammlung freundschaftlicher Denkmale und kleine Lehren der Weisheit und Tugend. Zum Gebrauch in Stammbücher und zur Geistes- und Sittenveredlung junger Leute bestimmt. (Bieling, 1798)
- Second edition: Denkmale der Freundschaft und kleine Lehren der Weisheit und Tugend, zum Gebrauch in Stammbücher und Geistes- und Sittenveredlung junger Leute (Bieling, 1803)
- Third edition: Denkmale der Freundschaft für Stammbücher und moralische Lehren zur Sittenveredlung junger Personen (Bieling, 1809)
- Fourth edition: Denkmale der Freundschaft für Stammbücher und moralische Lehren zur Sittenveredlung junger Personen (Bieling, 1819)
- Beiträge zur geselligen Freude oder Auswahl neuer Karten- Pfänder- und Unterhaltungsspiele zum Nutzen und Vergnügen, mit illumirten Kupfern (Bieling, 1798)
- Pandora, ein neues Würfel- und Gesellschaftspiel mit 24 Fragen und 144 scherzhaften Antworten (Bieling, 1798)
- Das Spiel der Hoffnung, eine angenehme Gesellschaftsunterhaltung mit 36 neuen illumirten Figurenkarten, franz. und deutsch (Le Jeu de l'Esperance, accompagné d'un nouveau jeu de cartes à figures) (Bieling, c1799)
Das Spiel der Hoffnung Deck (c.1799)
1842 Edition, printed c.1890 in Germany
In the mid 19th century after the death of the famous French fortune-teller Marie Anne Lenormand, Lenormand's name was used on several cartomancy decks including a deck of 36 illustrated cards known as the Petit Lenormand or simply Lenormand cards still used extensively today. The 36 card Lenormand deck is modeled on a deck of cards published c1799 as part of Das Spiel der Hoffnung (The Game of Hope), a game of chance designed by Hechtel which was still being advertised in 1820. So-called Lenormand decks have the same card numbering, primary symbols and playing card associations as the cards in Hechtel's Das Spiel der Hoffnung game. Some examples of the game are included in an extensive collection of playing cards bequeathed to the British Museum by Lady Charlotte Schreiber. Das Spiel der Hoffnung is listed among Hechtel's works in an advertisement by publisher Gustav Philipp Jakob Bieling of Nuremberg dated 1799.[4][6][7][8][9]
The "Game of Hope" cards usually have their playing card equivalents displayed in the upper field or worked into the design, with either the German or French suits being used. Swiss decks (like the first editions of the "Game of Hope") had both the equivalent German and French cards in the upper field. It only uses the 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, and King of each suit, uses the Deuce (2 card) in the place of the Ace, and doesn't have Jokers.
The game can also be played with standard decks. The 54-card French deck discards both Jokers and the 2, 3, 4, and 5 of each suit, keeping the Ace and the Face Cards (King, Queen, and Jack). The 48-card German deck discards the 3, 4, and 5 of each suit. The German deck doesn't use Aces and renames the 2 as the Ass ("Ace") or Daus ("Deuce"), the 10 as the Panier ("Banner"), the Jack as the Unter (Untermann or "Lesser Knave", a sergeant or footman with the suit pip at the lower corner of the field), and the Queen as the Ober (Obermann or "Greater Knave", a knight or officer with the suit pip at the upper corner of the field).[note 1] The King (or Koenig) of each suit is shown crowned and holding a scepter and has one or two suit pips in the upper field.
| # | Card | German Suit | French Suit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Rider Cavalier | 9 of Hearts | (9 of Hearts) |
| 02 | Trefoil Clover | 6 of Hawkbells | (6 of Diamonds) |
| 03 | Ship | Panier of Leaves | (10 of Spades) |
| 04 | House | König of Hearts | (King of Hearts) |
| 05 | Tree / Trees | 7 of Hearts | (7 of Hearts) |
| 06 | Cloud / Clouds | König of Acorns | (King of Clubs) |
| 07 | Snake | Obermann of Acorns | (Queen of Clubs) |
| 08 | Coffin | 9 of Hawkbells | (9 of Diamonds) |
| 09 | Bouquet | Obermann of Leaves | (Queen of Spades) |
| 10 | Scythe | Untermann of Hawkbells | (Jack of Diamonds) |
| 11 | Whip Broom | Untermann of Acorns | (Jack of Clubs) |
| 12 | Birds (Vogeln) The Owl (Uhu) | 7 of Hawkbells | (7 of Diamonds) |
| 13 | The Child | Untermann of Leaves | (Jack of Spades) |
| 14 | The Fox | 9 of Acorns | (9 of Clubs) |
| 15 | The Bear | Panier of Acorns | (10 of Clubs) |
| 16 | The Star | 6 of Hearts | (6 of Hearts) |
| 17 | The Stork | Obermann of Hearts | (Queen of Hearts) |
| 18 | The Dog | Panier of Hearts | (10 of Hearts) |
| 19 | The Tower | 6 of Leaves | (6 of Spades) |
| 20 | The Garden | 8 of Leaves | (8 of Spades) |
| 21 | The Mountain | 8 of Acorns | (8 of Clubs) |
| 22 | The Crossroads | Obermann of Hawkbells | (Queen of Diamonds) |
| 23 | The Mouse / Mice | 7 of Acorns | (7 of Clubs) |
| 24 | The Heart | Untermann of Hearts | (Jack of Hearts) |
| 25 | The Ring | Daus of Acorns | (Ace of Clubs) |
| 26 | The Book | Panier of Hawkbells | (10 of Diamonds) |
| 27 | The Letter | 7 of Leaves | (7 of Spades) |
| 28 | Man Animus (Spirit) | Daus of Hearts | (Ace of Hearts) |
| 29 | Woman Anima (Spirit) | Daus of Leaves | (Ace of Spades) |
| 30 | Lilies | König of Leaves | (King of Spades) |
| 31 | The Sun | Daus of Hawkbells | (Ace of Diamonds) |
| 32 | The Moon | 8 of Hearts | (8 of Hearts) |
| 33 | The Key | 8 of Hawkbells | (8 of Diamonds) |
| 34 | Fishes | König of Hawkbells | (King of Diamonds) |
| 35 | The Anchor (Anker) Hope (Hoffnung) | 9 of Leaves | (9 of Clubs) |
| 36 | The Cross (Kreutz) | 6 of Acorns | (6 of Clubs) |
References
- 1 2 3 Will, Georg Andreas; Nopitsch, Christian Conrad (1805). Nürnbergisches Gelehrten-Lexicon: Sechster Theil von H-M. Altdorf bei Nürnberg.
- 1 2 3 Meusel, Johann Georg (1805). Lexikon der vom Jahr 1750 bis 1800 verstorbenen teutschen Schriftsteller, Band 5. Leipzig: Gerhard Fleischer.
- ↑ Kayser, Christian Gottlob (1835). Vollständiges Bücher-Lexikon 1750-1832: Dritter Theil H-L. Leipzig: Ludwig Schumann.
- 1 2 Humoristische Blätter für Kopf und Herz. Nuremberg: Gustav Philipp Jakob Bieling. 1799. p. 104.
- ↑ Veillodter, Valentin Karl (1800). Denkmal der Freundschaft bei dem Grabe eines würdigen Mannes, Herrn Johann Kaspar Hechtels, im Namen seiner hinterlassenen Gattin und seiner vertrautesten Freunde berichtet. Nuremberg.
- ↑ Hoffmann, Detlef; Kroppenstedt, Erika (1972). Wahrsagekarten: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Okkultismus. Bielefeld: Deutsches Spielkarten Museum. pp. 17, 21.
- ↑ O'Donoghue, Freeman Marius (1901). Catalogue of the Collection of Playing Cards Bequeathed to the Trustees of the British Museum by the late Lady Charlotte Schreiber. London: British Museum.
- ↑ Decker, Ronald; Depaulis, Thierry; Dummett, Michael (1996). A Wicked Pack of Cards: The Origins of the Occult Tarot. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company. pp. 141, 282. ISBN 9780715627136.
- ↑ Neue Jugendzeitung. Leipzig: Industrie Comptoir. 1820.
- ↑ The Obers and Unters of each suit are depicted with different weaponry depending on their suit. The Ober and Unter of Acorns carry a mace and bossed shield, the Ober and Unter of Leaves are military musicians (with the Ober playing the drum and the Unter playing the fife), the Ober and Unter of Hearts are armed with polearms or quarterstaves, and the Ober and Unter of Bells are armed with swords.