John M. Patterson
44th Governor of Alabama
In office
January 19, 1959 – January 14, 1963
LieutenantAlbert Boutwell
Preceded byJim Folsom
Succeeded byGeorge Wallace
36th Attorney General of Alabama
In office
January 17, 1955 – January 19, 1959
GovernorJim Folsom
Preceded byBernard Sykes
Succeeded byMacDonald Gallion
Personal details
Born
John Malcolm Patterson

(1921-09-27)September 27, 1921
Goldville, Alabama, U.S.
DiedJune 4, 2021(2021-06-04) (aged 99)
Goldville, Alabama, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouses
Gladys Broadwater
​
​
(m. 1942; div. 1945)​
    Mary Jo McGowin
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1947; div. 1975)​
      Tina Sawyer
      ​
      (m. 1975)​
      EducationUniversity of Alabama (LLB)
      Military service
      Allegiance United States
      Branch/service United States Army
      Years of service1939–1945
      1951–1953
      Rank Major
      Battles/warsWorld War II
      Korean War

      John Malcolm Patterson (September 27, 1921 – June 4, 2021) was an American politician. He served one term as Attorney General of Alabama from 1955 to 1959, and, at age 37, served one term as the 44th Governor of Alabama from 1959 to 1963.[1]

      His turbulent tenure as governor was roiled by numerous civil rights protests and a long-running extramarital affair with Tina Sawyer, a mother-of-two who would eventually become his third wife.[2] Patterson sought and ran with the support of the Ku Klux Klan when he won the governorship of Alabama in 1958.[3][4] As governor, he was staunchly pro-segregation. He expressed regret for this position later in life.[5]

      Patterson came to wider attention in the mid-1950s when he and his father Albert (who was murdered in 1954) fought against criminal organizations who controlled the town of Phenix City, Alabama. In 2003, Patterson was the presiding judge over former Chief Justice Roy Moore's appeal against his removal from the Alabama Supreme Court.[6]

      Early life and career

      Patterson was born in Goldville in Tallapoosa County in east central Alabama. He was the son of Agnes Louise (née Benson) and Albert Patterson, both schoolteachers.[7] His father later became an attorney.[8]

      At age 18, on March 27, 1940,[9] he joined the United States Army for World War II and served in the North African, Sicilian, Italian, Southern France, German campaigns, and served on Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff.[10] In 1945, he left the Army at the rank of major, and earned a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Alabama School of Law at Tuscaloosa. He was recalled to active duty in the Army from 1951 to 1953 during the Korean War and stationed in Europe.[11] After his military service, he joined his father Albert Patterson's law practice.[12]

      Attorney General of Alabama

      In 1954, Patterson's father ran for state attorney general in the state's Democratic primary on a platform promising to eliminate crime in the mob-controlled town of Phenix City, where he lived and across the state. At the time, Alabama was a de facto one-party state dominated by the Democrats, and the Democratic nominee was all but assured of election. Albert Patterson was fatally shot in Phenix City by an unknown assailant on June 18, 1954, less than two weeks after winning the Democratic nomination. As expected, John Patterson replaced his father on the ballot and won the general election handily. The film The Phenix City Story (1955) was based on these events, and actor Richard Kiley portrayed Patterson in that film.[13]

      Patterson continued to challenge organized crime but became better known for his actions in opposition to civil rights. Following the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which ordered an end to racial segregation in public schools, Patterson coordinated action in half a dozen Southern states against the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. When the NAACP failed to register as an out-of-state organization, he used this technicality to ban it from operating in the state.[14][15] Historian Dan T. Carter describes this as "a conspiracy to deprive Black southerners of their civil rights."[16] Patterson also instituted legal action to defeat boycotts by Tuskegee blacks against white businesses.[15]

      Governor of Alabama

      In 1958, Patterson ran for governor of Alabama on a platform of strong law enforcement and segregation, citing his background in Phenix City and his crime-fighting efforts as attorney general. His segregationalist stand resulted in a campaign endorsement from the Ku Klux Klan.[15] He commented: "If a school is ordered to be integrated, it will be closed down."[17] Patterson won the Democratic primary against future governor George Wallace[18] and other candidates.[15] Patterson became the second-youngest governor in Alabama history and the first to move directly from the post of the attorney general to the governor.[19]

      During Patterson's tenure, the Alabama legislature increased funding for highways, inland waterways, old age pensions,[20] schools, and mental health facilities.[21] Laws curtailing loan sharking were also passed.[21] During his term as governor, Patterson embarked on a long-running extramarital affair with Tina Sawyer, a woman who would eventually become his third wife. Rumors of the affair spread throughout Montgomery, and Alabamians remarked that his infidelity affected his political career.[2] The affair eventually led to the end of his second marriage. While Patterson was governor, black students who staged a sit-in at Alabama State University were expelled on his instruction, and he defended Alabama's voter registration policies against federal criticism.[15]

      Role in the Bay of Pigs invasion

      In 1959, Patterson was approached by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to allow Alabama Air National Guardsmen to help train pilots preparing for an invasion of Fidel Castro's Cuba. Assured that the project had the backing of President Dwight D. Eisenhower (Patterson had served on Eisenhower's staff during the war),[10] Patterson gave his assent.[22]

      During the 1960 presidential campaign, Patterson was among a handful of Southern governors who backed John F. Kennedy for president. He raised money, collected delegates loyal to Kennedy within the state of Alabama, and led the state's delegation to the 1960 Democratic convention in Los Angeles. Patterson informed Kennedy of the Cuban invasion plan, thinking that invading before election day would have benefited Kennedy's Republican opponent, Vice President Richard Nixon.[23] Only a few months into his presidency, Kennedy approved a modified version of the invasion plan, the Bay of Pigs Invasion.[24]

      Response to the Freedom Rides

      In 1961, the Freedom Riders rode through Birmingham, Alabama, and were met with violence from members of the Alabama Ku Klux Klan. Patterson denounced the riders as "rabble-rousers" and refused to protect them. President Kennedy attempted to call Patterson, seeking a resolution to the violence, but Patterson refused his calls. A Kennedy representative publicly offered assistance to Patterson in front of reporters, to which Patterson responded "We don’t need your marshals. We don’t want them, and we didn’t ask for them. And still the federal government sends them here to help put down a disturbance which it helped create."[1]

      US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy sent Assistant Attorney General John Seigenthaler to meet in-person with Patterson to organize protections for the riders. Patterson agreed to dispatch Alabama state police, but concluded protecting the riders was too costly politically and revoked the protection order. Seigenthaler was attacked in the subsequent riot, fracturing his skull and multiple ribs. The Kennedy brothers responded to Patterson's negligence by dispatching US Marshals, including Chief Marshall James J. P. McShane, to Montgomery.[25]

      Failed election bids

      Patterson left office in 1963; the Constitution of Alabama did not allow governors to run for immediate reelection. His Democratic opponent from 1958, George Wallace, succeeded him. In 1966 Patterson ran a second time for governor but was defeated by Wallace's wife, Lurleen, who was widely understood to be a surrogate candidate for her husband.[26]

      In 1970, Patterson unsuccessfully contested the Democratic nomination for the post of Alabama Chief Justice, losing to future U.S. Senator Howell Heflin.[27]

      Later public life

      From the late 1970s through the 1980s, Patterson taught American government at Troy State University. During part of this time, George Wallace Jr.[28] was an administrator at the school. During the same period, one-time California Superintendent of Public Instruction, Max Rafferty, headed the education department. In 1984, Governor George Wallace appointed Patterson to the intermediate Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals, on which he was re-elected[29] until his retirement from it in 1997.[30][31]

      In 2003, Patterson was appointed chief justice of a "Special Supreme Court" that tried the case of Alabama Chief Justice Roy Moore, who appealed his removal from office after he had refused to remove a monument of the Ten Commandments from the courthouse despite orders from a federal court judge to do so. The special court ruled that Moore's removal was legal.[6]

      A 90-minute documentary on Patterson was completed in 2007 by Alabama filmmaker Robert Clem. Entitled John Patterson: In the Wake of the Assassins, the film features an extended interview with Patterson himself as well as with journalists, historians, and such figures as John Seigenthaler of The Tennessean, an aide to Robert F. Kennedy at the time of the Freedom Rides.[32]

      Patterson endorsed Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election.[33] Patterson publicly regretted his support of segregated schools. He said that during his era, any suggestion of ending racial bars in public schools was a political third rail in Alabama.[34]

      When I became governor, there were 14 of us running for governor that time and all 14 of us were outspoken for segregation in the public schools ... And if you had been perceived not to have been strong for that, you would not have won ... I regret that, but there was not anything I could do about it but to live with it.[5]

      An authorized biography of Patterson entitled Nobody but the People, written by historian Warren Trest, was published in 2008 by New South Books.[35][36][37]

      Personal life and death

      John Malcolm Patterson was married three times. He married his first wife, Gladys Broadwater, in 1942. Patterson soon regretted the marriage, and he and Gladys divorced soon after he entered university.[38] He married his second wife, Mary Jo McGowin, in 1947.[39][40] During this marriage, Patterson engaged in a long-running extramarital affair with another woman, Tina Sawyer. Although Mary Jo was deeply affected by the affair, news of which damaged Patterson's reputation, she stayed in the marriage and eventually became accustomed to his dalliance.[41] After 28 years of marriage and citing infidelity, Mary Jo Patterson filed for divorce; it was finalized on June 10, 1975. Patterson married Sawyer on September 30, 1975. Mary Jo died in 1985.[42]

      Patterson was the last living U.S. governor who assumed office in the 1950s. He died at his home in Goldville on June 4, 2021, 115 days short of his 100th birthday. At the time of his death, he was the last living former U.S. governor who served in the 1950s.[43]

      Electoral history

      Alabama gubernatorial election, 1958:

      Democratic primary:[44]
      • John Malcolm Patterson – 196,859 (31.82%)
      • George Wallace – 162,435 (26.26%)
      • James H. Faulkner – 91,512 (14.79%)
      • A. W. Todd – 59,240 (9.58%)
      • Laurie Battle – 38,955 (6.30%)
      • George C. Hawkins – 24,332 (3.93%)
      • C. C. Owen – 15,270 (2.47%)
      • Karl Harrison – 12,488 (2.02%)
      • Billy Walker – 7,963 (1.29%)
      • W. E. Dodd – 4,753 (0.77%)
      • John G. Crommelin – 2,245 (0.36%)
      • Shearen Elebash – 1,177 (0.19%)
      • James Gulatte – 798 (0.13%)
      • Shorty Price – 655 (0.11%)
      Democratic primary runoff:[45]
      • John Malcolm Patterson – 315,353 (55.74%)
      • George Wallace – 250,451 (44.27%)
      General election:[46]
      • John Malcolm Patterson (D) – 234,583 (88.22%)
      • William Longshore (R) – 30,415 (11.44%)
      • William Jackson (I) – 903 (0.34%)

      1966 Alabama gubernatorial election

      Democratic primary:[47]
      • Lurleen Wallace – 480,841 (54.10%)
      • Richmond Flowers – 172,386 (19.40%)
      • Carl A. Elliot – 71,972 (8.10%)
      • Bob Gilchrist – 49,502 (5.57%)
      • Charles Woods – 41,148 (4.63%)
      • John Malcolm Patterson – 31,011 (3.49%)
      • Jim Folsom – 24,145 (2.72%)
      • A. W. Todd – 9,013 (1.01%)
      • Sherman Powell – 7,231 (0.81%)
      • Eunice Gore – 1,589 (0.18%)

      Election of Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court, 1970:

      Democratic primary:[48]

      Further reading

      • Grafton, Carl; Permaloff, Anne (September 1, 2008). Big Mules and Branchheads: James E. Folsom and Political Power in Alabama. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-3188-1.

      References

      1. 1 2 Lyman, Brian (June 5, 2021). "John Patterson, Alabama governor during Freedom Rides, dies at 99". The Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
      2. 1 2 Howard, Gene L. (May 21, 2008). Patterson for Alabama: The Life and Career of John Patterson. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817316051.
      3. ↑ Carter, Dan T. (1995). The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 94. ISBN 0-684-80916-8. OCLC 32739924.
      4. ↑ Mccabe, Daniel (writer, director, producer), Paul Stekler (writer, director, producer), Steve Fayer (writer) (2000). George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Fire (Documentary). Boston, USA: American Experience.
      5. 1 2 Gordon, Tom (January 20, 2009). "Former segregationist Gov. John Patterson now supports first black President". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
      6. 1 2 "WSFA TV Montgomery, AL – Moore Appeal Denied". Archived from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
      7. ↑ Colurso, Mary (June 5, 2021). "Former Alabama Gov. John Patterson dead at 99". Alabama Media Group. Advance Publications Inc. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
      8. ↑ Alabama Department of Archives and History (June 6, 1959). "Alabama Official and Statistical Register". Brown Printing Company. Retrieved June 6, 2021 – via Google Books.
      9. ↑ Chitwood, Tim (June 24, 2017). "Murder, vengeance and memory: John Patterson recalls the Phenix City that launched his career". Ledger-Enquirer. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
      10. 1 2 Moseley, Brandon (June 7, 2021). "Former Alabama Gov. John Patterson dies at 99". Alabama Political Reporter. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
      11. ↑ "John M. Patterson (1959-63)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
      12. ↑ "Segregationist former Alabama Gov. John Patterson dies at 99". POLITICO. Associated Press. June 6, 2021.
      13. ↑ Eder, Bruce. "The Phenix City Story". AllMovie. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
      14. ↑ "Patterson, John Malcolm". The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. Stanford University. July 5, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
      15. 1 2 3 4 5 "Alabama Governors: John Malcolm Patterson". Alabama Department of Archives and History. February 7, 2014. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
      16. ↑ Carter, Dan T. (1995). The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 92. ISBN 0-684-80916-8. OCLC 32739924.
      17. ↑ Hanna-Jones, Nikole (September 6, 2017). "The Resegrgation of Jefferson County". New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
      18. ↑ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (October 3, 2012). "On Race-Hustling". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
      19. ↑ "John Patterson Obituary (1921 - 2021) - Alexander City, AL - The Birmingham News". obits.al.com.
      20. ↑ Jenkins, Ray (June 5, 2021). "John Patterson, Alabama governor who embodied Southern defiance to civil rights, dies at 99". Washington Post. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
      21. 1 2 "Segregationist former Alabama Gov. John Patterson dies at 99". AP NEWS. June 5, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
      22. ↑ "Segregationist former Alabama Gov. John Patterson dies at 99". Apnews.com. June 5, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
      23. ↑ Seymour M. Hersh, The Dark Side of Camelot (1997), Chapter 12.
      24. ↑ "THE BAY OF PIGS". JFK Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
      25. ↑ Moye, Todd; Arsenault, Raymond (August 1, 2007). "Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice". The Journal of Southern History. 73 (3): 749. doi:10.2307/27649549. ISSN 0022-4642. JSTOR 27649549.
      26. ↑ "John Patterson authors book".
      27. ↑ Beyerle, Dana. "Former Sen. Howell Heflin, 83, dies - News - Tuscaloosa News - Tuscaloosa, AL". Tuscaloosa News. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
      28. ↑ Wallace, George Jr (June 15, 2021). "A tribute to John Patterson and a life well lived". Alabama Today. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
      29. ↑ Summers, Jerry (March 4, 2020). "John Patterson – Alabama Governor (1921- )". The Chattanoogan. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
      30. ↑ "Former Alabama Gov. John Patterson dies at 99". www.msn.com. June 5, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
      31. ↑ Williams, Jordan (June 5, 2021). "Former Alabama Gov. John Patterson dies at 99". TheHill. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
      32. ↑ "Water Front Pix – Watched out to the water infront of you". Water Front Pix. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
      33. ↑ Wade, Gary (October 29, 2021). "The Presiding Judge". Cityview. Retrieved December 2, 2021. Having promised to "clean up" the graft and corruption in Phenix City, just across the border from Fort Benning, Georgia, he was shot and killed as a part of a conspiracy involving one of his opponents.... In 2008, while continuing to express regret for his opposition to the integration of schools when governor, he publicly endorsed Barack Obama for the presidency.
      34. ↑ "The challenge of reconciliation: When John Lewis, Freedom Riders met Gov. John Patterson". Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
      35. ↑ Howard, Gene (2008). Patterson for Alabama: The Life and Career of John Patterson. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-8173-1605-1.
      36. ↑ Clem, Robert. "In the Wake of the Assassins". One State Films.
      37. ↑ Trest, Warren (2008). Nobody but the People: The Life and Times of Alabama's Youngest Governor. Montgomery, Alabama: New South Books. p. 496. ISBN 978-1-58838-221-4.
      38. ↑ Howard, Gene L. (May 21, 2008). Patterson for Alabama: The Life and Career of John Patterson. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817316051.
      39. ↑ Howard, Gene L. (May 21, 2008). Patterson for Alabama: The Life and Career of John Patterson. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817316051.
      40. ↑ "OBITUARIES: Patterson, John". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. June 8, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
      41. ↑ Howard, Gene L. (May 21, 2008). Patterson for Alabama: The Life and Career of John Patterson. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817316051.
      42. ↑ Howard, Gene L. (May 21, 2008). Patterson for Alabama: The Life and Career of John Patterson. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817316051.
      43. ↑ Wade, Gary. "The Presiding Judge". Cityview. Retrieved November 22, 2023.
      44. ↑ "Our Campaigns - AL Governor - D Primary Race - May 06, 1958". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
      45. ↑ "Our Campaigns - AL Governor - D Runoff Race - Jun 03, 1958". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
      46. ↑ "Our Campaigns - AL Governor Race - Nov 04, 1958". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
      47. ↑ "Our Campaigns - AL Governor - D Primary Race - May 03, 1966". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
      48. ↑ "Our Campaigns - AL State Supreme Court Chief Justice - D Primary Race - May 05, 1970". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
      49. ↑ Barnes, Margaret Anne (2002). The Tragedy and the Triumph of Phenix City Alabama (Revised ed.). Georgia: Mercer University Press. p. 350. ISBN 0-86554-613-4.
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