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July 26, 1923: Ill from food poisoning, Warren G. Harding (in top hat) becomes first U.S. President to visit Canada
July 20, 1923: Mexican bandit Pancho Villa shot to death in Mexico
July 4, 1923: Remote town of Shelby, Montana, bankrupted by staging heavyweight boxing bout

The following events occurred in July 1923:

July 1, 1923 (Sunday)

  • The Chinese Immigration Act went into effect in Canada to bar Chinese immigrants (including those from Hong Kong) from coming to the Dominion of Canada, with only a few exceptions for foreign students and diplomats (whose stay was to be temporary), wealthy merchants and those who qualified for admission under "special circumstance".[1] The Act would remain the law in Canada for more than 24 years until its repeal on May 14, 1947.
  • The Belgian airline Sabena, founded on May 23, inaugurated commercial service with a flight from Brussels to London with a stopover in Ostend.
  • France passed a naval budget providing for the construction of four new submarines.[2]
  • Born:

July 2, 1923 (Monday)

  • Pope Pius XI sent a letter to the papal nuncio in Berlin appealing to Germany to make every effort to make its payment obligations and cease its resistance campaign which removed the possibility of coming to an agreement.[3]
  • A railway accident in Romania killed 63 people at the station in Vinty-Leanca, between Ploiești and Buzău when a mail train was diverted onto a platform where a passenger train had stopped.[4]
  • The Allied delegates at the Conference of Lausanne made their final offer to Turkey to settle the matter of reparations.[5]
  • Exactly one month before his death, U.S. President Warren G. Harding "realized a boyhood ambition" by being allowed to drive a railway locomotive. Harding "took a lesson from the engineer in regard to the functions of the various buttons which are used in turning power off and on, giving signals and otherwise operating the engine" and drove the 10-car presidential train on a steep downgrade through the Bitterroot Mountains in Montana.[6] After arriving in Spokane, Washington later in the day, Harding spoke out against "ultra-conservationists". Noting that "another century will give us a population of 300,000,000", Harding said, "There was a time when the public domain was thought of as a treasure house of potential wealth to be locked up against the day when we should need it... As a matter of fact, that would prevent it from being ready when needed." In the same speech, however, he said that he would urge Congress upon his return to Washington to add 400,000 acres (160,000 ha) to Yellowstone National Park after having visited for two days.[7]
  • What would become the first "perfect copy" of the printed Gutenberg Bible in the United States was purchased at an auction in London by an agent for the Rosenbach Company of New York and Philadelphia, a dealer in rare books, for the amount of £9,000 pounds, $43,350 in the dollar to pound exchange rate at the time and equivalent to $750,000 a century later.[8][9]
  • An unauthorized dockworkers' strike began in England protesting the reduction of wages by a shilling a day.[10]
  • Henry Segrave of the United Kingdom won the French Grand Prix.[11]
  • Born: Wisława Szymborska, Polish writer and 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate for her "poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"; in Prowent (d. 2012)

July 3, 1923 (Tuesday)

  • President Harding visited the small town of Meacham, Oregon to speak at a celebration commemorating the 80th anniversary of the 1843 founding of the Oregon Trail.[12] While it does not appear to have been part of his prepared speech [13] a reporter wrote that Meacham was "the capital of the United States all day long," [14] although even if the remark had been made, Harding, the reporters and most of his audience would have been aware that the U.S. president has no authority to move the national seat of government from Washington.[15] Nevertheless, a historic marker at Meacham includes the statement that "On July 3, 1923, reporters noted that on July 3, 1923, Meacham was the capitol [sic] of the U.S. when President Harding stopped and participated in the exercises commemorating the eightieth anniversary of the covered wagon migration of 1843."[16]
  • Four German civilians were shot by Belgian soldiers after violating a curfew that had been imposed in the Ruhr occupation zone. The curfew, and the "shoot on sight" order had been put into effect immediately after eight Belgian soldiers had been killed in the June 30 bombing of the Duisburg-Hochfeld Railway Bridge, and took place in Buer, 25 miles (40 km) from Gelsenkirchen.[17]
  • Born: Bankole Timothy, Sierra Leonean journalist and author; in Freetown (d. 1994)

July 4, 1923 (Wednesday)

  • Champion Jack Dempsey and challenger Tommy Gibbons fought in a boxing bout staged in the small town of Shelby, Montana, in front of a crowd of less than 20,000 people, most of whom did not buy a ticket.[18] Dempsey defeated Gibbons by decision to retain the World Heavyweight Championship, but the bout is mostly remembered as a debacle for the promoters who lost a fortune staging it in the remote oil town hoping to attract investors.[19] The $116,000 lost by promoters [20] would be equivalent to more than two million dollars a century later [21] Figures the next day showed that only 7,202 people paid to see the bout, but that the rentals of motion pictures would drop the deficit to $70,000.[22]
  • A massive Ku Klux Klan rally, the largest in the organization's history, was held in Kokomo, Indiana. Attendance estimates ran as high as 200,000.[23]
  • Stunt pilot B. H. DeLay was killed at the age of 31, along with a passenger, business owner R. I. Short, while performing in an airshow at Ocean Park in Venice, California. The wings of his airplane, the Wasp, collapsed as he was flying a loop-the-loop and the craft plunged downward. A subsequent investigation of the wreckage showed that the nuts and bolts for the wings had been tampered with in an act of sabotage [24] although no person was ever charged with a crime.
  • Born: Bernard Loomis, American toy developer and marketing coordinator who built up the Mattel, Kenner and Hasbro companies and conceived the idea of cartoon shows based on toys; in the Bronx, New York City (d. 2006) [25]

July 5, 1923 (Thursday)

  • Martial law was ended in the Kingdom of Egypt for the first time in almost nine years, with the release of 250 political prisoners who had been sentenced by British military courts during and after the outbreak of World War One.[26]
  • Ethel Barrymore was granted a divorce from Russell G. Colt in Providence, Rhode Island court on grounds of nonsupport. Neither principal was present, but testimony taken by deposition for the court was entered in which Barrymore said that Colt had struck her on numerous occasions.[27]
  • U.S. President Warren G. Harding and his entourage left Tacoma, Washington on the U.S. Navy transport USS Henderson headed for Alaska.[28]

July 6, 1923 (Friday)

July 7, 1923 (Saturday)

  • A spokesman for the White House announced that President Harding's tour of the United States had been extended by two days. The telegram from Walter Brown said "Impossible to omit Santa Catalina trip without greatly disappointing Mrs. Harding. Have therefore arranged for President to sail from San Diego Aug. 6", after which the president's ship would travel down the coast of Mexico and Central America, passing through the Panama Canal and taking him back around the Gulf Coast and Atlantic Coast to return home.[32]
  • Bill Johnston defeated Frank Hunter to win the men's championship at Wimbledon. Both finalists at Britain's premier tennis tournament were American.[33]
  • American baseball pitcher Francis "Lefty" O'Doul, later enshrined in the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame as an organizer, entered a game for the Boston Red Sox as a reliever and, in a single inning, gave up 13 runs to the host Cleveland Indians before being pulled back out. Cleveland went on to win the game, 27 to 3, having scored in every inning to set an American League record.[34][35]
  • The kingdoms of Romania and Yugoslavia signed a mutual defense treaty at Bucharest.
  • The French Chamber of Deputies ratified the Washington Naval Treaty.[36]

July 8, 1923 (Sunday)

  • President Warren G. Harding arrived at Metlakatla, Alaska on the ship USS Henderson, becoming the first president to visit the future U.S. state.[37][38]
  • In Czechoslovakia, woman deputy Betta Kerpiskova introduced a bill that would make bigamy mandatory, as it required all men to take two wives as a means of replenishing the population lost in the years of the war. Wives of the deputies shouted down the bill from the gallery, and one speaker said Czechoslovakia would face ridicule around the world if the law was passed. The session was adjourned after a shouting match.[39]
  • The bodies of Takeo Arishima and his wife were found in the Japanese novelist's villa. They both committed suicide by hanging but were not found for a month.[40]
  • Born: Harrison Dillard, American track and field athlete and 1948 and 1952 Olympic gold medalist; in Cleveland (d. 2019)[41]
  • Died: Augustine Tuillerie, 89, French children's book writer who used "G. Bruno" as her pen name

July 9, 1923 (Monday)

July 10, 1923 (Tuesday)

July 11, 1923 (Wednesday)

  • France notified Britain that it would not accept an international conference to discuss the German reparations problem. "The reparations commission was legally created by the Versailles treaty to handle the problem and this cannot be transferred elsewhere without violating the treaty", a spokesperson for the government said.[54]
  • Harry Frazee sold the Boston Red Sox to a group led by Bob Quinn for $1.25 million.[55][56]
  • Born: Dan Berry, American cartoonist (d. 1997)

July 12, 1923 (Thursday)

  • British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin made a speech before the House of Commons about the issue of German reparations and the occupation of the Ruhr, stating that "if we ask Germany to pay in excess of her capacity we shall not succeed ... We are convinced that an indefinite continuation of this state of affairs is fraught with great peril. Germany herself appears to be moving fast towards economic chaos, which may itself be succeeded by social and industrial ruin." Baldwin proposed that an impartial body be allowed to investigate Germany's capacity to pay.[57]
  • Turkey and Poland signed a trade agreement.[58]
  • Before 100,000 paying customers, the largest crowd up to that time to watch a boxing bout, heavyweight Luis Ángel Firpo of Argentina knocked out former world champion Jess Willard at the Boyle's Thirty Acres arena in Jersey City, New Jersey.[59]
  • Born:
  • Died:

July 13, 1923 (Friday)

Andrews

July 14, 1923 (Saturday)

July 15, 1923 (Sunday)

  • The Soviet Union's first national airline, Dobrolet, began operations by making a flight from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod to inaugurate regularly scheduled commercial passenger service in the U.S.S.R.; the state-owned company's name would be changed to Aeroflot in 1932.
  • The government of Egypt banned its Muslim citizens from making the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, as well as its annual subsidy to the Kingdom of Hejaz, after King Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz barred the Egyptian medical escort caravan from accompanying the Egyptian pilgrims into the kingdom. The custom of sending a medical mission as part of the Hajj was "a precaution rendered necessary by the total lank of sanitary protection in the Hedjaz", and Hussein's decree was made on grounds that the escort was an infringement on Hejazi independence.[67]
  • U.S. President Warren G. Harding symbolically completed construction of the Alaska Railroad by using a hammer to drive the golden spike linking the rails that had been built from different directions, in a ceremony near the town of Nenana.[68][69]
  • The Italian parliament passed Benito Mussolini's electoral reform law by a vote of 303 to 140 which permitted gerrymandering favorable to the incumbent Fascist Party.[70]
  • Bobby Jones, a 21-year-old amateur from the U.S. state of Georgia, won his first career major golf championship at the U.S. Open, defeating Bobby Cruickshank of Scotland.[71]
  • French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré made a speech to the senate rejecting almost every item of Stanley Baldwin's speech, saying that "we wish only that the treaty signed by twenty-eight powers shall not be considered an antediluvian fossil and placed in an archaeological museum after four years. It seems that we ask too much. Certain friends say to make concessions for a common interest. Since the end of the armistice we have done nothing but make concessions. We are at the end of making concessions because until now we stood all the costs ... Instead of helping us obtain payment Germany has organized resistance, forcing us to accentuate the pressure. We thus are not responsible for the resulting situation."[72]
  • Born: Herb Sargent (pen name for Herbert Supowitz), American television producer and comedy writer known for the co-creation of the popular Weekend Update feature on Saturday Night Live; in Philadelphia (d. 2005)
  • Died:

July 16, 1923 (Monday)

July 17, 1923 (Tuesday)

  • Nearly all of the Philippine-born officials of the territorial government of the U.S.-controlled Philippines resigned in protest over the actions of U.S. Governor-General Leonard Wood. The entire Council of State and the Filipino members of Wood's cabinet walked out after Wood had reinstated an American official who had been charged with bribery. Manuel Quezon, who quit as president of the Philippine Senate, sent a cable message to U.S. president Harding, saying "We welcome the present crisis because it will call the attention of Congress to the need of a definite status of government here. In the resignations of members of the Council of State and departmental secretaries, there is no attack on the sovereign power of the United States, nor a challenge to the authority of its representative in the Philippine Islands... but it is a protest against the encroachment of the Governor-General on the constitutional rights already enjoyed by the Filipino people, against usurpation of power in direct violation of existing laws."[77]
  • A libel trial opened in England between Lord Alfred Douglas and The Morning Post of London. Douglas was suing the newspaper for printing a letter from a Jewish correspondent saying that it must no longer be a paying proposition for men like Douglas "to invent vile insults against the Jews." This remark was a reference to Douglas' newspaper, Plain English, which regularly printed antisemitic articles alleging Jewish conspiracies.[78][79]
  • Born:

July 18, 1923 (Wednesday)

July 19, 1923 (Thursday)

July 20, 1923 (Friday)

Villa's bullet-riddled 1915 Dodge [83]
  • General Pancho Villa, the retired guerrilla leader who had led the Mexican Revolution that forced out President Porfirio Díaz and brought Francisco I. Madero to power in 1911, was shot dead along with his assistant Daniel Tamayo, his chauffeur Miguel Trujillo, and two bodyguards, Rafael Madreno and Claro Huertado. Villa and his entourage had traveled from his ranch in Canutillo to the nearby town of Hidalgo del Parral to pick up cash to pay his employees. As he was being driven through town on his way back home, Villa was shot by a group of seven men who fired more than 40 rounds into his automobile.[84] Villa, who had caused the deaths of countless numbers of people, was hit by nine bullets and killed instantly, along with all but one of his bodyguards.[85] Only Ramon Contreras, who was wounded but killed one of the gunmen, survived.[86] Reports from Mexico suggested that the assassination had been commissioned by Francisco Herrera, whose father and three brothers had been executed by Villa during the Revolution, and the death "was accepted as life answering for life."[87]
  • A survey by the Carnegie Institute concluded that Germany was unable to pay any further reparations at this time because all the country's movable capital had been exhausted.[88]
  • Born:

July 21, 1923 (Saturday)

July 22, 1923 (Sunday)

July 23, 1923 (Monday)

  • Two trains collided in Bulgaria near the city of Pleven, and the reports of the number of dead was unclear from reports. A dispatch the next day reported 103 killed and 200 injured.[95][96] A followup report declared that 200 people died and 300 were injured in the accident "in which an engine and 11 coaches were derailed and flattened by the contact" and added "From 10 coaches, no one escaped alive." [97] The next dispatch from Havas, the Bulgarian news agency, reported that the toll was 8 persons killed and about 20 injured and that "The correpondent's dispatch does not bear out published reports that the death list would mount into hundreds." [98][99]
  • The chiefs of 16 Squamish villages in the Canadian provinces of the British Columbia signed an agreement to form the Squamish Nation (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw), which now administers 24 Indian Reserves as one of the First Nations governments.[100]
  • In the Rif War in Morocco between France and the indigenous Arabs, the 6th Battalion of the 1st regiment of the French Foreign Legion attempted an attack on Tagzhout Hill and lost 18 men killed and 36 wounded.
  • An attempt by Labour to get the House of Commons to call for an international disarmament conference was spurned by Stanley Baldwin and the Conservatives, who believed that the time was not right.[101]
  • Norman Clyde became the first person to ascend an 8,610 feet (2,620 m) mountain summit in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana,[102] one of 11 first ascents that he made in 36 days of climbing 36 different mountains, and out of 130 first ascents that he made in his lifetime. Park officials named the summit Clyde Peak in his honor.
  • Born: Morris Halle, Latvian-born American linguist and pioneer in the study of phonology; as Moriss Pinkovics in Liepaja (d. 2018)
  • Died: Charles Dupuy, 71, three-time Prime Minister of France (1893, 1894-1895 and 1898-1899)

July 24, 1923 (Tuesday)

July 25, 1923 (Wednesday)

July 26, 1923 (Thursday)

  • At 11:00 in the morning, Warren G. Harding became the first U.S. President to visit Canada, disembarking from the U.S.S. Henderson at Vancouver on his way back from Alaska. After a luncheon and a round of golf at the Shaughnessy Heights Golf Club, President Harding addressed a crowd of 50,000 people at Stanley Park as the guest of British Columbia Premier John Oliver.[107] At 7:00 in the evening, the Canadian government hosted a formal dinner in honor of the President and Mrs. Harding at the Hotel Vancouver, after which the presidential party returned to the Henderson.[108] While the ship was traveling through Puget Sound on the way from Vancouver to Seattle, President Harding dined on crab and became ill in the evening. According to The New York Times summary of the physician report three days later, "The President's indisposition is attributed primarily to eating crabs on the transport Henderson.... That night President Harding had severe pains in the abdomen and had a generally disagreeable time." [109]
  • Johnny Dundee beat Eugène Criqui by 15-round decision to win the World Featherweight Boxing Title at the Polo Grounds in New York City.[110][111]
  • Donald Macadie of England was granted British patent 200,977 for his invention of the volt-ohm-milliammeter (or "multimeter") which could measure electrical voltage, resistance and current.
  • The Yugoslavian royal family announced the engagement of Prince Paul of Yugoslavia and Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark.
  • Born:

July 27, 1923 (Friday)

  • The first opera performance in what is now Israel took place at a movie theater in Tel Aviv, where former Russian conductor Mordechai Golinkin had organized the Eretz-Israeli Opera Company. Golinkin conducted an orchestra for the performance of Giuseppe Verdi's La Traviata.
  • President Harding arrived in Seattle, where he delivered what would be his last major speech. He spoke at the University of Washington's Husky Stadium, addressing the audience about the future of the Alaska Territory, where he had stayed a few days earlier. "Alaska is designed for ultimate Statehood," Harding said, although he was only referring to a portion of it. Harding told the audience, "In a very few years we can well set off the Panhandle and a large block of the connecting southeastern part as a State. This region now contains easily 90 percent of the white population and of the developed resources. As to the remainder of the territory, I would leave the Alaskans of the future to decide."[113][114]
  • The Republican Party announced that President Harding's scheduled July 31 speech from the San Francisco Civic Auditorium would be heard on a nationwide radio broadcast by as many as five million people, with the aid of telephone lines linking stations KPO in San Francisco, WOAW in Omaha, Nebraska; WMAQ in Chicago; WEAF in New York City; WMAF near Boston; and WCAP in Washington.[115]
  • Born: Ray Boone, American baseball player and 1955 RBI leader in the American League; in San Diego, California (d. 2004)
  • Died: Mike Quinn, 49, Canadian ice hockey executive who coached the National Hockey Association's Quebec Bulldogs to two consecutive Stanley Cup titles.

July 28, 1923 (Saturday)

July 29, 1923 (Sunday)

  • German communists staged a "Red Sunday" with public demonstrations across the country, but turnouts in most cities were low. Four were killed in Neuruppin when communists rushed the city jail and police fired on the unruly mob.[119]
  • President Harding's personal physician, Dr. Charles E. Sawyer, issued a nighttime bulletin saying the president's condition had worsened with new symptoms, and that his itinerary for the rest of speaking tour in California was canceled.[120]
  • Italy's Prime Minister Benito Mussolini received "telegrams, letters and missives of all kinds from all classes of people" on the occasion of his 40th birthday, with greetings from more than 30,000 arriving at his office in the Foreign Ministry Building, and at his private residence.[121]
  • Outside of Yazoo City, Mississippi, a mob captured Willie Minnifield, an African American accused of attacking a white woman with an axe, and burned him at the stake at a swamp where he had been captured. A man captured along with Minnifield escaped.[122]
  • Born:

July 30, 1923 (Monday)

  • The British Empire formally made claim a 5/36ths section of the continent of Antarctica, with a declaration that the Ross Dependency would comprise " all the islands and territories between the 160th degree of East Longitude and the 150th degree of West Longitude which are situated south of the 60th degree of South Latitude", in an Order in Council was issued by the British government. The Governor-General of New Zealand was appointed the Governor of the Territory. The move followed a memorandum from Leo Amery, the British First Lord of the Admiralty, that "with the exception of Chile and Argentina and some barren islands belonging to France, it is desirable that the whole of Antarctica the Antarctic should ultimately be included in the British Empire."
  • The physicians attending President Harding issued another nighttime bulletin reporting bronchopneumonia in the right lung and describing his condition as "grave".[123]
  • U.S. Vice President Calvin Coolidge received bulletins of President Harding's condition while on vacation in Plymouth, Vermont. Coolidge and his wife were visiting his father's home, and the vice president told reporters that he had been given news by long distance telephone and "expressed the view that there was not the occasion for alarm over the President's condition that he felt earlier in the day might exist."[124]
Eleanora Duse
  • Italian actress Eleonora Duse became the first woman to be featured on the cover of Time magazine, after 21 consecutive covers with men. A woman would not appear again on the cover until the April 21, 1924 issue, with Lou Henry Hoover.
  • Sidney Bechet made his recording debut, cutting "Wild Cat Blues" and "Kansas City Man Blues" as part of a quintet known as Clarence Williams' Blue Five.[125]
  • The execution of Roy Mitchell, an African-American convicted of six murders, was carried out by a public hanging in Waco, Texas, pursuant to a sentence by the county court.
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Charles Hawtrey, 64, English actor, director, producer and manager
    • Constance von Stumm, 34, American heiress who had married German diplomat Baron Ferdinand Carl von Stumm, by suicide after 13 years of marriage

July 31, 1923 (Tuesday)

  • A railway accident killed 47 people at the German city of Kreiensen, where a stopped train was hit by a locomotive on the Hamburg to Munich express. Initial reports said that 100 people were killed and 34 injured.[127]
  • The High Court of Justice in Ireland ruled that since the Irish Civil War had been settled with a treaty, a state of war no longer existed in the Irish Free State and that the imprisonment of 13,000 anti-treaty Republicans, legal only in wartime, was now illegal.
  • Dr. Charles E. Sawyer, the Physician to the President, reported from the Palace Hotel in San Francisco that U.S. President Harding's condition had improved and that he was resting comfortably.[128] An evening bulletin from the five members physician team said "The President has maintained the ground gained since last night. His temperature is 100; pulse 120; respiration 44 and regular. Nourishment is being taken regularly, and the laboratory findings indicate elimination is improving. In general he is more comfortable and resting better." [129]
  • The text of President Harding's national address by radio, which he had planned to give on the evening of July 31, was made public by his press secretary, George B. Christian. In a statement, Christian said "But for his illness the President would have delivered the speech according to schedule; but this being prevented, he now feels that it should go to the public through the medium of the press and for the information and consideration of the people."[130]
  • Suspended Labour MP James Maxton finally apologized for his remarks of June 27 and was readmitted to the House of Commons.[131]
  • In Britain, royal assent was given to several bills, including the Oxford and Cambridge Bill and Lady Astor's liquor sales restriction bill.[76]
  • British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin's cabinet voted to approve the report of a cabinet subcommittee that formally approved the British Mandate for Palestine and endorsed the 1917 Balfour Declaration. The legally binding document was the first official British report for the policy of Zionism and the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.[132]
  • The Spanish Basketball Federation (Federación Española de Baloncesto or FEB), which oversees Spain's professional and amateur leagues, was founded in Barcelona.[133]
  • The cargo ship SS Lesbian was launched by Ellerman Lines from the Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson shipbuilders in Liverpool. The freighter was named in honor of the inhabitants of the Greek island of Lesbos rather than for the lesbian sexual orientation.[134]
  • Born:

References

  1. ↑ "Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 | Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21". pier21.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  2. ↑ "France to Build Fleet of Giant Undersea Craft". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 3, 1923. p. 2.
  3. ↑ De Santo, V. (July 3, 1923). "Pope Demands Germany Halt Ruhr Sabotage". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  4. ↑ Peter Semmens, Railway Disasters of the World: Principal Passenger Train Accidents of the 20th Century (Patrick Stephens Ltd, 1994) p. 78
  5. ↑ Sheean, Vincent (July 2, 1923). "Allies Present Final Demands to Ismet Today". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 11.
  6. ↑ "Harding Drives Locomotive for 12 Miles, Realizing an Ambition of His Boyhood", The New York Times, July 3, 1923, p. 1
  7. ↑ "Harding Says Time Has Come to Unlock Natural Resources; Predicting a Nation of 300,000,000, He Urges Gradual Development; For Larger Yellowstone", The New York Times, July 3, 1923, p. 1
  8. ↑ Bureau of Labor Statistics Inflation Calculator
  9. ↑ "Gutenberg Bible Sells for $43,350", The New York Times, July 3, 1923, p. 1
  10. ↑ "Dockers Strike". The Straits Times. Singapore: 9. July 4, 1923.
  11. ↑ Hodges, David (1967). The French Grand Prix. pp. 65–70.
  12. ↑ "Harding Takes Part in Pioneer Pageant of the Oregon Trail; Meacham Reverts to 40's; Cowboys and Indians, Hoop Skirts, High Beavers and Boots Appear in Streets", The New York Times, July 4, 1923, p. 1
  13. ↑ "President Harding's Speech on the Oregon Trail", The New York Times, July 4, 1923, p. 3
  14. ↑ (a reporter did comment "Meacham is today the center of the eyes of the entire United States", "Huge Crowd Is Already at Meacham", La Grande (OR) Observer, July 3, 1923, p. 5)
  15. ↑ "For a day, Meacham was 'capital of the United States all day long'", by Dick Mason, The Observer (La Grande, Oregon), July 1, 2013
  16. ↑ "Meacham— Historic Oregon Trail", The Historical Marker Database
  17. ↑ Williams, Paul (July 4, 1923). "Four Germans Break Curfew in Ruhr; Slain". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  18. ↑ "Dempsey Wins After Full 15 Rounds; Surprising Showing Made by Gibbons; $116,000 Is Lost by Shelby Promoters", The New York Times, July 5, 1923, p. 1
  19. ↑ Marcus, Norman (November 21, 2012). "Dempsey vs. Gibbons: "The Fight that Ruined a Town"". Boxing.com. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  20. ↑ "Show Cost $316,000, Brought in $200,000", The New York Times, July 5, 1923, p. 1
  21. ↑ "$116,000 in 1923 is worth $2,009,113.22 today", Bureau of Labor Statistics
  22. ↑ "May Break Even on Dempsey Bout— Face Value of Tickets Sold Reaches $224,485— 7,202 Persons Paid to See Match", by Elmer Davis, The New York Times, July 6, 1923, p. 1
  23. ↑ Cox, Jim (2013). Radio Journalism in America: Telling the News in the Golden Age and Beyond. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-7864-6963-5.
  24. ↑ "Sheriff Suspects Aerial Murder of B. H. DeLay, Well Known Stunt Aviator", Indianapolis Star, July 7, 1923
  25. ↑ "Bernard Loomis, 82, Dies; Made Toys TV Stars", by Douglas Martin, The New York Times, June 6, 2006, p. C-13
  26. ↑ "New Era in Egypt Today; Abolition of Martial Law and Release of Political Prisoners Promised", The New York Times, July 5, 1923, p. 9
  27. ↑ "Miss Barrymore Obtains Divorce; Tells of Abuse". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 6, 1923. p. 3.
  28. ↑ Wilcox, Grafton (July 6, 1923). "Harding Sails Intrenched as G.O.P. Leader". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  29. ↑ "Main Trunk Disaster", Christchurch (NZ) Press, July 7, 1923, p. 14
  30. ↑ Skene, Don (July 7, 1923). "Suzanne Beats Kitty for "World's" Title". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 9.
  31. ↑ "Fernande Grudet, who presided over exclusive Paris brothel, dies at 92", by Matt Schudel, Washington Post, December 25, 2015
  32. ↑ "Home Trip Plans Changed", The New York Times, July 8, 1923, p. 3
  33. ↑ Skene, Don (July 8, 1923). "Little Bill Wins World Title as Hunter Falls". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. Part 2 p. 4.
  34. ↑ "Indians Set Record in Beating Red Sox; Triumph by 27 to 3 for New American League Mark — Score in Every Inning", The New York Times, July 8, 1923, p. 22
  35. ↑ "Boston Red Sox at Cleveland Indians Box Score, July 7, 1923", BaseballReference.com
  36. ↑ Wales, Henry (July 8, 1923). "Naval Treaty Wins French Chamber O.K.". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  37. ↑ Wilcox, Grafton (July 9, 1923). "Hardings Rest, Admire Lovely Canada Scenery". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  38. ↑ Greenspan, Jesse (August 2, 2013). "The Unexpected Death of President Harding, 90 Years Ago". History. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  39. ↑ "Wives Riot as Czechs Propose Forced Bigamy". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 9, 1923. p. 1.
  40. ↑ Matheson, Roderick (July 9, 1923). "Novelist and Woman Leader Die for Love". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  41. ↑ "Harrison Dillard". Olympedia. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  42. ↑ Sheean, Vincent (July 9, 1923). "Turk-Allied Peace Treaty is Completed". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  43. ↑ "British Raj Dethrones the Maharaja of Nabha", by Basanta Koomar Roy, The Nation (October 17, 1923) p. 446
  44. ↑ J. S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab (Cambridge University Press, 1990) p. 161
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  46. ↑ "Continental Flight Halted by Gas Clog; Lieutenant Maughan Is Forced Down Near St. Joseph (Mo.) in Daylight-to-Dark Venture", The New York Times, July 10, 1923, p. 1
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  51. ↑ Egyptian Prince Shot in a London Hotel; His French Bride Held as His Slayer", The New York Times, July 11, 1923, p. 1
  52. ↑ Ian Graham, Scarlet Women: The Scandalous Lives of Courtesans, Concubines, and Royal Mistresses (St. Martin's Press, 2016) pp. 183–185
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  55. ↑ "Red Sox Are Sold For Over Million", The New York Times, July 12, 1923, p. 15
  56. ↑ Powers, John; Driscoll, Ron (2012). Fenway Park: A Salute to the Coolest, Cruelest, Longest-running Major League Baseball Stadium in America. Running Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7624-4204-1.
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  58. ↑ "1923". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
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  61. ↑ "Life and Death in a 70 Million-Year-Old Sand Sea", by David Fastovsky
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  71. ↑ "Jones, an Amateur, Beats Cruickshank, Pro, For Golf Title— 21-Year-Old Georgian Downs Scottish Star at 18th Hole, 76 to 78", The New York Times, July 16, 1923, p. 1
  72. ↑ Wales, Henry (July 16, 1923). "Poincaré Rebuffs British". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  73. ↑ De Santo, V. (July 17, 1923). "Anglo-Italian Agreement on Ruhr Reached". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  74. ↑ "Johnson Is Elected Minnesota Senator; Leads Now by 23,122; Farmer-Laborite Has Probably Beaten Preus by About 50,000 Votes", The New York Times, July 17, 1923, p. 1
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  77. ↑ "Filipinos Appeal to the President over Wood's Head; Native Leaders in Cabinet Walkout Charge That the Governor Usurps Power", The New York Times, July 19, 1923, p. 1
  78. ↑ Steele, John (July 18, 1923). "British Lord's Attack on Jews Resented; Sues". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  79. ↑ The Sydney Morning Herald: 9. July 19, 1923. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  81. ↑ "Day Sea to Sea Air Dash Ends in Wyoming". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 20, 1923. pp. 1–2.
  82. ↑ "Maughn Is Forced to Quit in Wyoming in Daylight Race by Plane to Pacific— Had Only 598 Miles to Go", The New York Times, July 20, 1923, p. 1
  83. ↑ attribution: Jacob Rus
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  87. ↑ "Feudists Slay Villa, Avenging Execution of Herrera Family; Brother Is Believed to Have Squared With Old Rebel Chief for Deaths of Four of Kin", The New York Times, July 21, 1923, p. 1
  88. ↑ "Germany Can't Pay, Carnegie Survey Finds". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 21, 1923. p. 1.
  89. ↑ "Kansas Defied by Klan; Mask Parade is Held". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 22, 1923. p. 1.
  90. ↑ "Bolt Sinks Swift Star— Lightning Destroyed Tanker Which Sailed From Los Angeles Harbor, Owners Decide", Los Angeles Times, August 18, 1923, p. 1
  91. ↑ "Lightning Bolt May Have Sunk Oil Tanker", Boston Globe, August 18, 1923, p. 16
  92. ↑ Official Major League Baseball Fact Book, 2003 Edition. Sporting News and Major League Baseball. February 2003. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-89204-701-7.
  93. ↑ "North San Jacinto Fault Earthquake". Southern California Earthquake Data Center. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  94. ↑ "Harding Returning on Ship from Alaska", The New York Times, July 24, 1923, p. 10
  95. ↑ "103 Dead, 200 Injured in Wreck in Bulgaria", United press report in St. Louis Star, July 24, 1923, p. 9
  96. ↑ "100 Killed in Train Smash", Birmingham (England) Gazette, July 25, 1923, p. 1
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  99. ↑ "8 Killed in Wreck", Los Angeles Evening Express, July 27, 1923, p. 5
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  101. ↑ Ryan, Thomas (July 24, 1923). "British Spurn Disarm Parley; 'Time Not Ripe'". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  102. ↑ "Clyde Peak, Montana", Peakbagger.com
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  108. ↑ "Canadians Cheer Harding Assurance of Our Friendship— President, First in Office to Cross Line, Gets a Stirring Reception in Vancouver", The New York Times, July 27, 1923, p. 1
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  117. ↑ "Explosion Entombs 28— Rescuers Blocked by Debris In English Colliery Where Fire Raged", The New York Times, July 29, 1923, p. 5
  118. ↑ "Sydney Harbour Bridge – The First Sod Turned". The Register. Adelaide: 10. July 30, 1923.
  119. ↑ Schultz, Sigrid (July 30, 1923). "Germany's 'Red Sunday' Fades to Pink; 5 Slain". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
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  121. ↑ "Italians Hail Mussolini as Nation's Savior In Thousands of Messages on 40th Birthday", The New York Times, July 30, 1923, p. 1
  122. ↑ "Mississippi Negro Is Burned at Stake; Mob Takes Alleged Assailant of Woman from Posse — Another One Escapes", The New York Times, July 30, 1923, p. 3
  123. ↑ "President Fights for Life". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 31, 1923. p. 1.
  124. ↑ "Coolidge Gets News of Harding's Illness". The New York Times. July 31, 1923. p. 1.
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  129. ↑ "Bulletins of the Physicians on the President's Condition", The New York Times, August 1, 1923, p. 1
  130. ↑ "Speech for World Court Made Public; Favors Tribunal As Is; Still Against the League; No Recognition for the Soviet— Hopeful of Results as to Mexico", The New York Times, August 1, 1923, p. 1
  131. ↑ Knox, William (1987). James Maxton. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7190-2152-7.
  132. ↑ "Flawed Foundations: The Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate", by James Renton, in Britain, Palestine and Empire: The Mandate Years, ed. by Rory Miller (Routledge, 2016). pp. 15–37
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