K. J. Ray Liu
Born (1961-02-11) February 11, 1961
Taiwan
NationalityAmerican
Alma mater
Awards
Scientific career
Doctoral studentsBeibei Wang
Websitehttps://kjrayliu.org/

K. J. Ray Liu (Chinese: 劉國瑞; pinyin: Liú Guó Ruì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lâu Kok-sūi; born February 11, 1961, Taiwan) is an American scientist, engineer, educator, and entrepreneur. He is the founder, former Chief Executive Officer, and now Chairman and Chief Technology Officer of Origin Wireless, Inc., which pioneers artificial intelligence analytics for wireless sensing and indoor tracking.[1]

Liu served as the 2022 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) president and CEO (2021 president-elect; 2023 past president) with the "Make IEEE Your Professional Home" motto for his IEEE presidency.[2]

He was a Distinguished University Professor, Distinguished Scholar-Teacher, and the Christine Kim Eminent Professor of Information Technology at the University of Maryland, College Park, from where he retired in 2021 after over three decades in academia. His research contributions encompass broad aspects of information and communications technology, with over 800 refereed papers, 70 patents, and 10 books.[3]

He was also the founder and president of Odyssey Technology in 1997–1999, which developed the world's first digital surveillance system through the Internet.[4]

Early life

Liu grew up in Taichung, Taiwan, where he attended St. Viator Catholic Junior High School[5] and Taichung First Senior High School. He then went on to National Taiwan University, graduating in 1983 with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering.[6] After serving two years in mandatory military services, Liu earned a master's degree from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1987,[7] before receiving Ph.D. degree at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1990.[8]

Career

Liu joined University of Maryland, College Park, in 1990,[4] where he was a Distinguished University Professor[9] and a Distinguished Scholar-Teacher[10] and also Christine Kim Eminent Professor of Information Technology[11] at Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of A. James Clark School of Engineering.[4] He has trained over 70 Ph.D. and postdoctoral students,[12] of which 12 are now IEEE fellows, including Wade Trappe, Zhen Jane Wang, Zhu Han and Haitao Zheng.[4][13] According to the Mathematics Genealogy Project,[14] he has had over 200+ Ph.D. descendants. He retired from the University of Maryland at the end of 2021.

Liu founded Origin Wireless[1] in 2013. His inventions won three prestigious CES Innovation Awards, including CES Best of Innovation in 2021,[15][16] 2017 CEATEC Grand Prix,[17] 2021 Red Dot Design Award,[18] and many other awards. Origin's first product, marketed as the Belkin Linksys Aware, was deployed in 2019 to over 150 countries worldwide as the first-ever Mesh Wi-Fi integrated communications and motion-sensing technology, marking the birth of integrated communications and sensing for mass consumer applications, and it won many prestigious awards.[1][19] Verizon Fios launched Home Awareness and Signify, formerly known as Philips Lighting, did SpaceSense in 2022 enabled by Origin's wireless AI technology.[1]

Liu was the 2022 IEEE President and CEO.[20] He strived to "Make IEEE Your Professional Home", a motto that defines his IEEE Presidency. He has served as the 2019 IEEE Vice President - Technical Activities,[21] Division IX Director of IEEE Board of Directors in 2016–17,[22] and the President of IEEE Signal Processing Society in 2012–13.[23] He was also the Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Signal Processing Magazine in 2003-05.[24] Liu was a founder of Asia-Pacific Association of Signal and Information Processing (APSIPA).[25][4]

As the founder and president of Odyssey Technology in 1997–1999, Liu and his team developed "Remoteeyes",[26] the world's first digital surveillance system through the Internet when the only available surveillance systems were analog.[26][4] The system was immediately adopted worldwide and used by many major chain stores/banks.

Awards and honors

Liu is the recipient of two IEEE Technical Field Awards:[27] the 2021 IEEE Fourier Award for Signal Processing[28] with the citation "For outstanding leadership in and pioneering contributions to signal processing for wireless sensing and communications", and the 2016 IEEE Leon K. Kirchmayer Graduate Teaching Award[29] "for exemplary teaching and curriculum development, inspirational mentoring of graduate students, and broad educational impact in signal processing and communications".[4]

Recognized by Web of Science as a Highly Cited Researcher (2001–2014, 2016–17),[30] Liu is a fellow of the IEEE,[31] for contributions to algorithms, architectures, and implementations for signal processing.[32] Liu is also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,[33] and National Academy of Inventors.[34] He was honored as 2021 Distinguished Alumni of National Taiwan University.[35] His research was featured as one of seven technologies that IEEE believes will have the world changing implications on the way humans interact with machines, the world and each other, in honor of IEEE's 125th Anniversary.[36][4]

He is also the recipient of numerous honors and awards including, IEEE Signal Processing Society 2014 Norbert Wiener Society Award[37] for "influential technical contributions and profound leadership impact" (the highest award bestowed by SPS);[38] IEEE Signal Processing Society 2009 Claude Shannon-Harry Nyquist Technical Achievement Award "for pioneering and outstanding contributions for the advances of signal processing in multimedia forensics, security, and wireless communications";[39] APSIPA 2018 Grand Award; 1994 National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award; IEEE Signal Processing Society Distinguished Lecturer; IEEE Signal Processing Society Meritorious Service Award; EURASIP Meritorious Service Award,[40][4] and over a dozen of best paper/invention awards. He was inducted into the IEEE Technical Activities Board Hall of Honors in 2021 "for starting the financial transparency movement, initializing and realizing of IEEE DataPort and IEEE App".[41]

He also received various research and teaching recognitions from the University of Maryland, including Poole and Kent Senior Faculty Teaching Award (2005), Outstanding Faculty Research Award (2008), and Outstanding Service Award (2012), all from A. James Clark School of Engineering; Invention of the Year Award (three times) from the University's Office of Technology Commercialization, as well as the George Corcoran Award for outstanding contributions to electrical engineering education from the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and the Outstanding Systems Engineering Faculty Award in recognition of outstanding contributions in interdisciplinary research from Institute for Systems Research.[4]

Contributions and Impact

Liu's research contributions encompass broad aspects of signal processing and communications, including wireless communications; coding; networking; game theory; multimedia signal processing; information forensics; network security; and signal processing algorithms and architectures. In the recent decade, his focus has been on the development of AI analytics for wireless sensing and indoor tracking using ambient radio signals.[4]

Time-reversal (TR) physics has been known for a long time but mostly found development in research labs and applications in defense-related military applications. Liu was the first to bring time-reversal to the practice and use of our daily life by leveraging radio-frequency multipaths in indoor or multipath-rich environments and prove that it can work effectively. Using the time-reversal principle, he developed the world’s first centimeter-accuracy indoor positioning and tracking system in 2015 with only a single transmitter and terminal device, both with a single antenna, in a completely non-line-of-site environment.[42][43][44][45] It represented the first non-line-of-sight, non-triangulation technique for accurate position estimation, solving a long-standing conundrum of indoor positioning/tracking for over many decades.[44]

He further showed that when there is a large enough number of multipath signals (such as indoor environments), the time-reversal focusing spot exhibits a stationary behavior in its energy distribution. Specifically, in the limit of large time-resolved multipath signals, the time-reversal spot has a spatially independent structure that follows a Bessel function power distribution. This means that the time-reversal spot structure is inherently location and environment-independent. Thus, the distance an object has moved, as well as its speed, can be determined. This is an unprecedented discovery in that one can now accurately/reliably estimate/detect the speed of a moving object indoors without line-of-sight; the more multipaths, the better the performance, contrary to prior beliefs.[46][47][44] It was a groundbreaking discovery that broke the impasse of the almost two-century long quest for some new physics that could rival the Doppler Effect. Not only did it enable accurate tracking of an unlimited number of subjects, indoors, and without costly infrastructure or a priori measurements, it also served as the theoretical foundation for accurate/reliable wireless sensing by simply using ambient radio waves, including Wi-Fi.[44][45]

With that, Liu and his team at Origin developed an AI platform including many analytic engines with endless applications such as indoor tracking; gait determination; motion detection for security; sleep monitoring; monitoring small motions inside a car; material sensing; monitoring heart rate and breathing; heart rate variability detection; fall detection; recognizing and counting people in hidden spaces; millimeter-wave imaging; millimeter-wave real-time handwriting tracking and analysis; millimeter-wave keyboard tracking; and sound detection.[44][45]

Liu trailblazed the frontier of wireless sensing that makes sense of ambient Wi-Fi radio waves as the new sixth sense to decipher the world around us! The term "wireless" is no longer restricted to communications. Now and in the future, it is a sensing solution that will forever change Wi-Fi as we know it today, as well as future 5G/6G systems. Through his entrepreneurial endeavor, a new industry is emerging. In essence, one can now make sense of and monetize Channel State Information (sort of the Fourier transform of Channel Impulse Response), an unthinkable concept before. From now on, wireless sensing is becoming an integrated part of the technology infrastructure, especially for 5G/6G when bandwidth is large enough to harness more multipaths and most IoT devices are connected to deliver smart home/office/city.[44] He was the first who proposed in 2019 the establishment of an international standard on wireless sensing to the Chair of the IEEE 802 Standard Committee, who facilitated the creation of 802.11bf WLAN Sensing as the world's first wireless sensing standard.[1]

As the pioneer of digital video surveillance in 1997, his vision brought the digital revolution into the surveillance industry, leading to where we are today. Its product, "Remoteeyes", was the world's first digital video surveillance system to monitor and secure home/office through the Internet remotely. The impact is everlasting with the ubiquitous use of cameras for surveillance over the Internet nowadays with a $50 billion market.[44][19][48]

Liu also pioneered cross-layer design using antenna arrays for wireless communications in 1997 by first introducing the seminal concept of duality between uplink and downlink for joint transmit beamforming and power control to increase the number of users in a cellular network by 100x.[49][50] It inspired decades of research and standard development in cross-layer optimization of MIMO wireless networks, dramatically impacting most wireless communications system designs.[44]

When the narrowband space–time codes were exciting the research community, there have been many attempts in the research community to search for the broadband full-diversity space-frequency code or even the full-diversity space-time-frequency code. Those attempts, starting 1998 by many, however were not successful until Ray’s group showed for the first time in 2003 that the maximum achievable diversity order with arbitrary channel power delay profile is a product of the number of delay paths, the rank of the channel temporal correlation, and the number of transmit and receive antennas. With that his group developed the world’s first full-diversity, full-rate space-frequency code[51][52] and the only available systematic space-time-frequency code[53] that achieves the maximum achievable diversity in space, time, and frequency for broadband wireless communications by exploiting all of the available spatial, temporal and frequency diversities in broadband wireless systems. This work provides a seminal first step toward achieving full-diversity in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadband OFDM systems that are commonly used in modern wireless communications standards such as 4G/WiFi and beyond.

In addition, he was among the earliest to recognize and significantly impact cooperative communications beyond physical-layer. He showed the endless possibilities of cooperation in a series of seminal works to establish cooperation as a communication paradigm that can improve communication performance, expand transmission coverage area; improve energy efficiency and extend network lifetime; and increase throughput and stability region for multiple access schemes.[54][44]

Liu was among the first to employ game theory to devise optimal solutions and strategies in cognitive radio for dynamic spectrum access, allocation, sharing, sensing, security, and anti-jamming.[55][44] His pioneering works created the game-theoretic foundation for cognitive networking by developing new framework of joint learning and decision making such as Chinese Restaurant Games.[56] It enabled true cognitive intelligence and adaptation with user interactions, making the dream of cognitive networking possible.

Ray was also one of the earliest pioneers in multimedia forensics and security. His 2005 book, "multimedia fingerprinting forensics for traitor tracing",[57] the first of its kind, laid the foundation of this emerging field, in which he contributed new concepts, such as anti-collusion codes,[58] behavior forensics,[59] and anti-forensics.[60] He coined the name “information forensics” when proposing the journal IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.[4][44]

Liu was the prime architect and proposer of IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Journal on Selected Topics of Signal Processing, and IEEE Transactions on Multimedia. He also initiated the creation of IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging and IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks. As Vice President – Publications, he started the Inside Signal Processing eNewsletter for IEEE Signal Processing Society.[4]

As a leader in IEEE, Liu was credited for starting the financial transparency movement, leading to the next-generation financial system at IEEE. He proposed and created the IEEE DataPort to offer data repository services to support open science and reproducible research by hosting data that are citable and useful for our community. He also proposed and co-led the development of the IEEE App that serves as "Your Global Gateway to IEEE" to discover IEEE and network globally.[4][41]

Publications and Patents

Liu has published over 800 refereed papers, 70 patents, and 10 books, including the following:[61]

  • "Reciprocity, Evolution, and Decision Games in Network and Data Science", Cambridge University Press, 2021[56]
  • "Wireless AI: Wireless Sensing, Positioning, IoT, and Communications", Cambridge University Press, 2019[45]
  • "Behavior Dynamics in Media-Sharing Social Networks", Cambridge University Press, 2011[62]
  • "Cognitive Radio Networking and Security – A Game Theoretic View", Cambridge University Press, 2010[55]
  • "Cooperative Communications and Networking", Cambridge University Press, 2009[54]
  • "Resource Allocation for Wireless Networks: Basics, Techniques, and Applications", Cambridge University Press, 2008[63]
  • "Ultra-Wideband Communication Systems: The Multiband OFDM Approach", Wiley, 2007[64]
  • "Network-Aware Security for Group Communications", Springer, 2007[65]
  • "Multimedia Fingerprinting Forensics for Traitor Tracing", Hindawi, 2005[57]
  • "Design of Digital Video Coding Systems: A Complete Compressed Domain Approach", Marcel Dekker, 2001[66]
  • "Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor Networks", Ed., IEEE-Wiley, 2009[67]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Origin Wireless, Inc". Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  2. ↑ "K. J. Ray Liu is 2021 IEEE President-Elect". IEEE Spectrum. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  3. ↑ "K. J. Ray Liu Google Scholar". Google Scholar. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Professor K. J. Ray Liu". University of Maryland. Retrieved 7 November 2020. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license and the GNU Free Documentation License.
  5. ↑ "St. Viator Catholic Junior High School in Taiwan". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  6. ↑ "NTU Alumnus and Distinguished Chair Professor K. J. Ray Liu elected as 2021 IEEE President-Elect". 14 October 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  7. ↑ "Alumni in Academia". University of Michigan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  8. ↑ "Dr. K. J. Ray Liu". Mathematics Genealogy Project. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  9. ↑ "Distinguished University Professor". University of Maryland. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  10. ↑ "Distinguished Scholar-Teacher". University of Maryland. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  11. ↑ "Christine Kim Eminent Professor of Information Technology". University of Maryland. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  12. ↑ "Students of K. J. Ray Liu". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  13. ↑ "K. J. Ray Liu". The Mathematics Genealogy Project. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  14. ↑ "Mathematics Genealogy Project". Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  15. ↑ "Origin Wireless News". Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  16. ↑ "2021 CES Best of Innovation". Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  17. ↑ "2017 CEATEC Grand Prix award". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  18. ↑ "2021 Red Dot Design Award". Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  19. 1 2 "Keynote by IEEE President K. J. Ray Liu at SPS Entrepreneurship Forum at ICASSP, 2022". Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  20. ↑ "K. J. Ray Liu is 2021 IEEE President-Elect". IEEE Spectrum. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  21. ↑ "K. J. Ray Liu Elected 2019 IEEE Vice President, Technical Activities". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  22. ↑ "K. J. Ray Liu Elected to IEEE Board of Directors". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  23. ↑ "K. J. Ray Liu Elected President-Elect of IEEE Signal Processing Society". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  24. ↑ "K. J. Ray Liu served as the Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Signal Processing Magazine" (PDF). Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  25. ↑ "K. J. Ray Liu was a founder of APSIPA". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  26. 1 2 "Remote Eyes". Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  27. ↑ "IEEE Technical Field Awards". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  28. ↑ "IEEE IEEE Fourier Award for Signal Processing". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  29. ↑ "IEEE Leon K. Kirchmayer Graduate Teaching Award". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  30. ↑ "Highly Cited Researcher". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  31. ↑ "IEEE Fellow Directoy". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  32. ↑ "IEEE Fellows 2003 | IEEE Communications Society".
  33. ↑ "AAAS Fellow Directoy". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  34. ↑ "NAI Fellow Directory". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  35. ↑ "2021 Distinguished Alumni of National Taiwan University". Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  36. ↑ "IEEE's 125th Anniversary". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  37. ↑ "IEEE Signal Processing Society 2014 Society Award". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  38. ↑ "IEEE Signal Processing Society". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  39. ↑ "IEEE Signal Processing Society 2009 Technical Achievement Award". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  40. ↑ "K. J. Ray Liu's Honors and Awards". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  41. 1 2 "IEEE Technical Activities Board Hall of Honors" (PDF). Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  42. ↑ Wang, Beibei; Xu, Qinyi; Chen, Chen; Zhang, Feng; Liu, K. J. Ray (May 2018). "The Promise of Radio Analytics: A Future Paradigm for Wireless Positioning, Tracking, and Sensing". IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 35 (3): 59–80. Bibcode:2018ISPM...35c..59W. doi:10.1109/MSP.2018.2806300. S2CID 13746753.
  43. ↑ Wu, Zhung-han; Han, Yi; Chen, Yan; Liu, K. J. Ray (April 2015). "A Time-Reversal Paradigm for Indoor Positioning System". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 64 (4): 1331–1339. doi:10.1109/TVT.2015.2397437. S2CID 3057244.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Siegel, Peter H. (July 2022). "IEEE President K. J. Ray Liu, "Follow Multiple Paths," Changing the World with Microwave Time Reversal Focusing". IEEE Journal of Microwaves. 2 (3): 360–373. doi:10.1109/JMW.2022.3181498. S2CID 250318137.
  45. 1 2 3 4 ""Wireless AI: Wireless Sensing, Positioning, IoT, and Communications", Cambridge University Press, 2019". 20 September 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  46. ↑ Zhang, Feng; Chen, Chen; Wang, Beibei; Han, Yi; Ray Liu, K. J. (2017). ""WiBall: A Time-Reversal Focusing Ball Method for Decimeter-Accuracy Indoor Tracking", IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2018". IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 5 (5): 4031–4041. arXiv:1712.06562. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2018.2854825. S2CID 53435935. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  47. ↑ Zhang, Feng; Chen, Chen; Wang, Beibei; Ray Liu, K. J. (2017). ""WiSpeed: A Statistical Electromagnetic Approach for Device-Free Indoor Speed Estimation," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2018". IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 5 (3): 2163–2177. arXiv:1712.00348. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2018.2826227. S2CID 49187664. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  48. ↑ ""Video Surveillance Market Size Share," 2022" (Press release). 12 September 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  49. ↑ Rashid-Farrokhi, F.; Tassiulas, L.; Liu, K. J. Ray (October 1998). ""Joint optimal power control and beamforming in wireless networks using antenna arrays", IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1998". IEEE Transactions on Communications. 46 (10): 1313–1324. doi:10.1109/26.725309. hdl:1903/5929. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  50. ↑ Rashid-Farrokhi, F.; Liu, K. J. Ray; Tassiulas, L. (October 1998). "Transmit beamforming and power control for cellular wireless systems". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 16 (8): 1437–1450. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.420.2627. doi:10.1109/49.730452. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  51. ↑ Su, W.; Safar, Z.; Olfat, M.; Liu, K.J.R. (Nov 2003). "Obtaining Full Diversity Space-Frequency Code Through Space-Time Code via Mapping". IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.
  52. ↑ Su, W.; Safar, Z.; Liu, K.J.R. (Jan 2005). "Full-Rate Full-Diversity Space-Frequency Codes with Optimum Coding Advantage". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.
  53. ↑ Su, W.; Safar, Z.; Liu, K.J.R. (July 2005). "Towards Maximum Achievable Diversity in Space, Time, and Frequency: Performance Analysis and Code Design". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.
  54. 1 2 ""Cooperative Communications and Networking", Cambridge University Press, 2009". Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  55. 1 2 Ray Liu, K. J.; Wang, Beibei (28 October 2010). "Cognitive Radio Networking and Security: A Game Theoretical View", Cambridge University Press, 2010. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521762311.
  56. 1 2 Chen, Yan; Wang, Chih-Yu; Jiang, Chunxiao; Ray Liu, K. J. (22 July 2021). "Reciprocity, Evolution, and Decision Games in Network and Data Science", Cambridge University Press, 2021. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108494748.
  57. 1 2 ""Multimedia Fingerprinting Forensics for Traitor Tracing", Hindawi, 2005" (PDF). Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  58. ↑ Trappe, W.; Wu, M.; Wang, Z.J.; Liu, K.J.R. (April 2003). "Anti-Collusion Fingerprinting for Multimedia". IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 51 (4): 1069. Bibcode:2003ITSP...51.1069T. doi:10.1109/TSP.2003.809378. hdl:1903/6263.
  59. ↑ Zhao, H.V.; Liu, K.J.R. (Sep 2006). "Behavior Forensics for Scalable Multiuser Collusion: Fairness vs. Effectiveness". IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. doi:10.1109/TIFS.2006.879279. S2CID 7033764.
  60. ↑ Stamm, M.C.; Liu, K.J.R. (Sep 2011). "Anti-Forensics for Digital Image Compression". IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. 6 (3): 1050–1065. doi:10.1109/TIFS.2011.2119314. S2CID 9948122.
  61. ↑ "Publications". Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  62. ↑ Zhao, H. Vicky; Lin, W. Sabrina; Liu, K. J. Ray (2011). "Behavior Dynamics in Media-Sharing Social Networks", Cambridge University Press, 2011. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511973369. ISBN 9780521197274. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  63. ↑ ""Resource Allocation for Wireless Networks: Basics, Techniques, and Applications", Cambridge University Press, 2008". Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  64. ↑ ""Ultra-Wideband Communication Systems: The Multiband OFDM Approach", Wiley, 2007". Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  65. ↑ ""Network-Aware Security for Group Communications", Springer, 2007". Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  66. ↑ "Design of Digital Video Coding Systems: A Complete Compressed Domain Approach", Marcel Dekker, 2001. CRC Press. 31 October 2001. ISBN 9780824706562. Retrieved 17 December 2020 – via Amazon.
  67. ↑ ""Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor Networks", Ed., IEEE-Wiley, 2009". Retrieved 17 December 2020.
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