Kaiser Broadcasting Corp.
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryTelevision
Founded1957 (1957)
FounderHenry J. Kaiser
Defunct1977 (1977)
Fatesold to Field Communications
Headquarters
  • Oakland, California, U.S.
  • San Francisco, California, U.S.
Key people
  • Richard Block; VP, GM
  • Don B. Curran, President
ParentKaiser Industries
DivisionsKaiser Broadcasting Company

The Kaiser Broadcasting Corp. was an American broadcast media company that owned and operated television and radio stations in the United States from 1957 to 1977.[1]

History

Creating a broadcast chain

Kaiser's involvement in broadcasting began in 1957 when the Henry J. Kaiser Company Ltd., a multi-industrial conglomerate led by the eponymous industrialist, signed on KHVH and independent KHVH-TV (channel 13) in Honolulu, Hawaii, within two months of each other.[2][3] Both stations were located in the Hawaiian Village Hotel, which Kaiser also owned and from which the call sign was derived.[4] Kaiser purchased KULA-TV (channel 4) on May 8, 1958,[5] changed its calls to KHVH-TV on July 16, 1958,[6] and returned the original KHVH-TV license to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Kaiser also acquired San Francisco station KBAY-FM in 1960, renaming it KFOG-FM and implementing a beautiful music format.[7]

Later in the 1960s, Kaiser explored new opportunities to expand its broadcast holdings on the U.S. mainland: construction permits were secured for multiple ultra high frequency (UHF) stations, all in large markets, and KHVH-TV was sold off to help fund this expansion.[7] The first two of these stations signed on during 1965: WKBD-TV in Detroit went on the air in January,[8] followed nine months later by WKBS-TV in Burlington, New Jersey, a suburb of Philadelphia.[9] WKBD-TV's debut was auspicious as the station's schedule consisted entirely of live sports play-by-play, a first in American broadcasting.[10][11]

KMTW-TV took to the air in the Los Angeles market on June 29, 1966.[12] Later renamed KBSC-TV,[13] this station proved to a weak point in the chain after failing to attain a local Phonevision franchise and became uncompetitive against the market's established seven other independent stations both on VHF and UHF.[14] Also in June 1966, Kaiser purchased the broadcast assets of Harvey Radio Laboratories, including WXHR AM/FM/TV.[15] The television station had been off the air since 1956[16] but the license remained active and was purchased by Harvey Radio in 1959.[17] The Boston Globe then purchased a 50 percent stake in the Boston stations,[18] creating a 50–50 joint venture that took advantage of a loophole in a proposed FCC rule limiting one ownership group to no more than three television stations in the top 50 markets.[19] The television station was reactivated as WKBG-TV on December 21, 1966.[20]

Kaiser started up two more stations, KBHK-TV in San Francisco and WKBF-TV in Cleveland, at the start of 1968. The company had intended to have both stations sign on at the same time on January 2, 1968, and arranged for executives to be present at both facilities for the occasion,[21] but repeated construction delays at the transmitter site due to inclement weather prevented WKBF-TV from signing on until January 19.[22] Like WKBG-TV, WKBF-TV was jointly owned by Kaiser and Superior Broadcasting Company (which attained the station's construction permit[23]) for its first four years of operation,[24][25] but was formally recognized as "a Kaiser station"[26] equally taking advantage of the FCC's aforementioned "top 50 market" ownership limit.[19] The Globe reduced its ownership stake in the Boston stations to 10 percent, also in 1968.[27]

Growing financial problems

In September 1967, the Kaiser Broadcasting Corporation announced plans for live television network operations by 1970.[28] Excluding KBSC-TV, all stations in the Kaiser chain placed a significant emphasis on local programming, with some of the more popular programs syndicated to other Kaiser stations. These included shows hosted by Joe Dolan in San Francisco, Alan Douglas in Cleveland,[29] Hy Lit in Philadelphia[30] and Lou Gordon in Detroit.[31] Gordon's WKBD-TV show proved to be the most successful, with all the Kaiser stations eventually carrying the program.[32] This internal networking practice continued into the mid-1970s when "The Ghoul", a WKBF-TV horror host portrayed by Ron Sweed,[33] was syndicated to WKBD-TV,[34] WKBG-TV,[35] KBHK-TV[36] and later WFLD-TV (the latter after Kaiser purchased majority control).[37][38]

Beginning in 1968, Kaiser committed to launching news services throughout the chain, many of which boasted late-evening newscasts an hour earlier than network affiliates.[39] Kaiser invested approximately $6 million (equivalent to $45.2 million in 2022) into these news departments, with emphasis given to WKBF-TV, WKBS-TV and WKBD-TV;[40] WKBG-TV's news operation was the last to launch on December 1, 1969,[41] while KBHK-TV's attempt at a 10 p.m. newscast failed earlier in the year.[42] The high costs incurred, in addition to a weak economic picture nationally and a marketplace reluctant to embrace UHF, led Kaiser to suspend news operations throughout the entire chain on November 12, 1970.[40] Out of the five stations with a news department, only WKBD-TV turned a profit but still had ratings much lower than had been expected.[43] WKBG-TV's picture was especially dire, having lost nearly $11 million over the course of four years.[44] The unilateral move to cull local newscasts was met with doubts and concerns in the industry over the profitability of UHF stations given Kaiser's reputation as a well-equipped broadcaster.[40]

Field Communications alliance and buyout

On May 26, 1972, Kaiser sold a 22.5 percent minority stake in their broadcasting holdings to Chicago-based Field Communications (excluded from this were KBSC-TV and the radio stations) while Kaiser acquired a 77.5 percent majority stake in WFLD-TV, Field's Chicago station.[45] Completed in May 1973, the Kaiser/Field partnership was named Kaiser Broadcasting Co. (Kaiser Co.) and included KBHK-TV, WFLD-TV, WKBD-TV, WKBS-TV, WKBF-TV and majority control of WKBG-TV.[46] The Boston Globe sold its stake in WKBG-TV to Kaiser in 1974,[47] with the station renamed WLVI.[48] After a prior attempt to spin off KBSC-TV to a prospective subscription television operator failed,[49][50] Kaiser sold off the station to a joint venture between Oak Industries and Jerry Perenchio in December 1975,[51] becoming the genesis of the ON TV pay television service.[52]

Faced with mounting financial losses in Cleveland, Kaiser ceased all operations at WKBF-TV on April 25, 1975, selling off the majority of assets to United Artists Broadcasting, owner of WUAB.[53] In turn, Kaiser purchased a 36 percent equity stake in WUAB,[54] which it held until United Artists sold off that station in 1977.[55] WKBF-TV management and Kaiser executives conceded that, due to WUAB signing on within months of WKBF-TV, the station never turned a profit and could not find consistent viewership or advertiser support in the Cleveland market.[53][56]

In January 1977, Kaiser sold its stake in the station group to Field for a combined $42.625 million (equivalent to $206 million in 2022).[57] This sale was part of a larger disposition of Kaiser Industries in which 90 percent of the conglomerate's assets were divested in 1977 alone.[1]

Programming

From 1965 onward, Kaiser Broadcasting consisted of stations of independent outlets that broadcast on the UHF band.[7] In Detroit,[11] Boston[20] and Cleveland,[26] Kaiser-owned stations were the first independents in their respective markets. At a time when viewer interest in watching UHF television was still at its infancy, the Kaiser group programmed aggressively with movies, off-network programs, and children's shows.[58]

While the initial plan of creating a "fourth network" backed by this station group[28] never came to fruition, many of these stations boasted successful local programs, several of which found varying degrees of success through syndication. WKBD-TV's early investment in sports programming enabled them to secure broadcast rights for the NBA's Detroit Pistons, the NHL's Detroit Red Wings and other area college teams.[10] Many of the Kaiser stations purchased syndication rights for Star Trek[59] before other large market stations[60][61]: 91–92  as counterprogramming against evening news programs on the Big Three networks[62]: 138  and, in the case of WKBF-TV, were aired in the same episode order as originally broadcast on NBC.[63]

Former stations

Stations are listed in alphabetical order by state and city of license.[64][65]

Television

City of license / Market Station Channel Years owned Current status
Corona–Los Angeles, CA KMTW-TV/KBSC-TV 521966–1977Telemundo owned-and-operated (O&O) KVEA
San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA KBHK-TV 441968–1977Independent KPYX, owned by Paramount Global
Honolulu, HI KHVH-TV 131957–1958Defunct, ceased operations in 1958[lower-alpha 1]
KHVH-TV 41958–1965ABC affiliate KITV, owned by Allen Media Broadcasting
Chicago, IL WFLD-TV 321972–1977Fox owned-and-operated (O&O)
Cambridge–Boston, MA WKBG-TV/WLVI-TV[lower-alpha 2] 561966–1977The CW affiliate owned by Sunbeam Television
Detroit, MI WKBD-TV 501965–1977Independent owned by Paramount Global
Burlington, NJ–Philadelphia, PA WKBS-TV 481965–1977Defunct, ceased operations in 1983[lower-alpha 3]
Cleveland–Akron–Canton, OH WKBF-TV[lower-alpha 4] 611968–1975Defunct, ceased operation in 1975[lower-alpha 5]

Radio

AM Station FM Station
City of license / Market Station Years owned Current status
San Francisco–Oakland, CA KBAY-FM/KFOG 104.5 1960–1974KNBR-FM, owned by Cumulus Media
Honolulu, HI KHVH 990 1957–1965KIKI, owned by iHeartMedia
Cambridge–Boston, MA WCAS 740[lower-alpha 2] 1967–1976WJIB, owned by Bob Bittner Broadcasting
WXHR/WJIB 96.9[lower-alpha 2] 1967–1972WBQT, owned by Greater Media

Notes

  1. ↑ Frequency currently occupied by NBC affiliate KHNL.
  2. 1 2 3 Jointly owned by Kaiser and The Boston Globe from 1966 to 1974.[lower-alpha 6]
  3. ↑ Frequency currently occupied by TBN-owned WGTW-TV.
  4. ↑ Jointly owned by Kaiser and Superior Broadcasting Company from 1968 to 1972.[24][25]
  5. ↑ Frequency currently occupied by Univision-owned WQHS-TV.
  6. "Group Ownership" (PDF). Broadcasting Yearbook. 1969. Retrieved August 31, 2012.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Walters, Donna K. H. (August 4, 1985). "An Empire Fades Away, but Its Legacy Lingers On : Final Chapter Is Being Written for What Once Was West's Greatest Industrial Power". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  2. ↑ Smyser, Betty (March 16, 1957). "Around The Dial". Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaiian Life. Honolulu, Hawaii. p. 5. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. ↑ "Kaiser Station to Offer TV 'Movie Theatre'". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. May 2, 1957. p. 32. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ↑ "Kaiser Radio Station Due To Open March 18". The Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii. February 8, 1957. p. 6. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ↑ "Kaiser Will Buy KULA-TV". The Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii. May 9, 1958. p. A7. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ↑ "KULA Vanishing From TV Scene". The Honolulu Advertiser TV Weekly. Honolulu, Hawaii. July 13, 1958. p. 9. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. 1 2 3 Newton, Dwight (March 13, 1966). "Kaiser TV On the Way". San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. p. II:5. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ↑ Peterson, Bettelou (December 14, 1964). "Wide Sports Coverage for Detroit: New TV Station to Make History". Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. p. 10C. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ↑ "2d UHF Commercial Station to Bow". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. September 1, 1965. p. 28. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. 1 2 "New Detroit TV Station Aims At Fan". The Times Herald. Port Huron, Michigan. United Press International. August 15, 1964. p. 6. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. 1 2 Kleene, Tom (December 20, 1964). "Conversion Kits For TV Booming: WKBD to Open Channel 50 In Detroit on Jan. 2". Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. pp. 9C–10C. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ "UHF Channel 52 to Debut Today". Los Angeles Times. June 29, 1966. p. IV:19. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ↑ "Channel Call Letters Changes". Los Angeles Times. February 24, 1968. p. III:3. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ↑ Dutton, Walt (July 8, 1966). "UHF Stations Grow: L.A. TV Market Super Sales Area". Los Angeles Times. p. IV:14. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ↑ "Boston UHF Channel Bought by Kaiser Corp". The Boston Globe. June 17, 1966. p. 9. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  16. ↑ "Mass. Lt. Governor Speaks At Final WTAO-TV Telecast" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 9, 1956. p. 61. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  17. ↑ Sullivan, Elizabeth (September 21, 1962). "Archdiocese Gets New Hub UHF Channel". The Boston Globe. pp. 1, 7. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  18. ↑ "Asks UHF Channel: Globe-Kaiser Seeks Hub TV". The Boston Globe (Evening ed.). June 29, 1966. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  19. 1 2 "Another waiver for a group: FCC bypasses its proposed limit of three TV's in top-50 markets for fifth time in Kaiser case" (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 73, no. 13. September 25, 1967. pp. 60, 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2022 – via World Radio History.
  20. 1 2 "WKBG-TV, Channel 56, On the Air". The Boston Globe. December 22, 1966. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  21. ↑ Newton, Dwight (October 16, 1967). "New KBHK Warms Up". San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. p. 19. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ↑ "Channel 61 Is on Air Today". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. January 20, 1968. p. 12. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022 – via GenealogyBank.
  23. ↑ "For the Record: New call letters requested" (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 70, no. 24. June 13, 1966. p. 92. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2022 – via World Radio History.
  24. 1 2
    • "For the Record" (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 72, no. 19. May 8, 1967. p. 101. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2022 – via World Radio History.
    • "Kaiser has option to buy out Superior" (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 72, no. 19. May 8, 1967. p. 66. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2022 – via World Radio History.
  25. 1 2 "For the Record: Ownership Changes–Actions" (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 83, no. 10. September 4, 1972. p. 44. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via World Radio History.
  26. 1 2 Shippy, Dick (December 14, 1967). "UHF Entry: Channel 61, Jan. 1 Air Date For Cleveland's WKBF". Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. p. B23. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ↑ McLean, Robert A. (March 4, 1977). "N.E. papers will wait and see on US order to quit broadcasting". The Boston Globe (Evening ed.). p. 42. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  28. 1 2 "Kaiser's plans move forward: Group's dream of network by late 1970 is supported by approval of Cleveland UHF purchase and other moves" (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 73, no. 13. September 25, 1967. p. 54. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2022 – via World Radio History.
  29. ↑ Hart, Raymond P. (November 8, 1969). "Switches to Channel 43: Hey Kids, 'Barnaby' Is Returning Dec. 1". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. p. 7-D. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2022 – via GenealogyBank.
  30. ↑ "Television Tonight... And Tomorrow". Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. February 16, 1968. p. B6. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ "Television Today/Area TV Schedules". Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. January 13, 1968. p. B18. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ↑ "Ford Sees 'Tremendous Price Hikes'". Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Associated Press. November 7, 1971. p. C3. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ↑ Scott, Jane (September 24, 1982). "Ghoul is going after local bands". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. p. Friday 40. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022 – via GenealogyBank.
  34. ↑ Hanna, Charlie (May 20, 1972). "The Ghoul and Cavett: What Were They Trying To Say?". Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. p. 11C. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ↑ "Ask The Globe". The Boston Globe. Boston, Massachusetts. June 6, 1974. p. 53. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ↑ Talbert, Bob (January 19, 1973). "Lunch With The Ghoul a Zesty Affair". Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. p. 11A. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  37. ↑ "TV mailbag". Chicago Tribune TV Week. Chicago, Illinois. December 2, 1973. p. 2. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ↑ "TV mailbag". Chicago Tribune TV Week. Chicago, Illinois. February 24, 1974. p. 2. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ↑ Hart, Raymond P. (May 19, 1968). "Channel 61 Aims at Aug. 12 for Debut of 10 p.m. News". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. p. 7-G. Retrieved September 25, 2022 – via GenealogyBank.
  40. 1 2 3 "Down to the bone in Kaiser's news: UHF group gives notice to 50 air journalists in sharp economy move" (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 79, no. 20. November 16, 1970. p. 51. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via World Radio History.
  41. ↑ "The Cover". The Boston Globe TV Week. Boston, Massachusetts. November 30, 1969. pp. 1–2. Retrieved September 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ↑ Newton, Dwight (April 27, 1969). "Year of failure for high-number television". San Francisco Examiner. p. B5. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  43. ↑ Peterson, Bettylou (November 13, 1970). "Staff of 17 Fired: Channel 50 Cancels News". Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. pp. 1A, 4A. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. ↑ Shain, Percy (November 12, 1970). "Channel 56 cuts night news show". The Boston Globe (Evening ed.). p. 4. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  45. ↑ "Kaiser, Field put their U's together" (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 82, no. 22. May 29, 1972. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via World Radio History.
  46. ↑ "Kaiser-Field merger passes FCC muster" (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 84, no. 20. May 14, 1973. p. 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via World Radio History.
  47. ↑ "Globe Newspaper agrees to sell Kaiser-Globe interest". The Boston Globe. January 22, 1974. p. 27. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  48. ↑ McLean, Robert A. (April 30, 1974). "Interview with transsexual a coup for Hamlin". The Boston Globe (Evening ed.). p. 47. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  49. ↑ "Ownership changes" (PDF). Broadcasting. March 26, 1973. p. 129. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  50. ↑ "Pay is off" (PDF). Broadcasting. February 17, 1975. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  51. ↑ "Changing Hands" (PDF). Broadcasting. September 20, 1976. p. 43. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  52. ↑ Margulies, Lee (March 29, 1977). "Just the Ticket for Pay TV". Los Angeles Times. p. View 1, 7. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  53. 1 2 Hart, Raymond P. "Channel 61 to go off air". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. pp. 1A, 6A. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022 – via GenealogyBank.
  54. ↑ "Kaiser to quit Cleveland, leaving UA with only U" (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 88, no. 15. April 14, 1975. p. 52. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2022 – via World Radio History.
  55. ↑ Hart, Raymond P. (October 10, 1978). "Channel 61 plans a return". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. p. 7-B. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022 – via GenealogyBank.
  56. ↑ Brown, Darlene (April 25, 1975). "WKBF-TV Signs Off Air". The Lorain Journal. Lorain, Ohio. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
  57. ↑ "Station sales rise with curve of air billings" (PDF). Broadcasting. January 31, 1977. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  58. ↑ "How the Independents Program: Kaiser's Us and WOR-TV are doing counter programming. It all started with Metromedia" (PDF). Broadcast Management/Engineering. Vol. 4, no. 2. February 1968. pp. 29–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2022 – via World Radio History.
  59. ↑ Teitelbaum, Sheldon (May 5, 1991). "How Gene Roddenberry and his Brain Trust Have Boldly Taken 'Star Trek' Where No TV Series Has Gone Before : Trekking to the Top". Los Angeles Times. p. 16. Archived from the original on November 6, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  60. ↑ "Star Trek Syndication Advertisements, Circa 1969-1970". Television Obscurities. December 15, 2008. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
  61. ↑ Meehan, Eileen R. (2005). Why TV is not our fault: television programming, viewers, and who's really in control. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-2486-6. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
  62. ↑ Abbott, Stacey (March 10, 2010). The Cult TV Book. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-026-2. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
  63. ↑ Hart, Raymond P. (January 14, 1973). "He Will Help Ch. 61 Celebrate 5th Birthday: 'Star Trek' Popularity Puzzles Show's Dr. McCoy". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. p. 7-G. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022 – via GenealogyBank.
  64. ↑
  65. ↑ "Group Ownership: Kaiser Broadcasting Stations" (PDF). Broadcasting Yearbook: A-34. 1975. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
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