Xocó
Shoko
Native toBrazil
RegionSergipe, Alagoas
ExtinctLast half of 20th century[1]
Unclassified; not clear if a single language
Language codes
ISO 639-3erroneously subsumed under Karirí-Xocó [kzw]
Glottologxoco1235  Xoco

Xocó (Chocó, Shokó) is a dead and poorly attested language or languages of Brazil that is not known to be related to other languages. It is known from three populations: Xokó (Chocó) in Sergipe, Kariri-Xocó (Kariri-Shoko, Cariri-Chocó) in Alagoas, and Xukuru-Kariri (Xucuru-Kariri, Xucuru-Cariri) in Alagoas. It is not clear if these were one language or three. It is only known from a few dozen words from one Kariri-Xoco elder and three Xukuru-Kariri elders in 1961.

It was originally spoken along the Piancó River is an area that is now a suburb of Porto Real do Colégio.[2]

In ISO encoding, the language was conflated with the Kariri family as ISO 639-3 [kzw] 'Karirí-Xocó'; Ethnologue does not indicate if this was a conscious decision.

Other languages with this name

Xoco, Xukuru, and Kariri are all common generic names in the region. See Kariri languages.

Vocabulary

Pompeu (1958)

Chocó (Xocó) vocabulary collected in Colégio, Alagoas:[3]

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Chocó
fogofireatsá, tsá
águawatertaká
cachimbosmoking pipepupú
homemmanmãjikêô

Note: Loukotka (1968) transcribes 'man' as mazyikeːoː.[2]

Meader (1978)

Five Xukuru-Kariri word lists collected by Menno Kroeker in Alagoas in 1961 are published in Meader (1978).[4]

Words recorded from an elderly male pajé (shaman) in Porto Real do Colégio:

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Xukuru-Kariri
chuvarainsèhóιdzˈὲʔà
fumosmokebˈázè
luamoonkˈriũavi
mandiocamaniocgˈrïgɔ
meninoboysemˈentiais
mulherwomanspˈikwais
rioriveroːpˈara
solsunkràšùtˈó
terraearthaːtsιhˈi
ventowindmə̀núsˈi
batatapotatodˈódsákà
cachimbosmoking pipecatʔokə
Colégio (cidade)Colégio (city)simidˈo
deusGodsõsˈeh
dinheiromoneymεrεkiˈa
farinhaflourtˈónà
feijãobeannˈódsákà
gadocattlekrˈazɔ
galinhachickencáːkìʔ
luzlightkápˈòèr
ovelhasheepsábˈòèR
peruturkeybrεfˈεlia
porcopigkorˈe
soldadosoldieròlˈófò

Words recorded from Alfredo Caboquim, a pajé (shaman), and his brother Miguel Caboquim in Fazenda Conta, Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas:

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Xukuru-Kariri
carne de boibeefˈbeiñõ
chuvarainšualya
dê-me fogo para o cigarroGive me fire for the cigarette.àòšˈínòʔ ìnˈísìà sˈèdàià
lua / moçamoon / girlseːya
mãemotherisá
milhocornmatˈilya
não (mentira)no (lie)eːyo
nariznosenˈəmbi
paidadétfˈὲ
anzolfish hookèáyˈɔ̀ / alyɔ (?)
batatapotatodˈotsakə
bebida de mandiocamanioc drinkgúlížˈɔ̀ (gálížˈɔ̀)
bodegoatfilˈisakə
boioxléfétˈìa
cachorrodogit(ə)lˈo
cachorro de brinquedotoy dogìt(ə)lˈó tə̀núnšweˈì
dança indígenaindigenous danceáʔálˈèndà
deusGodàʔúdéódályˈà
estrangeiroforeigner, strangerkóbˈè
farinhaflourtititsia
feijãobeannˈatsakə
folga dos índiosindigenous holidayarikulilyˈa / kèːšátíkáˈya (?)
fumando cachimboto smoke a pipepuèpùˈa
galinhachickensˈetˈáduàlyà
gatocatatašeškia
índiaindigenous womansétsˈòníká
lagartolizardšˈua atˈežo / tˈeyu (?)
mulatomulattomulatι̃nkya
negroblack persontùpíə̃̀nkyà
padrefatherĩŋklaˈišoa
(pausa) – considerando as palavraspause (when thinking of words)ə̃hə̃
peruturkeyaotˈisakə
porcopigàːlˈé
praia (?)beach (?)práiˈà
quarto de homemmen's quarterssubεbˈe
como vai?How are you?àkàkˈáumà
vou bem, obrigadoI am fine, thank you.íkàkˈə́
senhorsirˈĩŋklai
vamos emboraLet's go.òːšˈóuà
homem mais velhoolder mantošˈa / aošιnə̃ŋklainšoa taškiˈa

Words recorded from an elderly farmer in Fazenda Conta, Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas:

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Xukuru-Kariri
águawateroiyˈa
carne de boibeefaòtˈísiə̀
fogofiretóˈè
aguardenteaguardentekóšákˈà
bodegoatsákúlˈὲ, sákúlˈègò
bonitobeautifulatilišˈĩ
brancoswhite peopleə̃́nkláʔˈì
cabelo crespo (de negro)curly hair (of black people)tuʔˈĩ
cafécoffeetópˈì
cigarrocigaretteàlísíˈàx
índioindigenous man / personsέtsˈò
mãe de Jesusmother of Jesus (Virgin Mary)kwə́ntópˈə̃̀ atoayˈə
negrablack man(i)atuayˈa
negroblack womantúpíyˈà
porcopigšíə̃̀ntì
tatuarmadillorṍmpˈə̀tì

Words recorded from João Candido da Silva, a young farmer in Fazenda Conta, Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas:

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Xukuru-Kariri
fumosmokešíšúˈà
dançadancearikurˈi
deusGoddédùˈá / íŋklàˈíx

Words recorded from José Fermino da Silva of Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas:

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Xukuru-Kariri
águawateróiyˈàh
fogo para o cigarrofire for cigarettetòˈéh asendendisi / tòˈéh pàrə̀ns-ˈíáx
batatapotatodˈótsákà
brancowhite personkràiʔˈé
caboclocaboclosǽtsˈùx
cachimbosmoking pipepua / pue
deusGoddèdˈúa
feijãobeannˈótsákà
negrablackkòbˈéh
obrigadothank youbèréˈɔ́
pau (claraíba)claraíba treefrˈéžɔ̀ìž
pau (d'arco)Tabebuia treepaìpˈέ

References

  1. Xocó at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. 1 2 Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  3. Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
  4. Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.
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