Kiều Chinh
Chinh in 2014
Born
Nguyễn Thị Chinh

(1937-09-03) September 3, 1937
Hanoi, Tonkin, French Indochina
NationalityAmerican
Occupations
  • Actress
  • producer
Years active1957–present
Spouse
Nguyễn Năng Tế
​
​
(m. 1955; div. 1980)​
Children3
WebsiteKieu Chinh

Kiều Chinh (born September 3, 1937) is a Vietnamese-American actress, producer, humanitarian, lecturer and philanthropist.

Early life

Kiều Chinh was born on September 9, 1937, in Hanoi with the real name Nguyễn Thị Chinh. Her native language was a past Hanoian language which is often described as a pre-1954 Hanoian language or the nasal voice's area. Today, Vietnam has very few people who speak the old Hanoian language.[1]

During World War II, her mother and her newly born brother were killed when their hospital was struck by an Allied bombing raid targeting Japanese troops in Hanoi during the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, when Chinh was at the age of six.[2] Even so, her father was a government official so the family was quite wealthy.

Following the end of World War II and the subsequent division of Vietnam into Communist and National regimes after the Geneva Conference, Chinh's older brother ran away from home to join the Resistance Forces. Her father urged her to board an aircraft and travel to the South, while he remained in the North to search for her older brother, promising to reunite with her in Saigon. Following her arrival in South Vietnam, however, she never saw her father again. Following her return to Vietnam in 1995 to meet her older brother, Chinh learned that her father was imprisoned in a communist re-education camp for more than six years and, after his release, died homeless and destitute.[2]

Her father's friend adopted the young Nguyễn Thị Chinh. Monsieur Nguyễn Đại Độ was worried that his son would stay in America after the airborne course, so he decided to send a telegram to the North. He asked permission from Chinh's father to pair her with Sub-lieutenant Nguyễn Năng Tế - the oldest son of Mr. Độ - in 1956. After that, she only went to church on weekends because her husband's family were Buddhists. This had a great impact on her later career.

Career

1955–1975

One day in 1956 Kiều Chinh was walking near the Hôtel Continental, when a young man approached her and asked her to go to a roadside café to meet someone. Then he introduced that person as a famous director named Joseph L. Mankiewicz. Mankiewicz said that Chinh suited a fictional role he was going to film in Saigon. He suggested she take the script of The Quiet American. However, after pressure from her family, who were reluctant to allow her, Kiều Chinh had to decline that opportunity. Within a week, Saigon widespread press headline news, including portrait photos of "Vietnamese unknown girl rejects Hollywood's famous director". So politician Bùi Diễm invited Kiều Chinh to play the lead role in the first project of his studio - Tân Việt Films. Her character, which her family agreed to, was a Buddhist nun. So Chinh began her acting career in South Vietnam, starting with a starring role in The Bells of Thiên Mụ Temple (Hồi Chuông Thiên Mụ) (1957).[3]

In her career spanning over sixty years from 1957 to present days, Kiều Chinhh has received many accolades including an Emmy Award in 1996.[4] Her film roles included Operation C.I.A. (1965) and The Joy Luck Club (1993). She is also a president, co-founder, and co-chair of the Vietnam Children's Fund.

In the 1960s, in addition to Vietnamese films, she also appeared in several American productions including A Yank in Viet-Nam (1964) and Operation C.I.A. (1965), the latter opposite Burt Reynolds. Kiều Chinh also produced a war epic Faceless Lover (or Warrior, Who Are You) (1971), which later would be remastered and shown in the U.S. at the 2003 Vietnamese International Film Festival.[5]

About 1970, filmmaker Hoàng Vĩnh Lộc told his best friend Kiều Chinh that : "Chinh, we made so many nonsense ones that I got too bored. I have just written this scenario. Read ! So we can now do it, alright ?". By Hoàng Vĩnh Lộc's idea, a feature of Faceless Lover that related so much to the military forces, that every Saigon studio had declined. They feared the system of censorship, not to mention that South Vietnamese contemporary audiences almost hated war films. "We should try doing it !" — said Kiều Chinh. After deliberation, they decided to immediately establish a small studio to realize their ideas.

Permission for the Giao Chỉ Films Studio's war film was initially rejected because the studio was privately owned, so general director Kiều Chinh asked for permission from the Ministry of Information, Ministry of National Defence, and especially the headquarter of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces. So during the summer of 1971, the project started filming. Later that year, the film was first shown at the Rex Movie Theatre which was the biggest theatre in South Vietnam. Later, it was shown at the Asian Film Festival in Taipei. However, its subsequent public release was delayed for almost a year.

After its completion, the release of Faceless Lover was blocked for more than a year, because the censorship agency viewed it as an anti-war film which could discourage youths from joining the army. In a 1973 screening event at the National Centre for Cinema by Minister of Open-Arms Hoàng Đức Nhã[6] with 100% audiences as the Cabinet's members. Film director Hoàng Vĩnh Lộc and producer Kiều Chinh was also invited. Afterwads, Mr. Nhã spoke with other ministers : "What are your opinions ? Should it be forbidden or allowed to be released?". One exclaimed that : "C'est une sale guerre !", so "Minister, please tell me now : What war is not a «sale guerre» ?" — said Kiều Chinh. ("Sale Guerre" is French for Dirty War.) At last, Minister Hoàng Đức Nhã suggested a vote. So the result was 19 Yes and only 1 No.

In Kiều Chinh's memoir, Faceless Lover was allowed to be shown again in 1973. It had got the honor of being the first Vietnamese film shown at the Rex Movie Theatre. Rex's specialised in showing US blockbusters such as Doctor Zhivago or Romeo and Juliet. Kiều Chinh must "insisted" Madame Ưng Thi who was an owner of Rex Theatre.[7] She was reluctant and said : "This can not show Vietnamese ones. I am afraid of small audiences and a loss.". Eventually, Madame Ưng Thi agreed to a contract of a week. "If from the third day, the theatre has such still many empty seats then I will cancel !" — said Madame Ưng Thi. However, director Hoàng Vĩnh Lộc immediately replied : "Just do it, then will see !".

Giao Chỉ Films decided to initially offer free entrance for military men and their families. So the screening event was a great success with full houses. The entire crew all went to Pink Night tearoom to celebrate. Guests included: Trịnh Công Sơn, Cung Tiến, Văn Quang... then back again to Kiều Chinh's home at Lữ Gia housing overnight. After the initial contract week, Faceless Lover was deemed a success, so actor Minh Trường Sơn had to collect a large payment. Madame Ưng Thi immediately agreed to a second week's screening with producer Kiều Chinh. The film continued expanding to Đại-Nam Cinema and the network of Saigonese theatres.

Kiều Chinh's, Faceless Lover was the first war movie to dominate newspaper headlines in South Vietnam. The total cost was 15 million VN$ (1US$ = 277,75VN$ in 1970), but the first month's profit was more than 48 million VN$. This allowed director Hoàng Vĩnh Lộc to make two new films which were Male and Female[lower-alpha 1] and In a Student's Embrace.[lower-alpha 2] Also, Hoàng Vĩnh Lộc planned a post-war future for Vietnam. He wanted to realize a film project The Cartus Plant which was based on the Bible. Although the event of April 30 made everything vanish into smoke. The original film tape was lost after the National Day of Hatred, but fortunately, a copy existed. Actress Kiều Chinh reissued it in California from the 1980s to the present.

The film won the Best War Film & Best Theme (for Hoàng Vĩnh Lộc) and Best Leading Actress (for Kiều Chinh) at the Asian International Film Festival XVI in Taipei on June 6, 1971.[8] From then until now, it has been given notable mention in all lists of Vietnamese films, though was still forbidden to appear on television channels.

In April 1975, while Chinh was on a film set in Singapore, she realised that North Vietnam was about to overrun Saigon. She returned to South Vietnam, and then on to Singapore using her diplomatic passport. When the government of South Vietnam fell, she was deported from Singapore because her diplomatic passport was no longer valid. She was refused entry to France, Britain and the US. Eventually, she was admitted to Canada. She needed to get a job immediately and ended up working on a chicken farm. She tried to contact previous acquaintances in the acting world including Glenn Ford and Burt Reynolds, but both were "unavailable" to help. Eventually, she contacted Tippi Hedren who arranged an air ticket and a US visa for her and invited her to her home. William Holden also was supportive once he had found out about Chinh's plight.[9] Kiều Chinh resumed her acting career in the US, her first part being in a 1977 episode of M*A*S*H "In Love and War", written by Alan Alda and loosely based on her life story.[10]

1976 to present

Kieu Chinh lived in Canada with her children for several years. After divorcing her husband, Chinh decided to go to California to immigrate for her settlement. She founded the Giao Chỉ Television channel to promote Vietnamese culture and arts. Kieu Chinh invited many old friends who are known authors and artists for co-operations. At the same time, she re-released two films which she still kept after April 30 sorrowful event : Faceless Lover and Love Storm.

Kieu Chinh subsequently acted in feature films as well as TV-movies including The Children of An Lac (TV), Hamburger Hill (1987), Riot (1997), Catfish in Black Bean Sauce (1999), Face (2002), Journey From The Fall (2005), 21 (2008). Besides, she became an MC of Giao Chi Television from Los Angeles.[11]

From 1989 to 1991, she had a recurring role as Triệu Âu on the ABC Vietnam War drama series China Beach.[12]

In her best-known role, she starred as Suyuan, one of the women in Wayne Wang’s film The Joy Luck Club in 1993.[13] In 2005, Kieu Chinh starred in Journey from the Fall, a film tracing a Vietnamese family through the aftermath of the fall of Saigon, the re-education camps, the boat people experience, and the initial difficulties of settling in the U.S.[14][15]

In 2016, she returned to Vietnam to inaugurate the 50th school which was built in Hanoi under Vietnam Children's Fund.[16] In 2021, she released her memoir Kieu Chinh An Artist in Exile.

Personal life

During the peak period of boat people fleeing the border since 1980, Chinh did charity work for the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. She called for the attention of the US government to help Vietnamese boat people floating at sea or trapped in refugee camps.[17] In 1993, together with journalist Terry A. Anderson, Kieu Chinh co-founded the Vietnam Children's Fund, a non-profit organization that has built a network of elementary schools in Vietnam as living memorials to remember the families and children lost in that country’s long wars.[18] The first school was located in Quảng Trị and named after one of the association's founders, Lewis Burwell Puller Jr., in memory of the American veteran who passed away nearly a year earlier.[19] By 2016, the organization had built its 50th school in Quảng Nam province.[20]

The family is Buddhist, but Kieu Chinh attended a Christian school when she was young. When Chinh got married, she became a Buddhist. Both religions play an important role in her life.[21][22]: 21:32  In 2014, she met the 14th Dalai Lama in Dharamsala, India,[23] and in 2016 at the Vietnamese Buddhist temple in Westminster, California.[24] Kieu Chinh and her husband Nang Te Nguyen (Nguyễn Năng Tế) had three children. The couple divorced in 1980.[25]

Filmography

Film

Year Title Role Notes Ref.
1957 The Bells of Thien Mu Temple Bhikkhunī Nhu Ngoc Original Title: Hồi Chuông Thiên Mụ [26]
1962 Mưa Rừng [27]
1964 A Yank in Viet-Nam Herself [28]
1965 Operation C.I.A. Kim Chinh [29]
1967 From Saigon to Dien Bien Phu Kieu Loan Original Title: Từ Sài Gòn tới Điện Biên Phủ [30]
1970 The Evil Within Kamar Souria [31]
1971 Warrior, Who Are You My Lan Original Title: Người Tình Không Chân Dung [32]
1972 Bão Tình Thuy [33]
1973 Chiếc Bóng Bên Đường Loan [33]
1974 Hè Muộn [33]
1978 The Lucifer Complex Major Chinn Lee [34]
1987 Hamburger Hill Mama San [35]
1989 Gleaming the Cube Madame Trac [36]
Welcome Home Leang [37]
1990 Vietnam, Texas Mallan [38]
1993 The Joy Luck Club Suyuan Woo [39]
1997 Riot Mrs. Lee [40]
1998 City of Angels Asian Woman [41]
1999 Catfish in Black Bean Sauce Thanh [42]
2000 What's Cooking? Grandma Nguyen [43]
2001 Green Dragon Kieu [44]
2002 Face Mrs. Liu [45]
2006 Journey from the Fall Grandmother [46]
2008 21 Chinese Woman [47]
2009 21 and a Wake-Up Mamason [48]
2011 Pearls of the Far East Kieu Original Title: Ngọc Viễn Đông [49]
2014 Hollow Linh Original Title: Đoạt Hồn [50]
2019 In Full Bloom Cecile Short film [51]

Television

Year Title Role Notes Ref.
1976 Police Woman Mai Fuller Season 2, Episode 16: "The Melting Point of Ice" [52]
Switch Mai Tuc Season 2, Episode 13: "The 100,000 Ruble Rumble" [53]
1977 Cover Girls Chinese Model Television film [54]
M*A*S*H Kyung Soon Season 6, Episode 8: "In Love and War" [55]
1978 My Husband is Missing Lu An Television film [56]
1979 Roots: The Next Generations U.N. Receptionist Episode: Part VII (1960-1967) [57]
1980 The Children of An Lac Thuy Television film [58]
1981 Fantasy Island Oriental Woman Season 4, Episode 12: "The Heroine/The Warrior" [59]
Fly Away Home Anh Television film [60]
1982 Lou Grant Anh Season 5, Episode 13: "Immigrants" [61]
The Letter Chinese Woman Television film [62]
1983 Cocaine: One Man's Seduction Mrs. Marchais [63]
Dynasty Sister Agnes Season 3, 5 Episodes [64]
1984 Matt Houston Mrs. Li Season 3, Episode 6: "Return to Nam: Part 1" [65]
1985 Cagney & Lacey My Linh Season 5, Episode 6: "The Clinic" [66]
1986 The Disney Sunday Movie Phoen Yann Season 30, Episode 4: "The Girl Who Spelled Freedom" [67]
Hotel Mrs. Thanh Season 3, Episode 17: "Heroes" [68]
The Return of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer Sai Luhn Television film [69]
1985–1988 Santa Barbara Farmer's Wife Season 1, 6 Episodes [70]
1988 Simon & Simon Mrs. Yamanoha Season 8, "Zen and the Art of the Split Finger Fastball" [71]
1990 The Girl Who Came Between Them Thuy Television film [72]
Last Flight Out Viet Cong's member [73]
1989–1991 China Beach Trieu Au/Sister Season 3–4, 7 Episodes [74]
1993 Message from Nam Sister Thieu Television film [75]
1996 Cybill Herbalist Season 2, Episode 21: "When You're Hot, You're Hot" [76]
1997 Promised Land Nurse Season 1, Episode 17: "Amazing Grace: Part 2" [77]
Nash Bridges Madame Nu Season 3, Episode 8: "Revelations" [78]
1997–1999 Touched by an Angel Lang/Mrs. Kim Season 3–5, 2 Episodes [79]
1999 Martial Law Lin Sung Yuan Season 1, Episode 22: "End Game: Part 2" [80]
2000 Chicago Hope Mrs. Mai Ying Wang Season 6, Episode 10: "Hanlon's Choice" [81]
2001 The Beast Penelope Episode 1: "The Price" [82]
2003 Tempted Kehau Television film [83]
2012 Awake Mrs. Do Episode 9: "Game Day" [84]
2014–2018 NCIS: Los Angeles Madge/Kim Nguyen Season 6/9, 2 Episodes [85]
2022 The Neighborhood Mai Season 5, "Welcome Back to the Neighborhood" [86]
2024 The Sympathizer Major's Mother Post-production [87]
TBA Sinking Spring Grandma Filming [88]

Accolades

She was named "Refugee of the Year" by the United States Congress in 1990,[89] received the "Warrior Woman Award" from the Asian Pacific Women’s Network, and was the only Vietnamese person invited to speak at the 10th anniversary ceremonies for the Vietnam Memorial in Washington, DC. At the 2003 Vietnamese International Film Festival, Chinh received the Lifetime Achievement Award. In the same year, at the Festival Internazionale Cinema delle Donne (Women's International Film Festival) in Turin, Chinh was awarded the Special Acting Award (Premio Speciale Per La Miglior Interpretazione Femminile). Three years later, the San Diego Asian Film Festival honored her with the Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2015, the San Francisco Bay Area – Festival of Globe (FOGsv) honors Chinh with a Lifetime Achievement Award for her contributions to the film industry and more. A documentary based on her life, Kieu Chinh: A Journey Home by Patrick Perez / KTTV, won the Emmy Awards in 1996. Chinh was honored as the 2009 Woman of the Year for her work in film and community service by State Senator Lou Correa.[90] In addition, she was awarded a Humanitarian Award at the Asian World Film Festival in 2021.[91]

At the end of 2023, Kieu Chinh received the title "Dame" with the medal Equestrian Order of Michael Archangel from Prince Gharios El Chemor of Ghassan Al-Numan VIII. She is the first woman to receive this highest honor for contributions to arts and humanitarian efforts.[92]

Organizations[lower-alpha 3] Year[lower-alpha 4] Category Work Result Ref.
Asia-Pacific Film Festival 1972 Most Popular Actress of Asia Won [93]
1973 Best Leading Actress Warrior, Who Are You Won [94]
Asian World Film Festival 2021 Snow Leopard Lifetime Achievement Award Honored [95]
Winn Slavin Humanitarian Award Honored [96]
Boat People SOS 2010 In Pursuit of Liberty Award Won [97]
Committee of Vietnamese Overseas Artists 1994 Lifetime Achievement Award Honored [98]
Festival Internazionale Cinema delle Donne 2003 Special Acting Award Won [99]
Festival of Globe (FOGsv) 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Honored [100]
Gold House 2023 Gold Generation Award The Joy Luck Club Won[lower-alpha 5] [101]
Los Angeles Emmy Awards 1996 Light News Story Kieu Chinh: A Journey Home Won [102]
San Diego Asian Film Festival 2006 Lifetime Achievement Award Honored [103]
South Vietnam 1969 Best Actress Award Won [104]
United States Congress 1990 Refugee of the Year Honored [105]
2017 60th Anniversary of Kieu Chinh Cinema Honored [104]
Vietnamese International Film Festival 2003 Lifetime Achievement Award Honored [106]
Women Making a Difference Award 2009 Woman of the Year Won [107]

State honors

Country Year Honor Ref.
Ghassanids 2023 Royal House of Ghassan: Dame of the Equestrian Order of Michael Archangel [108]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Based on Khái Hưng's novel
  2. ↑ Based on Nguyễn Thị Hoàng's novel
  3. ↑ Awards, festivals, honors and other miscellaneous organizations are listed in alphabetical order.
  4. ↑ Indicates the year of ceremony.
  5. ↑ Shared with the cast & executive producer.

References

  1. ↑ "Diễn viên Kiều Chinh và đời nhiều biến động". BBC World Service (in Vietnamese). October 23, 2018. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  2. 1 2 Do, Quyen (September 17, 2021). "Award-Winning Actress Kieu Chinh of Huntington Beach Draws on Real-Life Tragedy". Orange Coast. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  3. ↑ Lê, Dân (March 4, 2013). "Người đẹp màn bạc Việt một thời: Kiều Chinh và Hồi chuông Thiên Mụ". Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  4. ↑ "Congressional Record—House H2315" (PDF). Congress.gov. May 9, 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  5. ↑ "Kieu Chinh: Her Journey From Refugee to Hollywood Actres". The Breakfast Club. June 2, 2022. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  6. ↑ "Saigon's New Chief Spokesman Hoang Duc Nha". The New York Times. January 11, 1973. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  7. ↑ Trần Chánh, Nghĩa (October 16, 2017). "Nữ đại gia bỏ tiền khổng lồ xây rạp phim xịn nhất Sài Gòn xưa". VietNamNet (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  8. ↑ The Jimmy TV (April 11, 2021). "Kiều Chinh & Những Thành Tựu Trong Điện Ảnh | The Jimmy TV". Youtube. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  9. ↑ Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam. p. 630.
  10. ↑ Kieu Chinh (April 29, 2022). "'Homeless among the clouds': My journey from movie star to faceless fall of Saigon refugee". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  11. ↑ Rafael García, Sarah (March 23, 2022). "The Women of the Vietnamese American Arts Scene in Orange County". KOCE-TV. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  12. ↑ Bernstein, Richard (October 29, 1989). "FILM; Art Meets Life for a Vietnamese Actress". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  13. ↑ C. Raff, Katherine (October 14, 1993). "Mother Knows Best". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  14. ↑ Li-Wei Chu (2021). "Ham Tran's epic 'Journey from the Fall' is a heartbreaking look at the aftermath of the Vietnam War". From the Intercom. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  15. ↑ Mydans, Seth (October 30, 1993). "In Hollywood, a Former Vietnamese Star Rebuilds Her Career". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  16. ↑ Ngọc An (May 11, 2016). "Kieu Chinh - Người đẹp nổi tiếng một thời: 'Về Hà Nội, tôi vui lắm!'". Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  17. ↑ Thanh, Trúc (May 6, 2010). "Vinh danh nghệ sĩ Kiều Chinh với giải thưởng "In Pursuit of Liberty"". Radio Free Asia (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  18. ↑ Botelho, Greg; Gannon, Matthew (February 9, 2016). "Since his hostage years, Terry Anderson relishes 'very, very good life'". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
    Firm News (December 6, 2002). "Crowell & Moring LLP - Funded School Dedicated in Ha Tinh, Vietnam". Crowell & Moring. Archived from the original on January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  19. ↑ Tousignant, Marylou (April 20, 1995). "Puller's Vietnam Reconciliation Realized". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
    Broder, David (November 10, 1999). "A Vet's Legacy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
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  21. ↑ Nguyễn Thúy, Hoa (January 24, 2014). "Nữ tài tử Kiều Chinh và 50 ngôi trường cho trẻ em Việt Nam". Voice of Vietnam (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  22. ↑ 24 Tiếng Việt - Kieu Chinh - Actress, Humanitarian, Lecturer, and Philanthropist. YouTube (in Vietnamese). The Vietnamese with Kenneth Nguyen. February 5, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  23. ↑ Thanh Phương (August 1, 2022). "Hành trình không ngơi nghỉ của "Kiều Chinh - Nghệ sĩ lưu vong"". Radio France Internationale (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
    Bharath, Deepa (June 13, 2016). "Little Saigon residents say they feel a connection with the Dalai Lama, who will visit new Buddhist temple". The Orange County Register. Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  24. ↑ Associated Press (June 24, 2016). "Thousands welcome Dalai Lama during visit to Little Saigon". Winona Daily News. Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  25. ↑ Seo, Diane (April 16, 1995). "Journey to the Past : 20 Years After Fleeing, Actress Kieu Chinh Returns to Vietnam". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  26. ↑ "The Bells of Thien Mu Temple (1957)". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
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  31. ↑ "The Evil Within (1970)". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  32. ↑ "Nguoi Tinh Khong Chan Dung (1971)". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
    Mi Ly (July 22, 2020). "Tứ đại mỹ nhân của điện ảnh Sài Gòn qua sách 'Người tình không chân dung'". Tuổi Trẻ (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
    "Book – Warrior, Who are you? – Saigon Cinema 1954-1975". British Council. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
  33. 1 2 3 Truong Uy (March 11, 2012). "Kiều Chinh trở lại". Tuổi Trẻ (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  34. ↑ "The Lucifer Complex". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  35. ↑ "Hamburger Hill - Full Cast & Crew". TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  36. ↑ "Gleaming the Cube - Full Cast & Crew". TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  37. ↑ Variety Staff (December 31, 1988). "Welcome Home". Variety. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  38. ↑ Variety Staff (December 31, 1989). "Vietnam, Texas". Variety. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  39. ↑ "The Joy Luck Club (1993) 25th Anniversary". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. August 22, 2018. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
    Orellana Hernandez, Angie (May 28, 2021). "Watch 'The Joy Luck Club' cast reunite to discuss how it changed AAPI representation". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  40. ↑ "Riot". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  41. ↑ "City of Angels - Full Cast & Crew". TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  42. ↑ B. Parks, Louis (September 8, 2000). "Catfish in Black Bean Sauce". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 13, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024.
  43. ↑ Mcdonald, Ewan. "What's Cooking". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  44. ↑ "Green Dragon (2001)". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  45. ↑ Rooney, David (February 6, 2002). "Face". Variety. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  46. ↑ Examiner Staff (April 13, 2007). "Review: 'Journey From the Fall' vivid and authentic". San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  47. ↑ "21 - Full Cast & Crew". TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
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