Kozara Offensive
Part of World War II in Yugoslavia
Date10 June – August 1942[1]
Location
Kozara mountain, northwestern Bosnia
45°00′N 17°00′E / 45.000°N 17.000°E / 45.000; 17.000
Result Axis victory; Partisan force severely damaged
Belligerents
Axis:
 Germany
 Independent State of Croatia
Chetniks
 Hungary		 Allies:
Partisans
Commanders and leaders
Nazi Germany Friedrich Stahl[1] Kosta Nađ
Strength
some 15,000 German troops
21,000 Independent State of Croatia troops
2,000 Chetniks
5 Hungarian monitors		 3,000 troops aided by 60,000 local volunteers and recruits
Casualties and losses
7,000 casualties[2] 25,000 civilians and fighters killed[3] (1,700 killed in action)[2]

The Kozara Offensive (also known as Operation West-Bosnien) was fought in 1942 on and around the mountain of Kozara in northwestern Bosnia. It was an important battle of the Yugoslav Partisan resistance movement in World War II. It later became an integral part of Yugoslav post-war mythology, which celebrated the courage and martyrdom of outnumbered and outgunned Partisans and civilians.[4] Certain sources mistakenly identify the Kozara Offensive as part of Operation Trio.

Operation

In the spring of 1942, Yugoslav Partisans in central and west Bosnia liberated Bosanski Petrovac, Drvar, Glamoč and Prijedor. On 20 May the 1st Krajina Assault Brigade was founded, and the next day it obtained tanks and a modest air force. The free territory stretched from the river Sava south across the mountains Kozara and Grmeč. During the winter, Partisans inflicted heavy casualties on the Germans. A great loss for the Partisans was the death of their capable and distinguished commander, Mladen Stojanović, known as "Komandant Mladen".

The German and Ustaše authorities realized that the city of Banja Luka and the iron mine in Ljubija were in danger and organized an offensive to destroy the movement. The Germans engaged 15,000 soldiers, the Independent State of Croatia about 21,000 soldiers,[5] Chetniks of Draža Mihailović about 2,000 soldiers[6] and the Hungarians participated with 5 monitor ships. The Partisan group had about 3,000 soldiers.

Monument to the Revolution

After an intensive battle on the night of 3 July, some partisan units broke the siege, but the main group again came under siege the next night and was mostly destroyed. In Široka Luka about 500 wounded Partisans were killed. It is estimated that during the battle, the Partisans lost about 1,700 soldiers, while the Axis forces lost about 7,000. During and after the battle, many thousands of Serbian civilians from Kozara were sent to the Ustaše Jasenovac concentration camp. About 900 Partisan soldiers survived and founded the Fifth Krajina Brigade. At the same time, the main Partisan group with Josip Broz Tito moved from East Bosnia to West Bosnia. After the Axis offensive forces withdrew, parts of the lost area were regained in September 1942. Approximately 25,000 Serbs were killed in the operation, mostly in concentration camps.[3] During German military operation large group of mostly civilians was captured, 10,000 of them were brought from Kozara to Sajmište concentration camp.[7]

Ustaše crimes in the aftermath of the Kozara Offensive
Captured Serbian women and children

See also

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 Redžić, Enver (2005). Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War. p. 215. ISBN 9780714656250.
  2. 1 2 Battle of Kozara Memorial
  3. 1 2 Bosworth, R.J.B. (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Fascism. Oxford University Press. p. 431. ISBN 978-0-19-929131-1.
  4. ↑ Gilbert, Andrew (2008). Foreign Authority and the Politics of Impartiality in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 9780549928379.
  5. ↑ Hoare 2006, p. 272.
  6. ↑ Miletić 1977, p. 203, 209.
  7. ↑ Byford, Jovan; (2011) Staro sajmište: mesto sećanja, zaborava i sporenja. Beogradski centar za ljudska prava p. 45; ISBN 978-86-7202-131-8

References

  • Krzak, Andrzej (2010). "Guerilla Operations in Yugoslavia on the Basis of the Battle of Kozara". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 23 (3): 477–89. doi:10.1080/13518046.2010.503150. S2CID 144954834.
  • Hoare, Marko Attila (2006). Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-726380-8.

Further reading

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