Léon Israël
BornJanuary 13, 1906
Kœnigsmacker, Moselle
DiedApril 27, 1944
Mâcon
Cause of deathAssassination by the Milice of Lyon
Occupation(s)Doctor, resistance fighter
Known forProviding medical assistance to the resistance fighters, caring for the needy

Léon Israël, also known as Dr. Israël, born on January 13, 1906, in Kœnigsmacker and assassinated by the Milice of Lyon on April 27, 1944, in Mâcon was a French doctor, resistance fighter, and Jew. Before World War II, he pursued studies at the Faculty of Medicine in Strasbourg and quickly became a respected physician, collaborating notably with Max Aron.

Originally from Moselle, he joined his family in Mâcon in 1941 after they sought refuge there. He clandestinely provided medical assistance to the resistance fighters in the city and surrounding areas. He also provided care to the needy in the region, earning the appreciation of the population of Mâcon.

While on his way to visit his brother-in-law and sister, he was shot in front of them and his niece by the Milice, in front of the current 116 rue du 28 juin 1944 in Mâcon. After his assassination, the Israël family was hidden by the Blanvillain family, who were recognized as Righteous Among the Nations in 2005.

Biography

Birth and youth

Léon Israël was born on January 13, 1906, in Kœnigsmacker, in occupied Moselle.[1] His father was named Isaac Israel and was a merchant.[2] His family owned a livestock business.[3] On December 7, 1927, he performed a comedy duo in Wolfisheim at a ball organized by the Jewish community to celebrate the marriage of the rabbi of Dijon's son to a young woman from the Jewish community of Wolfisheim.[4]

He attended the funeral of Rosa Israël, a member of his family, on May 20, 1932,[5] and also that of Mrs. Abraham Cahen in 1930.[6] In 1929, he attempted the competition to become an intern at the hospital in Strasbourg and was accepted.[2][7] At the same time, he pursued his thesis entitled "Benzene Hemopathies"[1] and obtained it with highest honors and congratulations from the jury in 1934.[2] He quickly became the director of a clinic in Strasbourg.[8] In 1934, he was awarded the Prize of the Association of Students and Alumni of the Faculty of Medicine (Strasbourg) and began publishing numerous scientific articles from 1934-1935.[8] He also collaborated with Max Aron.[8] After completing his medical studies, he practiced medicine and received patients in Metz,[9][10][11][12] at 42 Rue Serpenoise.[13] He joined the Scientific Society of Lorraine in 1937.[14][15]

Arrival in Mâcon

He remained unmarried[1] and continued his medical practice until the Occupation of France, when his brother, sister-in-law, and their children decided to flee Moselle and their hometown of Yutz to seek refuge in the Zone libre.[1]

Information form from the collaborationist Prefecture of Saône et Loire containing the name of Dr. Israël (1941/1942).

Dr. Israël followed them in 1941 and joined them in Mâcon,[16] where they were settled and hidden by the local resistance, particularly by Léon-Albert and Renée Blanvillain, Mâcon-based hardware store owners.[1][17]

Resistance

While being relatively protected by the resistance, Léon Israël took on the clandestine task of providing medical care to the local resistance fighters and made rounds in the city to assist the impoverished.[1] However, starting in 1942 with Operation Anton, which concluded with the annexation of the Vichy France by Nazi Germany, the hunt for Jews, which was already significant, intensified even further, forcing the Israël family into hiding.[1][17] Léon continued to visit his family in Mâcon, but he was sheltered in Beaujeu by the Rochard family, who owned vineyards there.[17]

Commemorative plaques at 116 Rue du 28 Juin 1944 in Mâcon, at the site of Dr. Israël's assassination.

He appeared on a prefectural list that recorded Jewish doctors in the department; his address was listed as 19 Rue Dinet in Mâcon.[18]

Assassination and aftermath

Resistants attacked a group of Milice members on April 25, 1944.[19] In retaliation, on April 27, 1944, while Léon was discreetly visiting his family on what is now Rue du 28 juin 1944, Léon Israël was arrested on the street by the French Milice, including one André Dumont[20] and one Henri Fournier,[21] who had come from Lyon.[22] They immediately executed him by firing squad.[17] His brother Joseph, sister-in-law Annette, and 5-year-old niece Monique witnessed his summary execution, which took place near their home.[17] During his funeral, the people of Mâcon rallied together, and more than a thousand individuals attended, despite the city still being under occupation.[3][23]

Following the assassination, the Blanvillain family decided to conceal and extract the Israël family from Mâcon to Sancé until the Liberation of France, when they returned to live in Lorraine.[17]

Memory

Their families remained close.[3] Claude Blanvillain, who welcomed Monique Israël into his room, passed away on August 21, 2017, at the age of 83.[24] Monique Israël herself passed away on January 14, 2023.[25]

In recognition of their actions, Léon-Albert and Renée Blanvillain were awarded the title of Righteous Among the Nations in 2005.[23] Renée Blanvillain received the title in person at the age of 94,[16][23] while her husband Léon-Albert had passed away in 1991.[16][23]

An annual tribute is organized in Mâcon in front of the commemorative plaque on April 17, the day of the Vel d'Hiv roundup.[19][26] In 2023, the tribute took place as scheduled. The Protestant church of Mâcon laid a wreath, and the mayor of Mâcon and the prefect of Saône et Loire also laid wreaths to honor the occasion.[27][28]

Works

Scientifical publications

  • Thesis entitled "Benzene Hemopathies," 1934.
  • Histological tests of prehypophyseal hyperfunction in certain obese individuals, Bull. et mém. de la Soc. méd. des hôpitaux de Paris, October 25, 1935 (with Max Aron and A. Jacob).
  • Two cases of refractory urticaria. Treatment with epidermal scarifications and histamine. Soc. de Méd. du Bas-Rhin, December 21, 1935 (with M. Jacob and A. Meyer).
  • Considerations on the genesis of hyperchlorhydria and its treatment with the combined medication of pantopon, papaverine, and atrinal, Nutrition, 1936 (with M. Schwartz, MM. Merklen, and M. Jacob).
  • A case of thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. Thrombophlebitis simulating arterial embolisms and venous origin gangrene (with M. Fontaine and Sousa Pereira), 1936.
  • Postoperative complications. Blood. Gastric secretion. Soc. de Méd. du Bas-Rhin, April 1936 (with M. Froehlich).
  • Facial paralysis in chronic nephritis, Bull. et mém. de la Soc. méd. des hôpitaux de Paris, June 19, 1936.
  • The blood in former gastrectomy patients, Presse médicale, July 1, 1936 (with F. Froehlich).

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "ISRAËL Léon - Maitron". fusilles-40-44.maitron.fr. Archived from the original on 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  2. 1 2 3 "Le Messin : organe des intérêts lorrains ["puis" journal républicain démocrate "puis" quotidien régional d'information]". Gallica. 1934-07-20. Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  3. 1 2 3 Lycéens de Cluny. Cahier des Justes. Cluny: Lycée de Cluny. p. 32. Archived from the original on 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
  4. ↑ "La Tribune juive : organe indépendant du judaïsme de l'Est de la France". Gallica. 1927-12-16. Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  5. ↑ "Le Messin : organe des intérêts lorrains ["puis" journal républicain démocrate "puis" quotidien régional d'information]". Gallica. 1932-05-20. Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  6. ↑ "Le Messin : organe des intérêts lorrains ["puis" journal républicain démocrate "puis" quotidien régional d'information]". Gallica. 1930-12-11. Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  7. ↑ "Le Messin : organe des intérêts lorrains ["puis" journal républicain démocrate "puis" quotidien régional d'information]". Gallica. 1929-11-13. Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  8. 1 2 3 texte, Université de Strasbourg (1538-1970) Auteur du (1937). "Travaux de l'Université de Strasbourg : rapports présentés par le Conseil de l'Université". Gallica. Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Gilbert Cahen (1983). Pour un martyrologe des médecins mosellans. Société d'histoire et d'archéologie de la Lorraine. Archived from the original on 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  10. ↑ Lazare, Jean; Société des sciences médicales de la Moselle; Impr. Séris (2000). Histoire de la médecine en Moselle de 1800 à 1950. ISBN 2-912736-08-0. OCLC 491599782. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  11. ↑ Société des sciences médicales de la Moselle, Jean (2002). Histoire de la médecine en Moselle des lendemains de la Seconde guerre mondiale à l'an 2000. ISBN 2-87964-054-7. OCLC 491599896. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  12. ↑ JUNG (François) [1920. "Les médecins mosellans pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale". Société d'histoire et d'archéologie de la Lorraine. Archived from the original on 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2023-12-01.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ "Le Messin : organe des intérêts lorrains ["puis" journal républicain démocrate "puis" quotidien régional d'information]". Gallica. 1936-10-31. Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  14. ↑ texte, Société d'histoire et d'archéologie de Lorraine Auteur du (1937-01-01). "Les Cahiers lorrains : organe des sociétés littéraires et scientifiques de Metz et de la Moselle". Gallica. Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  15. ↑ texte, Société d'histoire et d'archéologie de Lorraine Auteur du (1937-09-01). "Les Cahiers lorrains : organe des sociétés littéraires et scientifiques de Metz et de la Moselle". Gallica. Archived from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  16. 1 2 3 "Un couple fait"Juste parmi les nations"". L'Obs (in French). 2006-01-29. Archived from the original on 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Léon-Israël". www.ajpn.org. Archived from the original on 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  18. ↑ "Les persécutions des juifs en Saône-et-Loire pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale". www.archives71.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-12-01. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  19. 1 2 "Musée de la résistance en ligne". museedelaresistanceenligne.org. Archived from the original on 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  20. ↑ "Export Embed". RetroNews.fr. Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
  21. ↑ "Export Embed". RetroNews.fr. Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
  22. ↑ "Un couple fait"Juste parmi les nations"". L'Obs (in French). 2006-01-29. Archived from the original on 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  23. 1 2 3 4 "Dosssiers". Comité Français pour Yad Vashem (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-06-30. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  24. ↑ "BLANVILLAIN : tous les avis de décès". avis-deces.linternaute.com (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
  25. ↑ "Espace de Recueillement de Madame Monique ISRAEL". www.libramemoria.com (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
  26. ↑ "Hommage au docteur Israël". www.lejsl.com (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
  27. ↑ "Mâcon. Une vibrante commémoration en hommage aux victimes des persécutions antisémites et racistes". www.lejsl.com (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  28. ↑ "Mâcon Infos - Le Web Journal du Mâconnais - MÂCON : Hommage aux victimes des persécutions racistes et antisémites". www.macon-infos.com. Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
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