Liberal Democratic Party
自由民主党
Jiyū-Minshutō
PresidentFumio Kishida
Vice PresidentTarō Asō
Secretary-GeneralToshimitsu Motegi
Founders
Founded15 November 1955 (1955-11-15)
Merger of
Headquarters11–23, Nagatachō 1-chome, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8910, Japan
NewspaperJiyu Minshu[2]
Student wingLDP Students Division[3]
Youth wingLDP Youth
MembershipIncrease 1,136,445 (2021 est.)[4]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[n 1][10]
International affiliationAsia Pacific Democrat Union
Colours
  •   Red (official)[lower-alpha 2][11]
  •   Green (customary)[lower-alpha 3]
Slogan"To a new Japan with the voice of the region."[lower-alpha 4][12]
Anthem
"We"[lower-alpha 5][13]
Councillors
117 / 248
Representatives
259 / 465
Prefectures[14]
1,283 / 2,643
Municipalities[14]
2,179 / 29,608
Party flag
Website

The Liberal Democratic Party (自由民主党, Jiyū-Minshutō), frequently abbreviated to LDP or Jimintō (自民党), is a major conservative[15] and Japanese nationalist[16] political party in Japan.

The LDP was formed in 1955 as a merger of two conservative parties: the Liberal Party and the Japan Democratic Party. Since its foundation, the LDP has been in power almost continuously—a period called the 1955 System—except between 1993 and 1994, and again from 2009 to 2012, ruling the country as a de facto one-party state. From 1955 to 2009, the LDP oversaw Japan's recovery from World War II, the country's economic miracle and its subsequent staganation.[17] After a brief interregnum, the LDP regained control of the government in a landslide victory at the 2012 election.[18] After the 2021 and 2022 elections it holds 261 seats in the House of Representatives and 119 seats in the House of Councillors, and in coalition with Komeito since 1999, a governing majority in both houses.

The LDP is often described as a big tent right-wing conservative party.[19] While lacking a cohesive political ideology, the party's platform has historically supported increased defense spending and maintaining close military ties with the United States.[20] The party's history and internal composition have been characterized by intense factionalism ever since its emergence in 1955, with its parliamentary members currently split among six factions, each of which vies for influence in the party and the government.[21][22] The incumbent prime minister and party president is Fumio Kishida, the leader of the party's moderate Kōchikai faction.

History

Beginnings

Launching convention, 15 November 1955

The LDP was formed in 1955[23] as a merger between two of Japan's political parties, the Liberal Party (自由党, Jiyutō, 1950–1955, led by Taketora Ogata) and the Japan Democratic Party (日本民主党, Nihon Minshutō, 1954–1955, led by Ichirō Hatoyama), both conservative parties, as a united front against the then popular Japan Socialist Party (日本社会党, Nipponshakaitō), now the Social Democratic Party (社会民主党, Shakaiminshutō). The party won the following elections, and Japan's first conservative government with a majority was formed by 1955. It would hold majority government until 1993.[24]

The LDP began with reforming Japan's international relations, ranging from entry into the United Nations, to establishing diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union. Its leaders in the 1950s also made the LDP the main government party, and in all the elections of the 1950s, the LDP won the majority vote, with the only other opposition coming from left-wing politics, made up of the Japan Socialist Party and the Japanese Communist Party.

From the 1950s to the early 1970s, the United States Central Intelligence Agency spent millions of dollars to aid the LDP against leftist parties such as the Socialists and the Communists,[25][26] although this was not revealed until the mid-1990s when it was exposed by The New York Times.[27]

1960s to 1990s

For the majority of the 1960s, the LDP (and Japan) were led by Eisaku Satō, beginning with the hosting of the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, and ending in 1972 with Japanese neutrality in the Vietnam War and with the beginning of the Japanese asset price bubble. By the end of the 1970s, the LDP went into its decline, where even though it held the reins of government many scandals plagued the party, while the opposition (now joined with the Kōmeitō (1962–1998)) gained momentum.

In 1976, in the wake of the Lockheed bribery scandals, a handful of younger LDP Diet members broke away and established their own party, the New Liberal Club (Shin Jiyu Kurabu). A decade later, however, it was reabsorbed by the LDP.

By the late 1970s, the Japan Socialist Party, the Japanese Communist Party, and the Komeito along with the international community used major pressure to have Japan switch diplomatic ties from Taiwan (Republic of China) to the People's Republic of China.

In 1983, the LDP was a founding member of the International Democrat Union.[28]

Liberal Democratic Hall Bldg., Headquarters of the LDP in Tokyo

The LDP managed to consistently win elections for over three decades, and the LDP's decades in power allowed it to establish a highly stable process of policy formation. This process would not have been possible if other parties had secured parliamentary majorities. LDP strength was based on an enduring, although not unchallenged, coalition of big business, small business, agriculture, professional groups, and other interests. Elite bureaucrats collaborated closely with the party and interest groups in drafting and implementing policy. In a sense, the party's success was a result not of its internal strength but of its weakness. It lacked a strong, nationwide organization or consistent ideology with which to attract voters. Its leaders were rarely decisive, charismatic, or popular. But it functioned efficiently as a locus for matching interest group money and votes with bureaucratic power and expertise. This arrangement resulted in corruption, but the party could claim credit for helping to create economic growth and a stable, middle-class Japan.

Despite winning the 1986 general election by a landslide, by the end of 1980s, the LDP started to suffer setbacks in elections due to unpopular policies on trade liberalisation and tax, as well as a scandal involving their leader Sōsuke Uno and the Recruit scandal. The party lost its majority in the House of Councillors for the first time in 34 years in the 1989 election.[29]

Out of power

The LDP managed to hold on to power in 1990 Japanese general election despite some losses. In June 1993, 10 members of the party's liberal-conservative faction split to form the New Party Sakigake.[30] The end of the postwar miracle economy, the Japanese asset price bubble and other reasons such as the recruit scandal led to the LDP losing its majority in 1993 Japanese general election held in July of that year.

Seven opposition parties — including several formed by LDP dissidents — formed the Hosokawa government headed by Japan New Party leader and LDP dissident Morihiro Hosokawa, who became the Prime Minister preceded by Kiichi Miyazawa. However, the LDP was still far and away the largest party in the House of Representatives, with well over 200 seats; no other invidual party crossed the 80-seat mark. Yohei Kono became the president of the LDP preceded by Kiichi Miyazawa, he was the first non-prime minister LDP leader as the leader of the opposition.

In 1994, the Japan Socialist Party and New Party Sakigake left the ruling coalition, joining the LDP in the opposition. The remaining members of the coalition tried to stay in power as the minority Hata Cabinet under the leadership of Tsutomu Hata, but this failed when the LDP and the Socialists, bitter rivals for 40 years, formed a majority coalition. The Murayama Cabinet was dominated by the LDP, but it allowed Socialist Tomiichi Murayama to occupy the Prime Minister's chair until 1996 when the LDP's Ryutaro Hashimoto took over.

1996–2009

In the 1996 election, the LDP made some gains but was still 12 seats short of a majority. However, no other party could possibly form a government, and Hashimoto formed a solidly LDP minority government. Through a series of floor-crossings, the LDP regained its majority within a year.

The party was practically unopposed until 1998 when the opposition Democratic Party of Japan was formed. This marked the beginning of the opposing parties' gains in momentum, especially in the 2003 and 2004 Parliamentary Elections, that would not slow for another 12 years.

In the dramatically paced 2003 House of Representatives elections, the LDP won 237 seats, while the DPJ won 177 seats. In the 2004 House of Councillors elections, in the seats up for grabs, the LDP won 49 seats and the DPJ 50, though in all seats (including those uncontested) the LDP still had a total of 114. Because of this electoral loss, former Secretary-General Shinzo Abe turned in his resignation, but Party President Koizumi merely demoted him in rank, and he was replaced by Tsutomu Takebe.

On 10 November 2003, the New Conservative Party (Hoshu Shintō) was absorbed into the LDP, a move which was largely because of the New Conservative Party's poor showing in the 2003 general election. The LDP formed a coalition with the conservative Buddhist New Komeito (party founded by Soka Gakkai) from Obuchi Second shuffle Cabinet (1999–2000).

After a victory in the 2005 Japanese general election, the LDP held an absolute majority in the Japanese House of Representatives and formed a coalition government with the New Komeito Party. Shinzo Abe succeeded then-Prime Minister Junichirō Koizumi as the president of the party on 20 September 2006. The party suffered a major defeat in the election of 2007, however, and lost its majority in the upper house for the first time in its history.

The LDP remained the largest party in both houses of the Diet, until 29 July 2007, when the LDP lost its majority in the upper house.[31]

In a party leadership election held on 23 September 2007, the LDP elected Yasuo Fukuda as its president. Fukuda defeated Tarō Asō for the post, receiving 330 votes against 197 votes for Aso.[32][33] However Fukuda resigned suddenly in September 2008, and Asō became Prime Minister after winning the presidency of the LDP in a five-way election.

In the 2009 general election, the LDP was roundly defeated, winning only 118 seats—easily the worst defeat of a sitting government in modern Japanese history, and also the first real transfer of political power in the post-war era. Accepting responsibility for this severe defeat, Aso announced his resignation as LDP president on election night. Sadakazu Tanigaki was elected leader of the party on 28 September 2009,[34] after a three-way race, becoming only the second LDP leader who was not simultaneously prime minister.

2009–present

The party's support continued to decline, with prime ministers changing rapidly, and in the 2009 House of Representatives elections the LDP lost its majority, winning only 118 seats, marking the only time they would be out of the majority other than a brief period in 1993.[35][36] Since that time, numerous party members have left to join other parties or form new ones, including Your Party (みんなの党, Minna no Tō), the Sunrise Party of Japan (たちあがれ日本, Tachiagare Nippon)[37] and the New Renaissance Party (新党改革, Shintō Kaikaku). The party had some success in the 2010 House of Councilors election, netting 13 additional seats and denying the DPJ a majority.[38][39] Abe became the president again in September 2012 after a five-way race. The LDP returned to power with its ally New Komeito after winning a clear majority in the lower house general election on 16 December 2012 after just over three years in opposition. Shinzo Abe became Prime Minister for the second time preceded by Yoshihiko Noda who was the leader of the DPJ.[40]

In July 2015, the party pushed for expanded military powers to fight in foreign conflict through Shinzo Abe and the support of Komeito.[41]

Yoshihide Suga took over from Shinzo Abe in September 2020 after a three-way race. After Suga declined to run for re-election, successor Fumio Kishida led the party to a victory in the October 2021 Japanese general election after a four-way race, defying expectations.[42]

Despite support dropping in 2022 after the assassination of Shinzo Abe over connections between various party members and the Unification Church, the party had a good showing in the 2023 Japanese unified local elections, winning over half of the 2260 prefectural assembly seats being contested and six governorship positions.[43]

Ideology and political stance

The LDP is usually associated with conservatism,[15] Japanese nationalism[16] and being on the political right of the political spectrum.[44] The LDP has been described as a variety of disparate ideologies such as conservative-liberal,[45][46] liberal-conservative,[47][48][49] social-conservative,[50][51] ultranationalist,[52][53][54] and ultraconservative.[55][56] The party though has not espoused a well-defined, unified ideology or political philosophy, due to its long-term government, and has been described as a "catch-all" party.[6]

The LDP members hold a variety of positions that could be broadly defined as being to the right of main opposition parties. Many of its ministers, including current Prime Minister Fumio Kishida[57] and former Prime Ministers Yoshihide Suga,[58] and the late Shinzo Abe are/were affiliated with the parliamentary league of Nippon Kaigi, a far-right[59] traditionalist lobby group.[60] In Japanese politics, the convention is to classify the Liberal Democratic Party and the Japanese Communist Party as occupying the conservative and progressive ends of the ideological spectrum respectively, however this classification faces challenges, especially among younger generations, after the 1990s.[61]

The LDP could also be compared to the corporatist-inspired model of conservative parties, such as the Christian Democratic Union of Germany, in its relative openness towards economic interventionism, mixed market coordination and public expenditure, when compared to neoliberal orthodoxy.[62]

Historical

In the case of the LDP administration under the 1955 System in Japan, their degree of economic control was stronger than that of Western conservative governments; it was also positioned closer to social democracy.[63] Since the 1970s, the oil crisis has slowed economic growth and increased the resistance of urban citizens to policies that favor farmers.[64] To maintain its dominant position, the LDP sought to expand party supporters by incorporating social security policies and pollution measures advocated by opposition parties.[64] It was also historically closely positioned to corporate statism.[65][66]

2021 manifesto

During the 2021 general election the released LDP policy manifesto, titled "Create a new era together with you", which included among other things support for:[67][68][69]

  • Wealth redistribution to revive the Japanese economy and empowering the middle class
  • Tax breaks for corporations willing to raise wages
  • Advance administrative reforms to facilitate digitalization
  • High investment in science and technology and increased funds for university research
  • Secure robust supply chains for critical materials, such as rare earths
  • Continued development of nuclear fusion power generation, and expansion of renewable energy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050
  • Reaching UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals targets
  • Offer subsidies for enterprises if they move into new industries
  • Electronic COVID-19 vaccine passports
  • Expanding support for small and medium businesses hit by the COVID-19 pandemic
  • Constitutional amendments, including the proposed Japanese constitutional referendum to formalize the current existence of the Japan Self-Defense Forces in Article 9 of the Constitution and creating an emergency response clause
  • Raising Japan's defense budget from the current 1% to "two percent or more" of gross domestic product (GDP) and enhancing Japan's defense capabilities
  • Advance understanding of LGBT rights, although the party is not in favor of same-sex marriage,[70] with 50% of its election candidates being "undecided" and those opposed largely outnumbering those in favor[71]
  • Acceptance of foreign workers and improving management to cover labor shortages
  • Support Taiwan's bid to join the CPTPP agreement and WHO observer status
  • Promoting further nuclear disarmament and nuclear nonproliferation

Structure

At the apex of the LDP's formal organization is the president (総裁, sōsai), who can serve three[72] three-year terms. (The presidential term was increased from two years to three years in 2002 and from two to three terms in 2017). When the party has a parliamentary majority, the party president is the prime minister. The choice of party president is formally that of a party convention composed of Diet members and local LDP figures, but in most cases, they merely approved the joint decision of the most powerful party leaders. To make the system more democratic, Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda introduced a "primary" system in 1978, which opened the balloting to some 1.5 million LDP members. The process was so costly and acrimonious, however, that it was subsequently abandoned in favor of the old "smoke-filled room" method—so-called in allusion to the notion of closed discussions held in small rooms filled with tobacco smoke.

After the party president, the most important LDP officials are the Secretary-General (kanjicho), the chairmen of the LDP Executive Council (somukaicho), and of the Policy Affairs Research Council or "PARC" (政務調査会, seimu chōsakai).

Leadership

As of 10 January 2024:[73]

Position Name House Faction
President Fumio Kishida Representatives Kōchikai
Vice President Tarō Asō Representatives Asō (Shikōkai)
Secretary-General Toshimitsu Motegi Representatives Motegi (Heisei Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, General Council Hiroshi Moriyama Representatives Moriyama (Kinmirai Seiji Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, Policy Affairs Research Council Kisaburo Tokai Representatives None
Chairperson, Election Strategy Committee Yuko Obuchi Representatives Motegi (Heisei Kenkyūkai)
Chairperson, Party Organization and Movement Headquarters Yasushi Kaneko Representatives Kōchikai
Chairperson, Public Relations Headquarters Takuya Hirai Representatives Kōchikai
Chairperson, Diet Affairs Committee Yasukazu Hamada Representatives None
Executive Acting Secretary-General Hiroshi Kajiyama Representatives None
Chairperson, General Assembly of Party Members of the House of Councillors Masakazu Sekiguchi Councillors Takeshita (Heisei Kenkyūkai)
Secretary-General for the LDP in the House of Councillors Vacant N/A N/A

Factions

Since the genesis of the Liberal Democratic Party in 1955, factions have existed, but they have changed over time. Despite this change, factions in the party today can be traced back to their 1955 roots, a testament to the stability and institutionalized nature of Liberal Democratic Party factions.[74] The party's history and internal composition have been characterized by intense factionalism ever since its emergence in 1955, with its parliamentary members currently split among six factions, each of which vies for influence in the party and the government.[22] The incumbent Prime Minister and party president, Fumio Kishida, is the leader of the party's Kōchikai faction.

Current factions in the LDP include:

Name Ideology Political position Leader Members
 Right-wing to far-right Collective leadership 98
 Right-wing Tarō Asō[75] 56
 Conservatism Right-wing Toshimitsu Motegi[76] 53
 Moderate conservatism Centre-right Fumio Kishida (incumbent Prime Minister
and party president)		 46
 Right-wing Toshihiro Nikai[77] 39
  • Kinmirai Seiji Kenkyūkai
  • ?
 ? ? Hiroshi Moriyama[78] 8
Independent N/A 78

Membership

The LDP had over five million party members in 1990. By December 2017 membership had dropped to approximately one million members.[4]

Performance in national elections until 1993

Election statistics show that, while the LDP had been able to secure a majority in the twelve House of Representatives elections from May 1958 to February 1990, with only three exceptions (December 1976, October 1979, and December 1983), its share of the popular vote had declined from a high of 57.8 percent in May 1958 to a low of 41.8 percent in December 1976, when voters expressed their disgust with the party's involvement in the Lockheed scandal. The LDP vote rose again between 1979 and 1990. Although the LDP won an unprecedented 300 seats in the July 1986 balloting, its share of the popular vote remained just under 50 percent. The figure was 46.2 percent in February 1990. Following the three occasions when the LDP found itself a handful of seats shy of a majority, it was obliged to form alliances with conservative independents and the breakaway New Liberal Club. In a cabinet appointment after the October 1983 balloting, a non-LDP minister, a member of the New Liberal Club, was appointed for the first time. On 18 July 1993, in lower house elections, the LDP fell so far short of a majority that it was unable to form a government.

In the upper house, the July 1989 election represented the first time that the LDP was forced into a minority position. In previous elections, it had either secured a majority on its own or recruited non-LDP conservatives to make up the difference of a few seats.

The political crisis of 1988–89 was testimony to both the party's strength and its weakness. In the wake of a succession of issues—the pushing of a highly unpopular consumer tax through the Diet in late 1988, the Recruit insider trading scandal, which tainted virtually all top LDP leaders and forced the resignation of Prime Minister Takeshita Noboru in April (a successor did not appear until June), the resignation in July of his successor, Uno Sōsuke, because of a sex scandal, and the poor showing in the upper house election—the media provided the Japanese with a detailed and embarrassing dissection of the political system. By March 1989, popular support for the Takeshita cabinet as expressed in public opinion polls had fallen to 9 percent. Uno's scandal, covered in magazine interviews of a "kiss and tell" geisha, aroused the fury of female voters.

Uno's successor, the eloquent if obscure Kaifu Toshiki, was successful in repairing the party's battered image. By January 1990, talk of the waning of conservative power and a possible socialist government had given way to the realization that, like the Lockheed affair of the mid-1970s, the Recruit scandal did not signal a significant change in who ruled Japan. The February 1990 general election gave the LDP, including affiliated independents, a comfortable, if not spectacular, majority: 275 of 512 total representatives.

In October 1991, Prime Minister Kaifu Toshiki failed to attain passage of a political reform bill and was rejected by the LDP, despite his popularity with the electorate. He was replaced as prime minister by Miyazawa Kiichi, a long-time LDP stalwart. Defections from the LDP began in the spring of 1992, when Hosokawa Morihiro left the LDP to form the Japan New Party. Later, in the summer of 1993, when the Miyazawa government also failed to pass political reform legislation, thirty-nine LDP members joined the opposition in a no-confidence vote. In the ensuing lower house election, more than fifty LDP members formed the Shinseitō and the Sakigake parties, denying the LDP the majority needed to form a government.

Election results

Legislative results

House of Representatives

House of Representatives
Election Leader No. of
candidates		 Seats Position Constituency votes PR Block votes Status
No. ± Share No. Share No. Share
1958 Nobusuke Kishi 413
289 / 467
 61.8% 1st 22,976,846 57.80% Government
1960 Hayato Ikeda 399
300 / 467
 Increase 11 64.2% Steady 1st 22,740,272 57.56% Government
1963 359
283 / 467
 Decrease 17 60.5% Steady 1st 22,423,915 54.67% Government
1967 Eisaku Satō 342
277 / 486
 Decrease 6 56.9% Steady 1st 22,447,838 48.80% Government
1969 328
288 / 486
 Increase 11 59.2% Steady 1st 22,381,570 47.63% Government
1972 Kakuei Tanaka 339
271 / 491
 Decrease 17 55.1% Steady 1st 24,563,199 46.85% Government
1976 Takeo Miki 320
249 / 511
 Decrease 22 48.7% Steady 1st 23,653,626 41.78% Government
1979 Masayoshi Ōhira 322
248 / 511
 Decrease 1 48.5% Steady 1st 24,084,131 44.59% Government
1980 310
284 / 511
 Increase 36 55.5% Steady 1st 28,262,442 47.88% Government
1983 Yasuhiro Nakasone 339
250 / 511
 Decrease 34 48.9% Steady 1st 25,982,785 45.76% LDP-NLC coalition
1986 322
300 / 512
 Increase 50 58.5% Steady 1st 29,875,501 49.42% Government
1990 Toshiki Kaifu 338
275 / 512
 Decrease 25 53.7% Steady 1st 30,315,417 46.14% Government
1993 Kiichi Miyazawa 285
223 / 511
 Decrease 52 43.6% Steady 1st 22,999,646 36.62% Opposition
(until 1994)
LDP-JSP-NPS coalition
(since 1994)
1996 Ryutaro Hashimoto 355
239 / 500
 Increase 16 47.8% Steady 1st 21,836,096 38.63% 18,205,955 32.76% LDP-SDP-NPS coalition
2000 Yoshirō Mori 337
233 / 480
 Decrease 6 48.5% Steady 1st 24,945,806 40.97% 16,943,425 28.31% LDP-Komeito-NCP coalition
2003 Junichiro Koizumi 336
237 / 480
 Increase 4 49.3% Steady 1st 26,089,326 43.85% 20,660,185 34.96% LDP-Komeito coalition
2005 346
296 / 480
 Increase 59 61.6% Steady 1st 32,518,389 47.80% 25,887,798 38.20% LDP-Komeito coalition
2009 Tarō Asō 326
119 / 480
 Decrease 177 24.7% Decrease 2nd 27,301,982 38.68% 18,810,217 26.73% Opposition
2012 Shinzo Abe 337
294 / 480
 Increase 175 61.2% Increase 1st 25,643,309 43.01% 16,624,457 27.79% LDP-Komeito coalition
2014 352
291 / 475
 Decrease 3 61.2% Steady 1st 25,461,427 48.10% 17,658,916 33.11% LDP-Komeito coalition
2017 332
284 / 465
 Decrease 7 61.0% Steady 1st 26,719,032 48.21% 18,555,717 33.28% LDP-Komeito coalition
2021 Fumio Kishida 338
259 / 465
 Decrease 25 55.7% Steady 1st 27,626,235 48.08% 19,914,883 34.66% LDP-Komeito coalition

House of Councillors

House of Councillors
Election Leader Seats Nationwide[lower-alpha 6] Prefecture Status
Total[lower-alpha 7] Contested Number  % Number  %
1956 Ichirō Hatoyama
122 / 250
61 / 125
 11,356,874 39.7% 14,353,960 48.4% Governing minority
1959 Nobusuke Kishi
132 / 250
71 / 125
 12,120,598 41.2% 15,667,022 52.0% Governing majority
1962 Hayato Ikeda
142 / 250
69 / 125
 16,581,637 46.4% 17,112,986 47.1% Governing majority
1965 Eisaku Satō
140 / 251
71 / 125
 17,583,490 47.2% 16,651,284 44.2% Governing majority
1968
137 / 250
69 / 125
 20,120,089 46.7% 19,405,546 44.9% Governing majority
1971
131 / 249
62 / 125
 17,759,395 44.5% 17,727,263 44.0% Governing majority
1974 Kakuei Tanaka
126 / 250
62 / 125
 23,332,773 44.3% 21,132,372 39.5% Governing majority
1977 Takeo Fukuda
125 / 249
63 / 125
 18,160,061 35.8% 20,440,157 39.5% Governing minority
1980 Masayoshi Ōhira
135 / 250
69 / 125
 23,778,190 43.3% 24,533,083 42.5% Governing majority
1983 Yasuhiro Nakasone
137 / 252
68 / 126
 16,441,437 35.3% 19,975,034 43.2% Governing majority
1986
143 / 252
72 / 126
 22,132,573 38.58% 26,111,258 45.07% Governing majority
1989 Sōsuke Uno
109 / 252
36 / 126
 15,343,455 27.32% 17,466,406 30.70% Governing minority
1992 Kiichi Miyazawa
106 / 252
68 / 126
 14,961,199 33.29% 20,528,293 45.23% Governing minority
(until 1993)
Minority
(1993–1994)
LDP-JSP-NPS governing majority
(since 1994)
1995 Yōhei Kōno
111 / 252
46 / 126
 10,557,547 25.40% 11,096,972 27.29% LDP-JSP-NPS governing majority
1998 Ryutaro Hashimoto
102 / 252
44 / 126
 14,128,719 25.17% 17,033,851 30.45% LDP–(Lib.–Komeito) governing majority
(until 2000)
LDP–Komeito–NCP governing majority
(since 2000)
2001 Junichiro Koizumi
111 / 247
64 / 121
 21,114,727 38.57% 22,299,825 41.04% LDP–Komeito–NCP governing majority
(until 2003)
LDP–Komeito governing majority
(since 2003)
2004
115 / 242
49 / 121
 16,797,686 30.03% 19,687,954 35.08% LDP–Komeito governing majority
2007 Shinzo Abe
83 / 242
37 / 121
 16,544,696 28.1% 18,606,193 31.35% LDP–Komeito governing minority
(until 2009)
Minority
(since 2009)
2010 Sadakazu Tanigaki
84 / 242
51 / 121
 14,071,671 24.07% 19,496,083 33.38% Minority
(until 2012)
LDP–Komeito governing minority
(since 2012)
2013 Shinzo Abe
115 / 242
65 / 121
 18,460,404 34.7% 22,681,192 42.7% LDP–Komeito governing majority
2016
121 / 242
56 / 121
 20,114,833 35.9% 22,590,793 39.9% LDP–Komeito governing majority
2019
113 / 245
57 / 124
 17,712,373 35.37% 20,030,330 39.77% LDP–Komeito governing majority
2022 Fumio Kishida
119 / 248
63 / 125
 18,256,245 34.43% 20,603,298 38.74% LDP–Komeito governing majority

Logos

Notes

  1. ↑ The Liberal Democratic Party is a big-tent conservative party (see factions table below).[5][6] The LDP has been also described as centre-right,[7] but the LDP also has far-right[lower-alpha 1][8] and ultraconservative[9] factions, including members belonging to the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (see List of members of Nippon Kaigi).
  1. ↑ Some sources also assessed that the LDP was founded with funds from ultranationalist, and some sources refer to the LDP as far-right ultranationalist:
    • Matthew Pointon, ed. (2017). Across Asia With A Lowlander. Lulu.com. p. 12. ISBN 9780244043544. Ever since the culmination of the Second World War, the far right Liberal Democratic Party has firmly held the reins of power, with only a couple of minor interruptions.
    • "Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis". eurasia review. 16 July 2019. The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.
    • Margaret DiCanio PhD, ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Violence. iUniverse. ISBN 9780595316526. In 1955, with funds from the ultranationalists, the conservatives merged the Liberal Party with the Democratic Party to form the Liberal Democratic Party (LPD), which effectively held the Japanese Communist Party in check.
  2. ↑ since 2017
  3. ↑ Official colour before 2017; still used on the English website
  4. ↑ "地域の声で、新たな日本へ。
    "Chiiki no koe de aratana nippon e"
  5. ↑ "われら"
    "Ware-ra"
  6. ↑ From 1947 to 1980, 50 members were elected through a nationwide constituency, known as the "national block" (Plurality-at-large voting). It was replaced in 1983 by a proportional representation block with closed lists. In 2001, the PR block was reduced to 48 members with most open lists.
  7. ↑ The Upper house is split in two classes, one elected every three years.

References

  1. ↑ Yoshida, Kenji. "Jiyūtō towa" 自由党(じゆうとう)とは. Kotobank (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun Company. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  2. ↑ Endo, Masahisa; Pekkanen, Robert (2018). "The LDP: Return to Dominance? Or a Golden Age Built on Sand?". In Pekkanen, Robert (ed.). Critical Readings on the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan. Vol. 4. Brill. p. 1626. ISBN 978-90-04-38055-4. Retrieved 31 May 2023. The Jiyu Minshu, the LDP's party paper, began to focus on rural development from June 2014.
  3. ↑ "自民党学生部 | 中央執行委員会" [LDP Student Division | Central Executive Committee]. www.tokyo-jimin.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  4. 1 2 "自民党員7年ぶり減少 108万人、19年末時点". 日本経済新聞 (in Japanese). 2 March 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  5. ↑ Lucien Ellington, ed. (2009). Japan. ABC-CLIO. p. 81. ISBN 9781598841626.
  6. 1 2 Glenn D. Hook; Julie Gilson; Christopher W. Hughes; Hugo Dobson (2001). Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-134-32806-2.
  7. ↑
  8. ↑
    • Mark R. Mullins, ed. (2021). The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics. University of Hawaii Press. p. 94. ISBN 9780824890162. The first is provided by Yamatani Eriko, one of the darlings of Shinseiren and a person who represents the far right of the LDP.
    • "The Dangerous Impact of the Far-Right in Japan". Washington Square News. 15 April 2019. Another sign of the rise of the uyoku dantai's ideas is the growing power of the Nippon Kaigi. The organization is the largest far-right group in Japan and has heavy lobbying clout with the conservative LDP; 18 of the 20 members of Shinzo Abe's cabinet were once members of the group.
    • "Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat. 22 June 2018. In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.
    • Wesley Yee (January 2018). "Making Japan Great Again: Japan's Liberal Democratic Party as a Far Right Movement". The University of San Francisco.
    • "Japan's ruling party under fire over links to far-right extremists". The Guardian. 13 October 2014.
    • "For Abe, it will always be about the Constitution". The Japan Times. 4 July 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2020. Of those three victories, the first election in December 2012 was a rout of the leftist Democratic Party of Japan and it thrust the more powerful Lower House of Parliament firmly into the hands of the long-incumbent Liberal Democratic Party under Abe. The second election in December 2014 further normalized Japan's lurch to the far right, giving the ruling coalition a supermajority of 2/3 of the seats in the Lower House.
    • "Shinzo Abe? That's Not His Name, Says Japan's Foreign Minister". The New York Times. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2020. Mr. Abe is strongly supported by the far right wing of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party, which hews to tradition and tends toward insularity.
    • Leonel Lim, Michael W. Apple, ed. (2016). The Strong State and Curriculum Reform: Assessing the politics and possibilities of educational change in Asia. Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 9781317579236. ... Far right LDP legislators led by Prime Minister (PM) Shinzo ̄ Abe demanded the withdrawal of the 1993 Ko ̄no Statement and attacked the ...
    • Alisa Gaunder, ed. (2011). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 225. ISBN 9781136818387.
    • Michael W. Apple, ed. (2009). Global Crises, Social Justice, and Education. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 9781135172787. Far-right politicians within the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which achieved the half-century conservative political reign from 1955 to 1993, were nostalgic for the prewar elitist and imperial education system.
    • Sarah Hyde, ed. (2009). The Transformation of the Japanese Left: From Old Socialists to New Democrats. Routledge. p. XY. ISBN 9781135219758. Ever since the 1950s, and except for a brief period in the early 1990s, the central ruling force has been the Liberal Democratic Party, a broad church of interests and opinions ranging from the political centre to the extreme right.
    • Adam Gamble, Takesato Watanabe, ed. (2004). A Public Betrayed: An Inside Look at Japanese Media Atrocities and Their Warnings to the West. Regnery Publishing. p. 255. ISBN 9780895260468. Since then, and right up until today , Japanese apologists, strongly supported by far-right publishers such as Bungeishunju Ltd. and Shinchosha Ltd., and including many top-ruling Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) officials ...
    • Adam Gamble, Takesato Watanabe, ed. (2004). A Public Betrayed: An Inside Look at Japanese Media Atrocities and Their Warnings to the West. Regnery Publishing. p. 255. ISBN 9780895260468. Since then , and right up until today , Japanese apologists , strongly supported by far – right publishers such as Bungeishunju Ltd. and Shinchosha Ltd. , and including many top – ruling Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) officials ...
    • Trevor Harrison, ed. (2007). 21st century Japan: a new sun rising l Politics in Postwar Japan. Black Rose Books. p. 82. ... of the war and viewed the 1947 Constitution as illegitimate as it was written not by the Japanese people but forced upon the country by the U.S. Occupation Authority. Abe shares these beliefs, in common with many within the LDP's far right.
    • David E. Kaplan; Alec Dubro, eds. (2003). Yakuza: Japan's Criminal Underworld. University of California Press. p. 60.
    • J. A. A. Stockwin, ed. (2003). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan. Routledge. p. 88.
    • Searchlight, Issues 307–318. Searchlight. 2001. p. 31.
    • New Statesman Society. Statesman & Nation Publishing Company. 1995. p. 11.
    • David M. O'Brien, Yasuo goshi, ed. (1996). To Dream of Dreams: Religious Freedom and Constitutional Politics in Postwar Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780824811662.
    • Asia Pacific Business Travel Guide. Priory Publications (Cornell University). 1994. p. 173.
    • Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Atomic Scientists of Chicago. 1983. p. 14. ... 12 Seirankai: an extreme-right faction formed within the LDP in July 1973; after Kim Dae Jung was abducted from ...
  9. ↑
  10. ↑
  11. ↑ 日本に定着するか、政党のカラー [Will the colors of political parties settle in Japan?]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). Nikkei, Inc. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  12. ↑ "自民党". jimin.jp. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  13. ↑ 党歌・シンボル. jimin.jp. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  14. 1 2 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, party membership statistics for chief executives and assembly members in prefectures and municipalities: Prefectural and local assembly members and governors/mayors by political party as of 31 December 2021
  15. 1 2 The Liberal Democratic Party is widely described as conservative:
  16. 1 2 Sources describing the LDP as nationalist:
  17. ↑ "Liberal-Democratic Party of Japan (LDP)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  18. ↑ Returns, Japan Election (16 December 2012). "Japan's election results in return of power to old guard". NY Times. Martin Fackler.
  19. ↑
  20. ↑ Park, Ju-min (12 October 2021). "Japan's ruling party unveils manifesto with focus on coronavirus, defence". Reuters. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  21. ↑ Tsukamoto, Takashi (2012). "Neoliberalization of the developmental state: Tokyo's bottom‐up politics and state rescaling in Japan". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 36 (1): 71–89. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01057.x.
  22. 1 2 Johnston, Eric (17 November 2021). "The state of play for the LDP's factions after October's Lower House election". Japan Times. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  23. ↑ "Liberal-Democratic Party of Japan | political party, Japan". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  24. ↑ Top Party, Japan's (19 July 1993). "Japan's top party loses majority in 1993 general election". The Washington Post. TR. Reid. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  25. ↑ Weiner, Tim (9 October 1994). "C.I.A. Spent Millions to Support Japanese Right in 50's and 60's". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  26. ↑ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol. XXIX, Part 2, Japan". United States Department of State. 18 July 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  27. ↑ Johnson, Chalmers (1995). "The 1955 System and the American Connection: A Bibliographic Introduction". JPRI Working Paper No. 11. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  28. ↑ "International Democrat Union, minutes of founding meeting, 1983" (PDF).
  29. ↑ Smith, Charles (10 August 1989). "Life after harakiri". Far Eastern Economic Review. pp. 15–17.
  30. ↑ William D. Hoover (2019). William D. Hoover (ed.). Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan, Second Edition. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 268. ISBN 9781538111567.
  31. ↑ Norimitsu Onishi; Yasuko Kamiizumi; Makiko Inoue (29 July 2007). "Premier's Party Suffers Big Defeat in Japan". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2007.
  32. ↑ Martig, Naomi (23 September 2007). "Japan's Ruling Party Chooses New Leader". VOA News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008.
  33. ↑ "Fukuda wins LDP race / Will follow in footsteps of father as prime minister", The Daily Yomiuri, 23 September 2007.
  34. ↑ Sadakazu Tanigaki Elected LDP President "China Plus". Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  35. ↑ "'Major win' for Japan opposition". BBC News. 30 August 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  36. ↑ 衆院党派別得票数・率（比例代表） (in Japanese). Jiji. 31 August 2009. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
  37. ↑ Martin, Alex (11 April 2010). "LDP defectors launch new political party". The Japan Times. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  38. ↑ "House of Councillors The National Diet of Japan". Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  39. ↑ 参議院インターネット審議中継. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  40. ↑ "The Japan Times".
  41. ↑ Soble, Jonathan (16 July 2015). "Japan Moves to Allow Military Combat for First Time in 70 Years". Archived from the original on 14 August 2016 – via NYTimes.com.
  42. ↑ Murakami, Sakura; Park, Ju-min; Takenaka, Kiyoshi (1 November 2021). "Japan's Kishida defies expectations as ruling LDP easily keeps majority". Reuters. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  43. ↑ "Japan ruling party triumphs in local elections despite criticism over links to Moonies | Japan". The Guardian. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  44. ↑
  45. ↑ Tetsuya Kobayashi (1976). Society, Schools, and Progress in Japan. Elsevier Science. p. 68. ISBN 978-1483136226.
  46. ↑ Japan Almanac. Mainichi Newspapers. 1975. p. 43. In the House of Representatives, the Liberal-Democratic Party, guided by conservative liberalism, is the No.1 party holding a total of 279 seats or 56.8 per cent of the House quorum of 491.
  47. ↑ Omar Noman (2010). Responsible Development: Vulnerable Democracies, Hunger and Inequality. Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 9781135180751.
  48. ↑ Karan, Pradyumna P. (2005), Japan in the 21st century: environment, economy, and society, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 978-0813137773
  49. ↑ William D. Hoover, ed. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan. Scarecrow Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-8108-7539-5.
  50. ↑ Magara, Hideko; Sacchi, Stefano, eds. (2013). The Politics of Structural Reforms: Social and Industrial Policy Change in Italy and Japan. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-85793-292-1. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  51. ↑ Pekkanen, Robert J.; Scheiner, Ethan; Reed, Steven R., eds. (2016). Japan decides 2014: the Japanese general election. Springer. pp. 104, 106. doi:10.1057/9781137552006. ISBN 978-1-349-56437-8. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  52. ↑ "Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis". eurasia review. 16 July 2019. The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.
  53. ↑ "Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat. 22 June 2018. In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.
  54. ↑ Masanori Nakamura, ed. (2016). The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbol Emperor System," 1931–1991. M.E. Sharpe. p. 1992. ISBN 9781563241093. On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ...
  55. ↑ S. Carpenter, ed. (2008). Why Japan Can't Reform: Inside the System. Springer. p. 62. ISBN 9780230595064. Despite ideological differences with the other main conservative party, the Liberal Party whose president was Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru, the determined Kishi was able to form the ultraconservative Liberal Democratic Party.
  56. ↑ Bryan Mark Rigg, ed. (2020). Flamethrower: Iwo Jima Medal of Honor Recipient and U.S. Marine Woody Williams and His Controversial Award, Japan's Holocaust and the Pacific War. Fidelis Historia. ISBN 9781734534115. This is especially the case with politicians in his current ruling party, The Liberal Democratic Party (which is really ultraconservative, not liberal).
  57. ↑ Mark, Craig (29 September 2021). "Who is Fumio Kishida, Japan's new prime minister?". The Conversation. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  58. ↑ "Abe's reshuffle promotes right-wingers" (Korea Joongang Daily – 2014/09/05)
  59. ↑ Yoshio Sugimoto, ed. (2020). An Introduction to Japanese Society. Cambridge University Press. p. 242. ISBN 9781108724746. Parts of the Japanese establishment have ties with a large far-right voluntary organization, Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), whose ranks include grassroots members across the nation as well as national and local politicians...
  60. ↑ Kato, Norihiro (13 September 2014). "Tea Party Politics in Japan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  61. ↑ Willy Jou, Masahisa Endo, ed. (2016). EGenerational Gap in Japanese Politics: A Longitudinal Study of Political Attitudes and Behaviour. Springer. p. 29. ISBN 9781137503428. Conventional wisdom, still dominant in media and academic circles, holds that the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) occupy the conservative and progressive ends of the ideological spectrum, ...
  62. ↑ Bruno Palier (2022). "How Democracies Change Their Welfare States". In Bruno Palier; Julian L. Garritzmann; Silja Häusermann (eds.). The World Politics of Social Investment: Volume II The Politics of Varying Social Investment Strategies. Oxford University Press. p. 416. ISBN 978-0-197-60145-7.
  63. ↑ Kume, Ikuo [in Japanese]; Kawade, Yoshie [in Japanese]; Kojo, Yoshiko [in Japanese]; Tanaka, Aiji [in Japanese]; Mabuchi, Masaru [in Japanese] (2011). Political Science: Scope and Theory, revised ed. New Liberal Arts Selection (in Japanese). Yuhikaku Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-4-641-05377-9. ただし、日本の55年体制下の自民党政権の場合は欧米の保守政権に比べるとかなり経済的統制の度合いが強く、社会民主主義により近い場所に位置した。
  64. 1 2 Iio, Jun [in Japanese] (2019). Gendai nihon no seiji. Hōsō daigaku kyōzai (in Japanese). Hōsō daigaku kyōiku shinkōkai. p. 104. ISBN 978-4-595-31946-4.
  65. ↑ McNamara, Dennis (1996). "Corporatism and Cooperation among Japanese Labor". Comparative Politics. 28 (4): 379–397. doi:10.2307/422050. ISSN 0010-4159. JSTOR 422050.
  66. ↑ "The Physical and Institutional Reconstruction of Japan After World War II". Index Page for applet-magic.com. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  67. ↑ "Japan's ruling party unveils manifesto with focus on coronavirus, defence". Reuters. 12 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  68. ↑ Jimintō (2021). "Reiwa 3 Policy BANK" (PDF) (in Japanese).
  69. ↑ "Pre-election briefing: Here's where the parties stand on the issues". Japan Times. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  70. ↑ Lies, Elaine; Pomfret, James. "More LGBTQ rights could help Asia financial hubs draw global talent". Reuters. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  71. ↑ "Survey: LDP support rises for LGBT bill, dual surnames". Asahi. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  72. ↑ seokhwai@st (5 March 2017). "New rules give Japan's Shinzo Abe chance to lead until 2021". The Straits Times.
  73. ↑ "執行部". Jimin.jp (in Japanese). The Liberal Democratic Party of Japan. 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
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  75. ↑ "Former LDP heavyweights join hands to keep Kishida in check". The Japan Times. 25 November 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  76. ↑ "LDP faction led by Toshimitsu Motegi launched". The Japan Times. 25 November 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
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Bibliography

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