The La Manada rape case, also known as the wolf pack case,[1][2] began with the gang rape of an 18-year-old woman on 7 July 2016 during the San Fermín celebrations in Pamplona, Navarre, Spain. The case drew intense public scrutiny as it called into question the definition of rape under Spanish law. Five men, including a member of the Civil Guard and another of the Spanish Army from Seville, filmed themselves repeatedly attacking the girl in the vestibule of an apartment building.[3] La Manada means "The pack" in Spanish.

After their arrest and trial, the men were cleared of sexual aggression charges and instead found guilty of sexual abuse because the prosecution could not prove they employed violence to subjugate the victim. Thousands took to the streets in Pamplona and across Spain to manifest their disapproval of the verdict.[3] The inquiry of the aggression uncovered footage shared on social media recorded by the perpetrators in Pozoblanco, Andalusia, showing an unresponsive girl lying on their van subject to groping and derision, which gave rise to another lawsuit.[4]

In a sentence handed down on 21 June 2019, the Spanish Supreme Court reversed the lower court and affirmed that the men were guilty of rape, remanding José Ángel Prenda, Jesús Escudero, Alfonso Jesús Cabezuelo, Antonio Manuel Guerrero and Ángel Boza to 15 years in prison;[5] Guerrero was given an additional two years for stealing the victim's mobile phone.[6] Boza would later have his prison sentence shortened to 14 years.[7]

Background

Demonstration against the sentence in Pamplona
Protesters in Pamplona

In the early hours of 7 July, an 18-year-old girl reported a rape to the Police of Pamplona, perpetrated by five young men. The girl, who was going to her car to sleep, was accompanied during a part of the journey by the group of men she had just met. She alleged that they pushed her into a doorway of a building. While some committed the crime, others recorded it on their mobile phones.[8] She was later abandoned in the doorway and her mobile phone was stolen.[9]

The perpetrators shared the video of the attack in a WhatsApp group called "La Manada" ("the wolfpack").[10] Seven clips of this video were studied by the police in a 200-page report in which it is reported that the girl maintained a "passive and neutral" attitude, that her attitude was not "participatory" and that there was "humiliation and vexation" toward her.[11]

After the offence, a couple in the street approached the victim and called the local Pamplona police. Following an interview with the victim, at least three police officers started a search for the perpetrators at 3.30 am.[12] They followed the description provided and surveyed CCTV in the streets of central Pamplona. After tracking down the men of La Manada in the traditional bull running, the local and Navarrese police arrested them on the same day around noon in the city district of San Jorge.[12]

Trial

Charges filed

The prosecution was represented by the public prosecutor, the victim, the City of Pamplona, and the Government of Navarre. The tribunal considered in the sentence that the victim's testimony was objectively credible, was consistent throughout the investigation, did not introduce "improbable elements" and did not have "spurious motives" to make the accusation. It considered that there was "minimal violence" and "very serious intimidation that prevented the defense of the victim" surrounded by the five men, and that they left her helpless after the event because they took her mobile phone. The defendants argued that it was group consensual sex[13] and she had made the accusation for fear that the video could be seen by other people.

Development

18 months after the attack, on 15 November 2017, the Court of Navarre took two diverging paths concerning evidence during the inquest; it unanimously accepted as evidence a report by a private detective commissioned by the defence to track the victim's whereabouts and behaviour following her assault, ultimately aimed at showing that the victim "held normal interactions" in social networks, and undermine her case. By contrast, the tribunal rejected as evidence relevant to the lawsuit footage from 1 May 2016 in Pozoblanco, Andalusia, showing the La Manada men sitting in their van next to an unconscious 21-year-old girl, and speaking of "fucking the Sleeping Beauty", "the new Marta del Castillo", wondering whether she was dead, as well as citing burundanga, and chloroform.[14][15]

On Thursday, 26 April 2018, five months after the trial, the Provincial Court of Navarre published its judgment. The court sentenced the five accused to nine years in prison for continued sexual abuse, although they did not find them guilty of sexual aggression (which would have meant 12 to 15 years of prison). As a result, the convicts were released on a 6,000 euro bail, until a final court decision.[16] Amidst uproar raised by the judicial decision, opposition forces bitterly criticised the Spanish government for not incorporating into the Spanish Civil Code the Istanbul Convention signed four years earlier, and for not enforcing the State Agreement against Gender Violence.[17] On 5 December 2018, the Provincial Court of Navarre confirmed the initial sentence, with two dissenting judges who still considered that the victim was subject to aggression.[18][19]

On 4 January 2019, the Provincial Court of Navarre dismissed the intent pursued by the popular accusation, i.e. the City of Pamplona and Government of Navarre, to imprison the convicts, confirming their freedom.[20] Despite being considered a serious offence, the Court of Navarre opted to leave the convicts free on parole until the sentence is final, arguing "inexistence of flight risk".[21] Ahead of the Supreme Court's final decision on the case, the Data Protection Agency imposed on one of the assailants a €150,000 fine for distributing the footage of the victim during the assault.[22]

Final sentence

On 21 June 2019, the Supreme Court of Spain upgraded the five men's previous convictions for sexual abuse to that of continuous sexual assault, and handed down 15-year prison terms.[23] The sentence states that the victim was "intimidated", she was "overcome by fear", and "could offer no resistance", concluding that the crime was a rape.[24] Antonio Manuel Guerrero received two additional years for stealing the victim's mobile phone.[25] The sentence also banned them from coming within 500 metres of the victim for a period of 20 years and ordered compensation totalling €100,000.

The Court of Navarre ordered the immediate detention of the five convicts for risk of flight, just as two of them were about to leave Seville.[24] On transfer to prison after arrest, El Prenda, one of the perpetrators, was filmed showing a smirk at the cameras.[26] After notification of the final sentence, the Chief Bureau of the Civil Guard announced that it would initiate the procedure to remove Guerrero from the Spanish police force "as soon as possible".[27]

On 5 July 2019, the Supreme Court issued the whole sentence, elaborating on different points that had raised controversy and the definition of sexual assault (aggression). The sentence states that "consensual sex is only made clear by explicit consent or clearly inferred from the circumstances" according to the Istanbul Convention, considers the first sentence by the Court of Navarre an 'error', and asserts that "the victim needs to show no heroic opposition, which may lead to further harm to her".[28]

In Spain, the crime of sex without consent had 2 legal categories during the period, sexual aggression or sexual abuse. Sexual aggression was defined as necessitating violence (violencia) or intimidation (intimidación), sexual abuse is without violence, however there were controversies regarding the interpretation of these legal terms by the public;[29] "intimidation" was narrower than abusing superiority or influence over the victim.[30] The legal status quo remained in place until the Law for the Guarantee of Sexual Freedom in 2022.

Reactions

After the first convictions, there were demonstrations in Spanish cities against the leniency of the sentence, and political and social figures voiced their disagreement.[31] Feminist associations, such as the 7N platform, denounced the first sentence as "very bad precedent". They pointed out that once again women are held responsible for the assaults they suffer.[32] On 22 June 2018 the five culprits were released on bail of 6,000 euros.[33] Joseba Asiron (EH Bildu), mayor of Pamplona at the time of the assault, criticised the sentence and considered the decision to release the convicts "highly distressing".[34] American actresses Jessica Chastain and Rose McGowan expressed condemnation of the sentence.[35]

Following the April 2018 conviction, the Civil Guard officer Antonio Manuel Guerrero and the army soldier Alfonso Jesús Cabezuelo were suspended from duty but continued to be paid 75% of their wage until all appeals had been heard.[36] Cabezuelo was expelled from the army in October 2018.[37] Guerrero held his position in the paramilitary police body until notification of the final sentence.[25]

In response to the final sentence, feminist associations, Manuela Carmena, Pedro Sanchez, Irene Montero, Pablo Iglesias, Joseba Asiron, and Ines Arrimadas saluted the decision and the definition of the crime as rape. Juan Carlos Girauta likened the rapists to the pro-independence leaders facing trial for the 1-O 2017 Referendum, labelled 'putschists'.[25][38] When the final Supreme Court decision was pronounced on 21 June 2019, 130 feminist associations demanded that this sentence set legal precedent for the future.[39]

During the defendants' parole awaiting the outcome to their appeal, four members of the 'Manada' were subject to prosecution for another sex abuse case involving an unconscious 21-year-old woman lying unresponsive on the defendants' van in Pozoblanco, Andalusia.[40] In late October, the convicts were declared persona non grata in Pozoblanco, Córdoba, hometown of the victim of the male group's alleged assault in 2016, now under investigation.[41]

In late November 2018, the same panel of judges in charge of "La Manada" case convicted a man from Lodosa, Navarre, of occasional 'mistreatment' and handed down a 10-month prison term in a case in which the defendant "attempted to kill [the victim] with a knife and by strangulation while she struggled for her life, with their young children watching, before eventually giving up"; the sentence cited the man's mental state as a mitigating factor.[42] Amnesty International has denounced the hurdles encountered by victims of gender aggression in the Spanish justice system.[43]

In September 2023, Ángel Boza, who was one of the five so-called "Wolf Pack rapists," had his prison sentence reduced from 15 years to 14 years.[44]

Outcry from the case also led to the passage of Spain's 2022 "only yes means yes" sexual consent law, which expanded the nation's legal definition of sexual assault to include any sexual interaction without consent and required a maximum 15 year prison sentence for violent rape.[2][45][7][44]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Beatly, Meaghan (23 April 2019). "The shocking rape trial that galvanised Spain's feminists – and the far right". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  2. 1 2 ""Solo sí es sí": en qué consiste la nueva y polémica ley de consentimiento sexual en España". BBC News Mundo. 26 August 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  3. 1 2 "Thousands protest over Spanish rape ruling". BBC News. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  4. ↑ Saiz, Eva (16 November 2019). ""Esto es Pozoblanco y esto es La Manada"". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  5. ↑ "Supreme Court raises convictions in "Wolf-Pack" sexual assault case to 15 years". El País. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  6. ↑ "Top court rules Wolf Pack gang were rapists". BBC World News. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  7. 1 2 Llach, Laura. "Sentence of 'wolf pack' rapist reduced by Spanish court". Euro Newsdate=December 9, 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  8. ↑ "La policía que redactó la denuncia dice ahora que la joven sabía que la grabaron. Noticias de España". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  9. ↑ "La brutalidad de 'La Manada': desnudaron, violaron y le robaron el móvil a la víctima para evitar que pidiese ayuda". laSexta.com. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  10. ↑ López, Pepa (14 November 2017). "Estos son los mensajes de Whatsapp de "La Manada", el grupo acusado de la violación de San Fermín 2016" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  11. ↑ Jacoibs, Manuel (27 November 2017). "Un juicio de 96 segundos". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  12. 1 2 "El final del juicio por la violación en sanfermines será a puerta abierta". www.publico.es. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  13. ↑ 20minutos (22 November 2017). "La Manada dice que el sexo fue consentido, pero no aclaran cómo". www.20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ "La otra presunta 'hazaña' sexual de 'La Manada', de la que apenas se habla". El Plural (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  15. ↑ Elia, N. (15 November 2017). "Uno de los detectives que siguió a la víctima de 'la manada' testificará en el juicio". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  16. ↑ "La Audiencia de Navarra decreta la libertad provisional para La Manada con fianza de 6.000 euros". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 21 June 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  17. ↑ Mármol, Iolanda (3 May 2018). "La oposición abronca al Gobierno por no aplicar el convenio de Estambul". elperiodico (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  18. ↑ machista, Violencia (5 December 2018). "El Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Navarra confirma sin unanimidad la pena de nueve años por abuso sexual a 'la manada'". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  19. ↑ WELT (5 December 2018). "Pamplona: Gericht bestätigt umstrittenes Urteil nach Gruppenvergewaltigung". DIE WELT. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  20. ↑ "La Audiencia de Navarra mantiene en libertad a los cinco miembros de 'La Manada'". www.publico.es. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  21. ↑ "Los miembros de La Manada continuarán en libertad provisional al ser desestimados los recursos de súplica". www.publico.es. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  22. ↑ Valdés, Isabel (3 May 2019). "Protección de Datos multa con 150.000 euros a un miembro de La Manada por la difusión de un vídeo de la víctima". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  23. ↑ "Spain's top court rules sex gang were rapists". 21 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  24. 1 2 "Detenidos los cinco miembros de 'La Manada', dos de ellos cuando trataban de salir de Sevilla". www.publico.es. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  25. 1 2 3 "Reacciones al fallo de la Manada, en directo: el guardia civil será expulsado del cuerpo". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 22 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  26. ↑ "Imágenes de la detención de La Manada: el Prenda sonríe a los periodistas". cuatro (in Spanish). 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  27. ↑ Efe (24 June 2019). "El guardia civil de la Manada será expulsado del cuerpo en breve". elperiodico (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  28. ↑ machista, Violencia (5 July 2019). "El Supremo hace suyo el 'solo sí es sí' en la sentencia de 'la manada': el consentimiento sexual debe ser expreso". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  29. ↑ Ceberio Belaza, Mónica (27 April 2018). "Por qué los jueces consideran que no hay violación y sí abuso sexual". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  30. ↑ Ceberio Belaza, Mónica (27 April 2018). "La Manada ruling sparks fierce debate over definition of sexual violence". El País. Madrid. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  31. ↑ "Anger in Spain over Pamplona festival gang rape case". The Local. 24 November 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  32. ↑ "Defensa expulsa del Ejército al militar de 'la manada'". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  33. ↑ Rincón, Reyes; Lorente, Javier (22 June 2018). "La Manada sale de la cárcel porque el tribunal cree "impensable" que reincida". El País. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  34. ↑ "Alcalde de Pamplona cree que liberar a La Manada es de". La Vanguardia. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  35. ↑ Hollywood hits out at gang-rape acquittal: Jessica Chastain and Rose McGowan condemn 'lenient' sentence in thinkspain.com
  36. ↑ "La Manada: Dos miembros del clan siguen cobrando sueldos militares". La Vanguardia. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  37. ↑ Sáiz, Eva; González, Miguel (25 October 2018). "Expulsado del Ejército el militar de La Manada". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  38. ↑ "Joseba Asiron, satisfecho con la sentencia del Supremo sobre La Manada". www.eitb.eus (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  39. ↑ "Reacciones al fallo de la Manada, en directo: el guardia civil será expulsado del cuerpo". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 22 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  40. ↑ Sáiz, Eva (25 September 2018). "La Manada volverá a ser juzgada por otro delito de abuso sexual en Pozoblanco". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  41. ↑ "Pozoblanco (Córdoba) declara personas 'non gratas' a los miembros de 'La Manada'" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  42. ↑ "Los jueces de 'La Manada' condenan sólo por 'maltrato ocasional' a un hombre que acuchilló y trató de asfixiar a su mujer" (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  43. ↑ España, Amnistía Internacional. "Violencia contra las mujeres en España". www.es.amnesty.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  44. 1 2 Keeley, Graham (14 September 2023). "Spain cuts gang rape convict's prison term under botched law". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  45. ↑ Burgen, Stephen (25 August 2023). "Spain passes 'only yes means yes' sexual consent law". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

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