Ladakh Buddhist Association
Ladakh Nangpay Tsoksdus
AbbreviationLBA
SuccessorThupstan Chhewang,former MP
Formation1934
FoundersKalon Tsewang Rigzin,Lachumir Munshi Sonam Tsewang, Kalon Bankapa Murup Gyaltsan
TypeSocio-Religious / Charitable
PurposeMaintaining peace and stability in Ladakh region
HeadquartersLeh, India
Location
  • Chokhang Vihar, main market, Leh
Region
Ladakh, India
Membership
24356
Official language
Bhoti, English
Key people
President Thupstan Chhewang Vice President Tsering Dorjey Lakrook
SubsidiariesLBA Youth Wing
AffiliationsBuddhist Society of India
WebsiteOfficial handle

Ladakh Buddhist Association (LBA) is an organization in Ladakh, India concerned with interests of Buddhists in Ladakh.[1] It was founded in 1933 by King Jigmet Dadul Namgyal, Kalon Tsewang Rigzin, lachumir Munshi Sonam Tsewang and Kalon Bankapa Morup Gyaltsan[2][3]

Objectives

It has the aim of looking after the Buddhist interests, bringing social reforms in Ladakhi society and to preserve its art, culture, language and tradition.

Organisation

The association was formed in 1934.[4]

The LBA consists of the Parent Department, the Youth Wing and the Women's Wing and branches located in villages that are meant to address local issues and look after the welfare of Buddhist Community. LBA has its unit branch offices in the outreach representing a cluster of villages. These units facilitate and work closely with the community heads and their own village representatives as well as their women and youth groups.[5]

In 2021, Thupstan Chhewang was elected as the leader of Ladakh Buddhist Association.[6]

Post-independence history

Following the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India in 1947 and the discussions with the United Nations regarding a plebiscite to determine the final disposition of the state, Chewang Rigzin, the President of the Ladakh Buddhist Association wrote to the Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru asking for it to be excluded from such arrangements. He argued that Ladakh was a "separate nation" by all tests, such as race, language and culture, and had a right to self-determination. He suggested that Ladakh should be governed directly by the Government of India or merged with Jammu or East Punjab.[7][8] Nehru urged him not to raise separatist demands as they might weaken India's stand on Kashmir in the United Nations.[8]

After this, the LBA turned to demanding internal autonomy within the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It made various demands such as the set-up of a Ladakh Affairs Ministry headed by a Ladakhi MLA, adequate representation in legislature and civil service, development funds for roads and bridges etc.[9] Some of the demands were accepted, but others were not because they were opposed by the Kargil Action Committee in Kargil [9] The autonomy demand was rejected in the 1980s on the grounds that it did not have support in Kargil.[10]

The onset of armed militancy in the Kashmir Valley in 1989, with strong Islamist overtones, convinced many Buddhists in Leh that their future was uncertain in Jammu and Kashmir. The question of regional autonomy now began to be framed in communal terms, as a Muslim-Buddhist conflict.[10] A scuffle between a Buddhist youth and some Muslims in July 1989 provoked a major agitation in Leh, spreading to other parts of the Leh district. A strong crack-down by the Jammu and Kashmir Armed Police with allegations of human rights abuses, led LBA to launch a violent struggle demanding a Union Territory status for Ladakh.[10]

From 1989 to 1992, the LBA initiated a boycott against Ladakh's Muslim as a way to express their grievances toward the Kashmiri government despite the fact that Ladakh's Muslims differed from the Muslims Kashmiris and even each other. Buddhists were restricted from having any social or economic contacts with Muslims in pain of being threatened by violence or fined.[11] In 1989, there were violent riots between Buddhists and Muslims in Leh, caused by increasing economic and political resentment felt by Buddhists. The LBA announced a social and economic boycott of local Muslims.[12] The boycott undermined the positive relationships between the two communities. However, due to strong links between the Muslim and Buddhist community, many Buddhists ignored the orders and continued to interact with Muslims.[11] The boycott was lifted after the LBA and the Indian government agreed on creating a Autonomous Hill Council for Ladakh.[13]

In early 2000, representatives of the LBA claimed that many Buddhist women were taken forcibly from their home villages and forced to convert to Islam, and accused the state government in Jammu and Kashmir of allowing this to happen.[14][15]

Researchers have noted that the LBA has been allying with the RSS, BJP, and other Hindu nationalist groups since the late 20th century.[16][7][17] This has been due to Buddhists calling for the political autonomy of Ladakh and feeling marginalized by the Kashmiri government, issues the allied groups also support. However, these alliances were made for mainly political and socio-economic reasons as Ladakhi Buddhists are also wary of the influence of these groups on their community.[16] Martijn van Beek has considered the rhetoric of portions of the LBA and their leaders to have grown more communal and "saffronised" in part because of the role Ladakh plays in the Kashmir conflict and the LBA's advocacy for the autonomy of Ladakh. Beek summarised the situation as such: "Thus, while the LBA and some Buddhist political leaders may be willing to share a platform with the sangh parivar to promote their agenda for Union Territory status, Hindutva as such would not appear to have much appeal in a region like Ladakh. Yet despite this limited appeal of Hindutva, the saffronization of education, of the media, and of public life in general are likely to strengthen even further the perceived validity and necessity of communal idioms".[16]

The LBA has deployed rhetoric in recent years alleging that Muslims are outnumbering them and that Buddhist women are being "lured" into marrying Muslims and subsequently converting to Islam.[18][16] The case of Stanzin Saldon marrying a Muslim man is set as an example of this alleged phenomena. Saldon herself responded to these claims by stating "The statement of LBA is false and concocted, an effort to suppress and threaten the rights of individual." Some local politicians and Muslim organisations also expressed concern that the LBA was trying to disturb communal harmony due to this event.[19][20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Varagur, Krithika (1 June 2018). "An interfaith marriage that stirred up trouble in Leh". The Caravan.
  2. ↑ Das, Shaswati (7 August 2019). "With J&K bifurcation, India gets its first Buddhist dominated Union Territory". mint.
  3. ↑ http://www.ladakhstudies.org/lsbackissues_assets/LS16.pdf
  4. ↑ Chakravarty, Ipsita (5 May 2019). "Saffron shadows: Has the covert presence of Hindutva groups helped the BJP in Ladakh?". Scroll.in.
  5. ↑ "Ladakh Buddhist Association - the 33rd Kalachakra Ladakh". Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  6. ↑ "Thupstan Chhewang elected as LBA new President". Daily Excelsior. 11 February 2021.
  7. 1 2 Wani, Aijaz Ashraf (2018). What Happened to Governance in Kashmir?. Oxford University Press. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-0-19-909715-9.
  8. 1 2 Sikand 2006, pp. 111–112.
  9. 1 2 Sikand 2006, p. 112.
  10. 1 2 3 Sikand 2006, p. 113.
  11. 1 2 Bonta, Bruce (17 March 2011). "Buddhist and Muslim Families in Ladakh [Journal Article Review]". UNC Greensboro.
  12. ↑ Pinault, D. (2001). "Muslim-Buddhist Relations in a Ritual Context". Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India. Palgrave. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-1-137-04765-6.
  13. ↑ Fewkes, Jacqueline H. (2008). Trade and Contemporary Society along the Silk Road: An ethno-history of Ladakh. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-135-97308-7.
  14. ↑ Tundup Tsering and Tsewang Nurboo, in: Ladakh visited, Pioneer, 4/12/1995.
  15. ↑ Conversions: LBA blames govt Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Tribune Online edition, 12 January 2000
  16. 1 2 3 4 Van Beek, Martijn (2011). Hindu Nationalism and Buddhist Radicalism in Ladakh Archived 12 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies.
  17. ↑ Hussain, Shahla (2021). Kashmir in the Aftermath of Partition. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-1-108-49046-7.
  18. ↑ Varagur, Krithika (3 April 2018). "Communal Tensions Rattle an Indian Himalayan Region". VOA News. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020.
  19. ↑ "Buddhist woman's wedding with Muslim sparks tension in Ladakh". Hindustan Times. 10 September 2017.
  20. ↑ Raj, Suhasini; Gettleman, Jeffrey (12 October 2017). "On the Run for Love: Couple Bridges a Buddhist-Muslim Divide". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.

Bibliography

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