Kutubuan
Laku Kutubu
Geographic
distribution
Lake Kutubu region, Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classificationPapuan Gulf ?
  • Kikorian
    • Kutubuan
Subdivisions
GlottologNone

The Kutubuan languages are a small family of neighboring languages families in Papua New Guinea. They are named after Lake Kutubu in Papua New Guinea.

Languages

There has been some debate over whether they are closer to each other than to other languages, but Usher includes them both in the Kikorian branch of the tentative Papuan Gulf stock. Within the two branches, the lexicostatistical figures are 60–70%. Between the two branches, they are 10–20%.

Proto-language

Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[1]

glossProto-Lake Kutubu
head*uni
hair/feather(s)*iti
eye/sixteen*hʲĩ
nose*sabe
tooth*mete
tongue*atu
foot/leg*kotage
bone*kigi
skin/bark*ga[o/u]
breast*hʲokõ
dog*g[e/ẽ/a]s[a/ã]
pig/game*mena
bird*hʲaka
egg*kapa
tree*ita
moon*he̝ge̝
water*hẽ
fire*ita
stone*kana
path*ig[i]a
eat/drink*ne-
one*hʲaga

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from Franklin (1975), Franklin & Voorhoeve (1973), McElhanon and Voorhoeve (1970), and Shaw (1986), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[2]

glossFoiFasu (Namumi dialect)Fasu
head a̧řuhaiunahaiewamo
hair u̧sæ̧unahai itiiti; uni iti
ear yo ḳʰiyʌsinaeki; sinækisenaki
eye i̧yhi̧; hĩhi; hi̧; hĩ
nose s̭abɛisapasumasape
tooth ṱiakaimere
tongue auřuairualu; aru
leg ṱamʌkofai; kɔfaikorake
louse ṱʌbʌľiyapani
dog ḳɛsʌkasakasa
pig girɔsaro
bird yaʔminaimena
egg hʌ̧ⁱhaimena hai
blood weḷiakakusayapi
bone kʰikʰikikikiki
skin ḳaḳokaukau
breast o̧ḳo̧hotu; hɔtuhoko
tree iʔʌiraira
man amɛnʌabano; abanɔaporo
woman ḳa̧·hinamuhinamo
sun iřiyapoiya; maiya; mayamaiya; maĩya
moon hɛḳɛhɩkiheke
water ipuhi̧; hĩhẽ; hȩ; hę
fire iřʌirə kipu; irʌkupidufi; ira lufi
stone kʰa̧nʌɩkieke
name yaᵽoiyanuyano
eat niyæinesianene; na
one mɛna̧ḳɛhakasa; nakasameno
two ha̧ḳɛtitateta

Evolution

Proposed Kutubu reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[3]

Foi language:

  • gage- ‘carry on back’ < *kak(i,u)
  • ku- ‘die’ < *kumV-
  • na- ‘eat’ < *na-
  • korage ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ondok[V]
  • gariko ‘neck’ < *k(a,e)(nd,t)ak
  • ira ‘tree’ < *inda
  • kuba ‘wind’ < *kumbutu
  • ya ‘bird’ < *yaka(i)
  • babo ‘mother’s sister’ < *mbamba ‘older same sex sibling’

Fasu language:

  • ku- ‘die’ < *kumV-
  • na- ‘eat’ < *na-
  • reke- ‘stand’ < ta,e,i)k[V]
  • ama ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
  • apa ‘father’ < *apa
  • himu ‘heart, stomach’ < *simb(i,u)
  • iti ‘hair’ < *iti[C]
  • korake ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
  • kinu ‘shoulder’ < *kinV
  • kau ‘skin’ < *k(a,o)(nd,t)apu
  • sikini ‘hand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)(a,i)l
  • pisi ‘urine’ < *pisi
  • mane(raka) ‘make the law’ < *mana ‘instructions’
  • horop ‘long’ < *k(o,u)ti(mb,p)V
  • api(a) ‘husband’ < *ambi ‘man’
  • papa ‘mother’s sister’ < *mbamba ‘older same sex sibling’
  • ira ‘tree’ < *inda
  • sakipu ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ
  • kupa ‘wind’ < *kumbutu

References

  1. Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Lake Kutubu
  2. Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  3. Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
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