Ancestral Puebloan periods
Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era 7000–1500 BCE
Early Basketmaker II Era 1500 BCE–50 CE
Late Basketmaker II Era 50–500
Basketmaker III Era 500–750
Pueblo I Period 750–900
Pueblo II Period 900–1150
Pueblo III Period 1150–1350
Pueblo IV Period 1350–1600
Pueblo V Period 1600–present

Maize

The first carvings at the Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument site were made around 2,000 years ago, left by people from the Archaic, Basketmaker, Fremont, and Pueblo cultures.^[1]

Map of Ancient Pueblo People in Oasisamerica.

The Late Basketmaker II Era (AD 50 to 500) was a cultural period of Ancient Pueblo People when people began living in pit-houses, raised maize and squash, and were proficient basket makers and weavers. They also hunted game and gathered wild foods, such as pinyon nuts.

The Early and Late Basketmaker II Eras (Pecos Classification) are often described as one "Basketmaker period". It is preceded by the Early Basketmaker II Era, and is followed by the Basketmaker III Era.

Communities

The primary dwellings of this era were round or circular pit-houses that were built on open land and partially below the ground surface. The entrance to the house faced east or south. Logs and rocks were often used for the dwellings foundation. The building materials for the walls could include stacked logs, jacal or poles and brush. In the center of the dwelling was a fire pit.^[2]

Some early people built their dwellings within the natural protection of rock shelters, especially during the beginning of this period.^[2]

Agriculture

The Basketmaker II people raised maize and squash, the first people of the northern American southwest to do so, which required them to be located near sources of water and good soil. Carbon isotope analysis of bones of Archaic people compared to Basketmakers indicates that the Basketmakers' diet was rich in maize.^[2]

Manos and metates were used to grind maize and other foods. Food was stored below ground in storage cists, often lined with slabs of stone.^[2]

Material goods

Excavated items from this period include:^[2][3]

• good quality, tightly woven baskets
• woven yucca bags, sandals and blankets
• robes and blankets made of feather and fur
• stone projectile points, scrapers and knives
• atlatl and throwing spears (the main tools for hunting)
• bone stitching awls, whistles, and gaming pieces
• cord made from yucca and cedar bark
• oval-shaped cradles
• stone pipes

About AD 200, the middle of this period, there was some experimentation with a crude form of brown pottery.^[2]

Cultural groups and periods

The cultural groups of this period include:^[4]

• Ancestral Puebloans – southern Utah, southern Colorado, northern Arizona and northern and central New Mexico.
• Mogollon – southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico and northern Mexico.
• Patayan – western Arizona, California and Baja California.

Notable Late Basketmaker II sites

• Chaco Culture National Historical Park – New Mexico
• Darkmold Site – Colorado
• Durango Rock Shelters Archeology Site – Colorado (Basketmaker II type site)
• Glen Canyon – Utah and Arizona
• Hovenweep National Monument – Colorado
• Petrified Forest National Park – Arizona
• Virgin Anasazi – Colorado Plateau of Nevada, Utah and Arizona

References

Further reading

• Reed, Paul F. (2000) Foundations of Anasazi Culture: The Basketmaker Pueblo Transition. University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-656-9.
• Stuart, David E.; Moczygemba-McKinsey, Susan B. (2000) Anasazi America: Seventeen Centuries on the Road from Center Place. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2179-8.
• Wenger, Gilbert R. The Story of Mesa Verde National Park. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. ISBN 0-937062-15-4.