Laura Chinchilla
46th President of Costa Rica
In office
8 May 2010 – 8 May 2014
Vice PresidentAlfio Piva
Luis Liberman
Preceded byÓscar Arias
Succeeded byLuis Guillermo Solís
First-Vice President of Costa Rica
In office
8 May 2006 – 8 October 2008
PresidentÓscar Arias
Preceded byLineth Saborío Chaverri
Succeeded byAlfio Piva
President pro tempore of CELAC
In office
28 January 2014 – 8 May 2014
Preceded byRaúl Castro
Succeeded byLuis Guillermo Solís
Minister of Justice and Grace
In office
8 May 2006 – 8 October 2008
PresidentÓscar Arias
Preceded byPatricia Vega Herrera
Succeeded byViviana Martín Salazar
Minister of Public Security
In office
30 March 2008 – 14 April 2008
PresidentÓscar Arias
Preceded byFernando Berrocal Soto
Succeeded byJanina del Vecchio Ugalde
In office
12 November 1996 – 8 May 1998
PresidentJosé María Figueres
Preceded byBernardo Arce Gutiérrez
Succeeded byJuan Rafael Lizano Sáenz
Deputy of the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica
In office
1 May 2002 – 30 April 2006
Preceded byGuido Monge Fernández
Succeeded byEvita Arguedas Maklouf
ConstituencySan José (13th Office)
Vice Minister of Public Security
In office
8 May 1994 – 12 November 1996
PresidentJosé María Figueres
Succeeded byÓscar Albán Chipsen
Personal details
Born
Laura Chinchilla Miranda

(1959-03-28) 28 March 1959
San José, Costa Rica
Political partyNational Liberation Party
Spouses
  • Mario Alberto Madrigal Díaz
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1982; div. 1985)​
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 2000; died 2019)​
Children1
Alma mater
Signature

Laura Chinchilla Miranda (Spanish: [ˈlawɾa tʃinˈtʃiʝa miˈɾanda]; born 28 March 1959[1]) is a Costa Rican political scientist and politician who served as President of Costa Rica from 2010 to 2014. She was one of Óscar Arias Sánchez's two Vice-Presidents and his administration's Minister of Justice.[2] She was the governing PLN candidate for president in the 2010 general election, where she won with 46.76% of the vote on 7 February.[3] She was the eighth woman president of a Latin American country and the first woman to become President of Costa Rica.[4] She was sworn in as President of Costa Rica on 8 May 2010.[5][6]

After leaving office, she taught at Georgetown University in 2016.[7] Chinchilla is co-chair of the Inter-American Dialogue think tank and the vice-president of Club de Madrid. Chinchilla previously served as a Fellow at the Georgetown Institute of Politics and Public Service.[8]

Early life

Laura Chinchilla was born in the Desamparados district of San José, the oldest child of her family with three younger brothers.[9] Her father is Rafael Ángel Chinchilla Fallas, who served as comptroller of Costa Rica from 1972 to 1987, and maintained general popularity among the public.[10]: 52  Her mother is Emilce Miranda Castillo. She attended the University of Costa Rica where she obtained a degree in political science, and she then attended Georgetown University in the United States for a master's degree in public policy. She then returned to Costa Rica to work as a policy consultant for security and judicial reform.[10]: 50 

Chinchilla married Mario Alberto Madrigal Díaz on 23 January 1982. They divorced on 22 May 1985. Chinchilla met her second husband, José María Rico Cueto, a Spanish lawyer who held Canadian citizenship, in 1990 while both were working as consultants for the Center for the Administration of Justice at the Florida International University in Miami, Florida. The couple had a son, José María Rico Chinchilla, in 1996. Chinchilla married Rico on 26 March 2000.[11] Chinchilla's marital history and the child she had out of wedlock did not significantly affect her political life—despite the country's significant Catholic population—due to a culture in Costa Rican politics of avoiding personal attacks.[10]: 50 

Chinchilla became the Vice Minister of Public Security under President José María Figueres. Figueres then appointed her Minister of Public Security, and she became the first woman to hold the position. She was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica in 2002.[10]: 50  Chinchilla became the First Vice President of Costa Rica in 2006, also taking the position of Minister of Justice and Peace. She held these positions until 2008, when she resigned to run for President of Costa Rica in the 2010 general election.[10]: 51 

2010 presidential campaign

Chinchilla's presidential campaign was unexpected, as she was not a prominent member of her political party, the National Liberation Party, and she had previously given little indication of an interest in the presidency. Commentators have credited President Óscar Arias with mentoring her for the presidency.[10]: 51  During her campaign, she benefited from an image that she was an outsider while still representing political continuity from Arias's administration.[10]: 60  Chinchilla's opponents accused her of being "a puppet of Arias", with one campaign advertisement depicting her as a marionette in his hands. She and her allies criticized double standards related to her gender, such as an increased focus on her wardrobe and suggestions that she was weaker.[10]: 75 

Chinchilla campaigned on the issues of social welfare, economic competitiveness, environmental protection, and domestic security.[12]: 16  She used the slogan firme y honesta (firm and honest), suggesting both a strong criminal policy and an anti-corruption platform, both of which were significant priorities for the public.[10]: 60  She did not explicitly campaign on women's issues so as not to alienate voters, instead promoting issues that benefited families.[10]: 68  Major campaign promises included the construction of 20,000 low-income housing units, a reduction of the unemployment rate from 7.8% to 5.0%, and switching the nation to 95% renewable resources. She also spoke of improving infrastructure, child care, and law enforcement.[12]: 16 

In the National Liberation Party's primary election, Chinchilla won with a 15% margin over the runner up, in part due to Arias's endorsement of her candidacy.[10]: 57  During the general election, Chinchilla's main opponents were Ottón Solís of the Citizens' Action Party and Otto Guevara of the Libertarian Movement.[10]: 51  She won with approximately 47% of the vote, with Solís and Guevara splitting much of the rest between them.[10]: 52  Chinchilla had stronger support among women and the elderly. Her personality, her campaign strategy, and her womanhood were all represented as reasons for support in voter surveys.[13]: 91  Despite this, Chinchilla did not emphasize her gender during her campaign, instead campaigning on ideas of the traditional family.[13]: 95 

President of Costa Rica

Political capital

Chinchilla took office with the National Liberation Party holding 24 of the Legislative Assembly's 57 seats, giving her party a plurality. It attempted to reelect Luis Gerardo Villanueva as the assembly's president in violation of procedure, resulting in Juan Carlos Mendoza García of the Citizen's Action Party taking the position.[10]: 104  Chinchilla had a mixed relationship with the legislature, feuding with both the opposition and with members of her own party. Political researcher Constantino Urcuyo estimated that only 12 members of the legislature were allied with her.[10]: 105  One year into her term, Chinchilla rejected Mendoza's proposal to raise congressional pay, causing the coalition government to break down.[10]: 104 

Chinchilla did not have a strong political base among her constituents while president, even from voters within her own party.[10]: 117  Much of her political capital was contingent on her association with Arias. When she diverged from his policy positions, she lost his backing as well as that of his supporters.[10]: 119 

Chinchilla's leadership was challenged in 2011 when Arias's brother, Rodrigo Arias Sánchez, announced his candidacy for president in the 2014 general election. Making such an announcement shortly after Chinchilla took office was seen as a criticism of her leadership.[10]: 118  This dispute caused legislators in the National Liberation Party to split into factions, with Arias supporters demanding changes in Chinchilla's administration.[12]: 16 

Isla Calero

In 2010, the military of Nicaragua occupied the uninhabited Isla Calero, a disputed territory between the two nations. Chinchilla responded by writing a criticism of the action in the Miami Herald and seeking adjudication from the International Court of Justice. The court ordered both nations to evacuate the island in March 2011, and her response to the incident is often considered a high point of her presidency.[10]: 106 

By mid-2011, President Chinchilla decided to build a 160 kilometer gravel road along the river, as a response to what she and her government saw as a Nicaraguan invasion of Costa Rican territory. The road was officially named “Ruta 1858, Juan Rafael Mora Porras” to honor a Costa Rican hero in a show of national pride.[14]

The road was to stretch more than 150 km. A decree of emergency allowed the government to waive environmental regulations and oversight from the General Comptroller (Contraloria General de la Republica). Neither environmental nor engineering studies were conducted before the road was announced. There were accusations of mismanagement and corruption. The Ministerio Publico (Costa Rican attorney general) announced an official inquiry about the charges of corruption. Francisco Jiménez, minister of public works and transportation, was dismissed by Chinchilla as a consequence of the affair.

Public image

Chinchilla presented a significant image of "soft or feminine" leadership. This was in part because of her leadership style of collaborating with others. Her supporters saw this as a sign of conciliation, while detractors saw it as an inability to act independently.[10]: 90–91  Her leadership was often contrasted with that of her predecessor, Arias, who maintained a strong, authoritative image and was less open to collaboration.[10]: 92 

In 2013, the Mexican opinion poll firm Consulta Mitofsky released a survey that placed Chinchilla as the least popular president in Latin America with a 13% approval rate, just behind Porfirio Lobo of Honduras.[15] At the end of Chinchilla's presidency, Costa Rica had many economic troubles. Public debt had reached 50% of GDP, unemployment was steadily rising and, despite high annual growth, 20% of the population lived below the poverty line.[16] In 2016, Chinchilla was considered one of the most powerful women in Central America according to the World Economic Forum.[17]

Cabinet

Chinchilla appointed 42 cabinet ministers during her presidency, and she kept several ministers from the Arias presidency.[10]: 151  Her selection of ministers emphasized technocratic and academic experience, though the appointment of Minister of Planning Laura Alfaro was seen as a personal gesture.[10]: 159  Minister of Public Works and Transportation Francisco Jiménez was relieved from his position due to scandal.[10]: 161  Chinchilla elevated the National Institute of Women to cabinet level status.[10]: 152 

The following were members of Chinchilla's presidential cabinet. Names marked with an asterisk (*) also held the position during Arias's presidency.[10]: 153–154 

PortfolioMinisterTook officeLeft office
Minister of Agriculture and Livestock
Gloria Abraham Peralta
May 2010May 2014
Minister of Telecommunications, Energy and Environment
Teófilo de la Torre
May 2010August 2012
August 2012May 2014
Minister of Social Well Being and Family
Fernando Marín
May 2012May 2014
Minister of Culture and Youth
Manuel Obregón
May 2010May 2014
Minister of Decentralization & Local Governments
Juan Marín
May 2012June 2013
Minister of Economy, Industry & Trade
Mayi Antillón
May 2010May 2014
Minister of Education
Leonardo Garnier*
May 2010May 2014
Minister of Finance
Fernando Herrero
May 2010May 2012
Edgar Ayales Esna
May 2012May 2014
Minister of Foreign Affairs
René Castro
May 2010July 2011
Carlos Roverssi
July 2011September 2011
José Enrique Castillo
September 2011May 2014
Minister of Foreign Trade
Anabel González
May 2010May 2014
Minister of HealthMay 2010August 2011
Daisy María Corrales Díaz
August 2011May 2014
Minister of Housing
Irene Campos Gómez
May 2010October 2012
Guido Alberto Monage Fernández
December 2012May 2014
Minister of Justice and Peace
Hernando París*
May 2010May 2012
Fernando Ferraro Castro
May 2012June 2013
José Enrique Castillo
June 2013May 2014
Minister of Labor and Social Security
Sandra Piszk
May 2010October 2012
Olman Segura
October 2012May 2014
Minister of Planning and Economic PolicyMay 2010March 2011
Roberto Gallardo Núñez*
March 2011May 2014
Minister of the Presidency
Marco Vargas
May 2010April 2011
Carlos Ricardo Benavides
April 2011May 2014
Minister of Public Security
José María Tijerino Pacheco
May 2010April 2011
Mario Zamora Cordero
May 2011May 2014
Minister of Public Works and Transportation
Francisco Jiménez
May 2010May 2012
Luis Llach Cordero
June 2012September 2012
Pedro Castro Fernández
September 2012May 2014
Minister of Science and Technology
Clotilde Fonseca
May 2010February 2011
Alejandro Cruz Molina
February 2011March 2014
Minister of Sports
Guiselle Goyenaga
May 2010February 2011
Carlos Ricardo Benavides*
February 2011May 2011
William Todd McSam
May 2011April 2012
Manuel Obregon López
May 2012June 2012
William Corrales
December 2012May 2014
Minister of Tourism
Carlos Ricardo Benavides
May 2010April 2011
Allen Flores
April 2011March 2014

Policies and political views

Chinchilla's politics have been described as centre-right,[9] and she is considered a social conservative.[18][19]

Economy

At the time of Chinchilla's inauguration, the Great Recession had caused Costa Rica's economy to decline, and recovery from the recession took place during her term. GDP growth reached 5% at its highest point while she was president, while overall poverty and unemployment increased.[10]: 117 

Chinchilla was expected to give continuity to the previous government's pro-free trade policies.[18] She signed free trade agreements with China and Singapore, but the deals were not completed.[10]: 117  Chinchilla also began the process of incorporating Costa Rica into the OECD.[20]

Chinchilla increased taxes on corporations and allocated the funds to security.[10]: 118 

Crime and security

Chinchilla had significant experience in security issues when she was elected president, as this was the main area in which she worked, and it was one of her main policy areas of interest.[10]: 51  Her security policy saw a mixed response. During her presidency, the number of homicides went down, but other violent crimes became more common.[10]: 118  Femicide declined during her term by nearly 70%.[21] In her first hundred days as president, Chinchilla hired hundreds of police officers and expanded the country's prison capacity.[12]: 22  After conducting a citizen consultation, the Citizen Security and Social Peace Policy (POLSEPAZ) was designed,[22] defining the main strategic lines of action and the need to promote a comprehensive, sustainable and state policy on the matter.

Chinchilla rejected more punitive measures against crime outside of major drug trafficking crimes. Instead, she described poverty and inequality as leading causes of crime, and her welfare policy was integrated with her security policy. She held a moderate position on crime, favoring strong enforcement in conjunction with prevention.[23]

Environment

Chinchilla was a supporter of environmentalist policies while she was president. During her campaign, she declared her intention to see Costa Rica be carbon neutral by 2021.[10]: 108  In 2011, she implemented Costa Rica's second moratorium on petroleum exploitation, which was later extended. To do so, she cited the constitution's guarantee of a right to a health environment. Costa Rica only had limited petroleum operations, but the move was met with extended legal challenges from energy companies.[24]

The government sustainability variable was displayed by Chinchilla promoting policies for the generation of clean energy which exceeded 90% of electricity generation from renewable sources, at the end of her term.[25] Equal importance was given to the protection of the seas, through Chinchilla's extension of marine protection zones and a strong fight against shark finning,[26] this led to international recognition for her efforts made towards sustainability.[27]

One of Chinchilla's first actions upon taking office was to restore a ban on open-pit gold mining, which had been a subject of controversy in Arias's presidency.[12]: 17 

Education

Education became one Chinchilla's greatest priorities. She moved into action Article 78 of Costa Rica’s Constitution, The Strengthening Education Effort, whereby the government must allocate 8% of its funding toward education. During her tenure the actual figure reached 7.2%, the highest of any country in the region.

Chinchilla continued the Avancemos program that Arias had established in 2006 to give financial support to families in extreme poverty as their children progress in school.[10]: 234 

Foreign relations

After leaving office, Chinchilla joined Arias and other Latin American figures in a joint statement supporting the Cuban thaw and demanding democracy in Cuba.[28]

Social issues

One of Chinchilla's main programs as president was Red de Cuido (Network of Care), which funded child care and elderly care.[10]: 107  It was first established after she took office in 2010, having spoken about it extensively during her campaign. The program involved many organizations, such as the Joint Social Welfare Institute, CEN-CINAI PANI, local governments, community NGOs, and churches. The program was expanded in May 2014 when Chinchilla signed the National Network of Care into law, creating the Technical Secretariat of the Network of Care. 852 new care sites had been built through the program during Chinchilla's presidency.[10]: 233  This program was recognized by international organizations.[29]

Chinchilla opposed separation of church and state in Costa Rica, wishing to retain its status as a Roman Catholic nation.[30]

Chinchilla opposed abortion and emergency contraception as president. She also opposed in vitro fertilisation, but she legalized it in April 2013 following an order from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.[10]: 235–236 

Chinchilla personally opposed same-sex marriage as president, but she agreed to sign bill that made it legal. The law was later rejected as invalid by the courts.[10]: 235 

Post-presidency

Chinchilla led the Observation Mission deployed by the OAS to Mexico to observe the June 2015 federal election, as well as the Observation Electoral Mission during the 2016 elections in the US, and the electoral process in Brazil[31] and in Paraguay[32] in 2018.

Chinchilla currently teaches at Georgetown University[7] at the Institute of Politics and Public Service and is also the titular of the Cathedra José Bonifácio, at the University of São Paulo, since 2018,[33] and leads the Latin American Chair of Citizenship in the School of Government and Public Transformation of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education.[34]

Since 2016, Chinchilla has been serving as the president of the Advisory Council of She Works, a company focused on the empowerment of women;[35] and is also a rapporteur for the freedom of expression of the Telecommunications Organization of Latin America.

Chinchilla was widowed on 15 April 2019, when her husband died of Alzheimer's.[11]

In 2019, Chinchilla served on the advisory board of the annual Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), co-chaired by Thomas Piketty and Tharman Shanmugaratnam.[36] In 2020, she was Costa Rica's candidate to head the Washington-based Inter-American Development Bank.[37] Shortly before the vote, she dropped her bid, arguing that the process favored U.S. President Donald Trump’s nominee Mauricio Claver-Carone.[38]

In addition, Chinchilla holds numerous other positions, including the following:

Awards and recognition

Laura Chinchilla in 2010

Chinchilla was awarded with the “Women of the Decade in Public Life and Leadership Award” at the Women Economic Forum in Amsterdam.[49] She holds Honorary Doctorates from the University for Peace of the United Nations,[50] Georgetown University,[51] and Kyoto University of Foreign Studies.[52]

Publications

She has several publications, in Spanish and English—books, monographs and articles—on issues related to the administration of justice, citizen security, and police reform. Among the most prominent are:

  • Community Crime Prevention, Center for the Administration of Citizen Security Justice in Latin America, Siglo XXI Editors (2002).
  • Police Reforms in Latin America, Open Society Institute (2006).
  • Seguridad Ciudadana en América Latina y el Caribe. Laura Chinchilla and Doreen Vorndran. BID (2018).
  • Unfulfilled Promises. Latin America Today The InterAmerican Dialogue (2019).

See also

References

  1. ↑ de Miguel, Veronica (14 August 2012). "Laura Chinchilla: Is honesty enough for Costa Rica?". VOXXI. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  2. ↑ "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of Foreign Governments". The Central Intelligence Agency of America. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  3. ↑ "2010 Presidential election results" (in Spanish). Supreme Court of Elections. 8 February 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  4. ↑ "Costa Rica to inaugurate first female president Saturday". Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones, República de Costa Rica. 6 May 2010. Archived from the original on 9 May 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  5. ↑ Economist.com
  6. ↑ Skard, Torild (2014) "Laura Chinchilla" in Women of power - Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide, Bristol: Policy Press ISBN 978-1-44731-578-0, pp. 238-40
  7. 1 2 "Laura Chinchilla - GU Politics". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  8. ↑ "Laura Chinchilla (GRD '89)". Institute of Politics and Public Service. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  9. 1 2 Long, Chrissie; Miller Llana, Sara (8 February 2010). "Costa Rica elects first woman president, inspiring the region". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Jalalzai, Farida (20 August 2015). Women Presidents of Latin America: Beyond Family Ties?. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-66835-0.
  11. 1 2 Láscarez, Carlos (15 April 2019). "Muere José María Rico, esposo de la expresidenta Laura Chinchilla". La Nación (San José). Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Political Risk Yearbook: Costa Rica Country Forecast (Report). The Political Risk Services Group. 30 November 2011.
  13. 1 2 Flórez-Estrada, Maria (2010). "La Campaña De Laura Chinchilla Y Las Mujeres: ¿Oportunismo o Compromiso Con Un Nuevo Pacto Sexual?". Revista de Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish). University of Costa Rica. 4 (130): 85–99.
  14. ↑ "Nombre de trocha fronteriza revive espíritu nacionalista - EL PAÍS - La Nación". La Nación El Pais. 18 February 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  15. ↑ "Presidente Chinchilla en sótano de popularidad en América Latina"
  16. ↑ "Costa Rica : Solis remporte sans surprise la présidentielle". Le Monde.fr. 7 April 2014.
  17. ↑ "Las 50 mujeres más poderosas de Centroamérica". 4 August 2016.
  18. 1 2 Marín, Karmentxu (23 May 2010). "Todos rosarios". El País. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
  19. ↑ Hernandez, Daniel (10 May 2010). "Costa Rica welcomes Laura Chinchilla, its first female president". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  20. ↑ "Costa Rica's adherence to the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 30 September 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  21. ↑ Herrera, Manuel (25 November 2013). "Disminuyen los femicidios en Costa Rica durante el 2013". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  22. ↑ "Política Nacional Integral y Sostenible de Seguridad Ciudadana y Promoción de la Paz" (in Spanish). United Nations Development Programme. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  23. ↑ Malone, Mary Fran T.; Dammert, Lucía; Pérez, Orlando J. (2023). Making Police Reform Matter in Latin America. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Incorporated. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-68585-353-2.
  24. ↑ Tudela, Fernando (13 September 2020). "Obstacles and opportunities for moratoria on oil and gas exploration or extraction in Latin America and the Caribbean". Climate Policy. 20 (8): 923–924. doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1760772. ISSN 1469-3062.
  25. ↑ "Costa Rica: committed to renewable energy". The Costa Rica Star. 13 October 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  26. ↑ Ercolani, Steve (19 October 2012). "Fighting shark finning in Costa Rica". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  27. ↑ Fendt, Lindsay (28 November 2013). "Costa Rican President Laura Chinchilla named Shark Guardian of the Year". The Tico Times. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  28. ↑ "Documents on Democracy". Journal of Democracy. 27 (3): 187–189.
  29. ↑ Guzmán, Juany (2014). "Red Nacional de Cuido y Desarrollo Infantil en Costa Rica. El proceso de construcción 2010-2014" (PDF). Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  30. ↑ "No desde Costa Rica al aborto, Estado laico y matrimonios homosexuales" (in Spanish). elnuevoalcazar.es. 3 February 2010. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  31. ↑ "Electoral Observation Mission of the Organization of American States (EOM/OAS)". www.itamaraty.gov.br. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  32. ↑ OAS (1 August 2009). "OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development". www.oas.org. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  33. ↑ "Ex-presidente da Costa Rica assume a Cátedra José Bonifácio". Jornal da USP (in Brazilian Portuguese). 12 April 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  34. ↑ https://escueladegobierno.itesm.mx/profesores-e-investigacion/personal-docente/mtra-laura-chinchilla-miranda    
  35. ↑ "About us - SheWorks!". 25 June 2021.
  36. ↑ 2019 Human Development Report Advisory Board Members United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
  37. ↑ Stott, Michael (4 March 2020). "Latin America must curb inequality or risk decline, IADB chief warns". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  38. ↑ "Ex-Costa Rican leader drops bid to lead Inter-American Development Bank". Reuters. 3 September 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  39. ↑ Seven new Members join International IDEA’s Board of Advisers International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), press release of 8 December 2020.
  40. ↑ Expert: Laura Chincilla Atlantic Council.
  41. ↑ Laura Chinchilla Miranda Club of Madrid.
  42. ↑ Members Council of Women World Leaders.
  43. ↑ "Inter-American Dialogue | Laura Chinchilla". www.thedialogue.org. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  44. ↑ "President Laura Chinchilla and Ambassador Thomas A. Shannon, Jr. Selected as New Co-Chairs of the Inter-American Dialogue". The Dialogue. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  45. ↑ "Ms Laura CHINCHILLA - Comité Olímpico Nacional de Costa Rica, IOC Member since 2019". International Olympic Committee. 1 July 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  46. ↑ "IOC membership expands to 105 as 10 new members elected - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  47. ↑ "» Kofi Annan Foundation launches Commission on Elections and Democracy in the Digital Age". Kofi Annan Foundation. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  48. ↑ "Digital Dangers to Democracy". Kofi Annan Foundation. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  49. ↑ "Laura Chinchilla galardonada como "mujer de la década" | Crhoy.com". CRHoy.com | Periodico Digital | te=2019-10-22.
  50. ↑ "For the first time, South America's UPEACE confers Doctor Honoris Causa on Indian leader". The Financial Express. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  51. ↑ "Honorary Degree Recipients". Governance. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  52. ↑ "Features & Activities | ABOUT KYOTO UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN STUDIES | Kyoto University of Foreign Studies". www.kufs.ac.jp. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
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