| Limba | |
|---|---|
| Yimba | |
| Native to | Sierra Leone, Guinea |
Native speakers | (520,000 cited 1993-2019)[1][2] |
Niger–Congo?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:lia – West–Centrallma – East |
| Glottolog | limb1267 |
The Limba language, Hulimba, is a Niger-Congo language of Sierra Leone and Guinea. It is not closely related to other languages and appears to form its own branch of the Niger–Congo family.[3] Dialects include Tonko, Sela, Kamuke (or Ke), Wara-wara, Keleng, Biriwa, and Safroko. The eastern variety, spoken primarily in Guinea, is quite distinct. Limba has a system of noun classes, marked by an old, eroded set of prefixes augmented by a newer set of enclitics.
Distribution
Ethnologue lists the following two varieties of Limba, spoken in Guinea and Sierra Leone.
East Limba is spoken in Ouré-Kaba, Guinea.
West-Central Limba is spoken in northern Sierra Leone. It is spoken in the Little Scarcies River area in east Bombali District and northeast Kambia District, as well as north of Makeni.
Phonology
Like neighboring Temne, Limba has an unusual contrast among its consonants. It distinguishes dental and alveolar, but the dental consonants are apical and the alveolar consonants are laminal, the opposite of the general pattern.[4]
Grammar
Noun classes
Noun classes are distinguished by the form of the definite article (class particle) which follows the noun, and sometimes also by a prefix. Roughly, the following classes can be deduced from the examples given by Mary Lane Clarke:[5]
A. Person Class
- Examples:
- Wukọnọ wo - a Kono person;
- sapiri wo - crowbar;
- kaň wo - the sun
Definite article (follows the noun): wo; pronoun ("he, she, it" as subject): wunde, wun
B. People Class
- Examples:
- Bikọnọ be - Kono people;
- sapiriň be - crowbars;
- bia be - people, ancestors
Def. art.: be; pronoun: bende, ben
C. Language Class
- Examples:
- Hukọnọ ha - the Kono language;
- hutori ha - toe
Def. art.: ha; pronoun: -?- (presumably this is neuter according to class, and so on through the neuter classes)
D. Country Class
- Examples:
- Kakọnọ ka - Konoland
Def. art.: ka
E. Bodkins Class
- Examples:
- tatọli ta - bodkins;
- tatori ta - toe
Def. art.: ta
F. Cascade Class
- Examples:
- kutintọ ko - cascade;
- kekeň ko - country;
- kutiň ko - dog
Def. art.: ko
G. Dogs Class, plurals of F.
- Examples:
- ňatintọ ňa - cascades;
- ňakeň ňa - countries
- ňatiň ňa - dogs
Def. art.: ňa
H. Arrival Class
- Examples:
- matebeň ma - calm (noun);
- matalaň ma - arrival;
- masandiň ma - needle
Def. art.: ma
I. Needles Class, plurals of H.
- Examples:
- masandi ma - needles;
- matubucuciň ma - signs;
- mendeň ma - days, sleeps
Def. art.: ma
J. Yam Class
- Examples:
- ndamba ki - yam;
- nbēn ki (the b is a "smothered b") - bracelet;
- nkala ki - vine
Def. art.: ki
K. Bracelets Class, plurals of J.
- Examples:
- ndambeň ki - yams;
- nbēni ki ("smothered b" as above) - bracelets;
- nbuliň ki (also with "smothered b") - windpipes
Def. art.: ki
L. Meat Class
- Examples:
- piňkari ba - gun, musket;
- bọňa ba (bọňa has "smothered b", as above) - path, way;
- bara ba - meat, flesh
Def. art.: ba
M. Boxes Class, plurals of L.
- Examples:
- piňkariň ba - guns, muskets;
- bọňeň ba (bọňeň also has "smothered b") - paths, ways;
- kankaren ba - boxes, trunks
Def. art.: ba
N. Yarn Class
- Examples:
- mulufu mu - woof, yarn;
- muceňi mu - suffering;
- mufukeki mu - fan
Def. art.: mu
O. Waves Class
- Examples:
- muňkuliň mu - waves;
- mudọňiň mu - habitations
Def. art.: mu
P. Kusini-fruits Class
- Examples:
- busini bu - fruits of the kusini tree
Def. art.: bu
Q. A class with definite article wu
- Examples: - ? -
Other nouns, including nouns of quantity, etc., take no article. It may be that they are classless:
- Examples:
- Alukorana - the Qur'an (Arabic);
- disa - fringe, shawl;
- duba - ink (from Mandingo);
- kameci - late, brown rice
References
- ↑ "Limba, East". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-08-11.
- ↑ "Limba, West-Central". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-08-11.
- ↑ Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID 133888593.
- ↑ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 42. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- ↑ Mary Lane Clarke, A Limba–English Dictionary, or, Tampeň ta ka Taluň ta ka Hulimba ha in Huiňkilisi ha, Houghton, New York, 1922, reprinted 1971 by Gregg International Publishers, Farnborough, England. This information is based on the Biriwa and Safroko dialects.
Further reading
- Clarke, Mary Lane. 1922 [1971]. A Limba-English Dictionary or Tampeṅ Ta Ka Taluṅ Ta Ka Hulimba Ha In Huiṅkilisi Ha. Westmead, Farnborough: Gregg International Publishers Limited. (1971 reprint of 1922 book published by Houghton.)
- Guillaume Segerer & Florian Lionnet 2010. "'Isolates' in 'Atlantic'". Language Isolates in Africa workshop, Lyon, Dec. 4