New Julfa in Isfahan, Iran: it is still one of the oldest and largest Armenian quarters in the world.

This is a list of Armenian ethnic enclaves, containing cities, districts, and neighborhoods with predominantly Armenian population, or are associated with Armenian culture, either currently or historically.[lower-alpha 1] Most numbers are estimates by various organizations and media, because many countries simply do not collect data on ethnicity.

Extant enclaves

San Lazzaro degli Armeni, located in the Venetian Lagoon, is home to an Armenian Catholic monastery.

Europe

Name Type Location Total Armenians % Ref
Alfortville[3] commune France Paris, France 45,000 7,000–9,000 15–20% [4]
Issy-les-Moulineaux[5][6] commune France Paris, France 63,000 6,000–6,500 10% [7]
San Lazzaro degli Armeni[8] island Italy Venice, Italy 17 ~100% [9]

Middle East

Syria

There are several Armenian-populated villages in Syria: including Aramo,[10][11] Al-Ghanimeh (Ghnemieh),[11][12] Kessab[lower-alpha 2] (2,000–2,200)[14][15] in Latakia; and Yakubiyah in Idlib.[10] Aleppo has the Armenian neighborhoods of Al-Jdayde and Nor Kyough (Midan).[16][17]

Jordan

Armenians also resettled in al-Ashrafiya, Jordan from 1914, where they constructed an Armenian Apostolic Church and a school in 1962.[18]

other countries
Name Type Location Total Armenians  % Ref
Anjar[19] town Lebanon Zahlé, Lebanon 2,400–4,000 ~100% [20][21]
Antelias city Lebanon Metn, Lebanon 16,000 3200–4,000 ~20% [3]
Armenian Quarter quarter Old City, Jerusalem[lower-alpha 3] 2,424 500–1,000 21–41% [22][23][24]
Bourj Hammoud[25][26] city Lebanon Metn, Lebanon 150,000 110,000 73% [27][28]
New Julfa[29] quarter Iran Isfahan, Iran 10,000–12,000 — [30]
Zarneh (Boloran) village Iran Isfahan Province, Iran 61[31] 61 100% [32][33]
Vakıflı village Turkey Hatay, Turkey 135 ~100% [34]

Post-Soviet states

 Abkhazia (de facto)[lower-alpha 4]

As of 2004, there were "around 50-60 Armenian villages" in Abkhazia.[35] According to the 2011 Abkhazian census, Armenians formed the majority of the population of the Sukhumi District (6,467 Armenians, 56.1% of the total 11,531), and plurality in Gulripshi District (8,430 Armenians or 46.8% of 18,032) and Gagra District (15,422 Armenians or 38.3% of 40,217).[36]

Javakheti (Javakhk) shown in red on the map of Georgia with Samtskhe-Javakheti provincial borders outlined.
 Georgia
Name Type Location Total Armenians  % Ref
Avlabari (Havlabar)[37][38] neighborhood Tbilisi
Javakheti (Javakhk) province Samtskhe-Javakheti 95,280 90,373 94.8% [39]

Russia

The proportion of Armenians in the municipality of Sochi, Russia by settlements
Name Type Location Total Armenians  % Ref
Adlersky City District raion Sochi, Krasnodar Krai 138,572 44,000–80,000 32%–58% [40][41][42]
Aykavan[43] village Crimea[lower-alpha 5] 160 ~100% [44]
Edissiya[45] village Stavropol Krai 5,657 5,377 92.7% [46]
Gaikodzor village Anapsky District, Krasnodar Krai
Karabagly village Dagestan 723 ~400 56% [47][48]
Myasnikovsky District raion Rostov Oblast 39,631 22,108 56% [49]
Proletarsky raion (former Nakhichevan-on-Don)[50][51] city raion Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast 122,174 10,008 8% [52]
Tuapsinsky District raion Krasnodar Krai 62,400 13,700 22% [53]

United States

Name Type Location Total Armenians  % Ref
Glendale[54] city California Los Angeles County, California 220,000 100,000 45% [55]
Little Armenia[56] neighborhood California Los Angeles, California 21,600 — [57]
Watertown[58][59] city Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts 33,000 2,700–8,000 8%–25% [60][61]

Extinct enclaves

Name Type Current location Period Armenian population & %(date) Ref
Armanitola neighborhood Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh 18th century [62]
Ghala and Lilava
(Armanestān)		 neighborhood Iran Tabriz, Iran 19th century 6,000 (c. 1900) [63][64][65]
Ermenikend quarter Azerbaijan Nasimi raion, Baku, Azerbaijan 19th-20th centuries
Nərimanov raion city district Azerbaijan Baku, Azerbaijan mid-20th century 27.6–47.6% (1939–79) [66][67][68][69]
Gherla (Armenopolis) city Romania Cluj County, Romania 17th century 43.48% (1850) [70]
Kınalıada island Turkey Istanbul, Turkey 19th-20th centuries 35,000 (seasonal)
65–95%		 [71][72][73][74]
Kizlyar town Russia Dagestan, Russia late 19th century 3,523 (48%) (1897) [75]
Kumkapı[76][77] quarter Turkey Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
Feodosia (Kaffa) city Russia Crimea (de facto) 15th century +65% (1470s) [78]
Nakhichevan-on-Don city Russia Rostov-on-Don, Russia 1778–1928 30–58.7% (1897) [79][80]
Old Armenian Town neighborhood United States Fresno, California, United States c. 1900—1950s [81]
Yettem settlement United States Tulare County, California, United States c. 1900—1920s 500 (100%) (1920) [82][83]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This article only lists ethnic enclaves in the Armenian diaspora. Many sources describe Nagorno-Karabakh as an Armenian ethnic enclave,[1][2] which it was during most of its existence as the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (1923–91), when it did not border Soviet Armenia. Since the end of the 1988–94 war, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) has been largely integrated with Armenia and the two today de facto function as a single entity. However, the NKR remains internationally unrecognized and is regarded by all UN members as de jure part of Azerbaijan.
  2. ↑ The Armenian population of Kessab was forced out in March 2014, during the Syrian Civil War.[13]
  3. ↑ The status of Jerusalem is disputed between Israel and the State of Palestine, but the Old City is de facto administered by Israel.
  4. ↑ Abkhazia is de jure recognized as part of Georgia by most countries, however, it is de facto independent.
  5. ↑ The Crimean Peninsula is disputed between Russia and Ukraine and is de facto part of Russia, but remains (for the most part) internationally recognized as de jure part of Ukraine. For more, see Political status of Crimea.

References

  1. ↑ Noel, Sid, ed. (2005). From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 279. ISBN 9780773529489. ...an Armenian ethnic enclave (Nagorno-Karabakh)...
  2. ↑ Barry, Ellen (24 June 2011). "Azerbaijan and Armenia Fail to End Enclave Dispute". New York Times. ...Nagorno-Karabakh, an Armenian enclave...
  3. 1 2 This New York Times article calls Alfortville "an Armenian neighborhood": "15 are hurt in Paris by 3 explosions in an Armenian neighborhood". New York Times. 4 May 1984.
  4. ↑ "Les Arméniens en France". La Croix (in French). 15 February 2015. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. La ville d'Alfortville (Val-de-Marne), surnommée la « petite Arménie », est l'une des plus représentatives, avec 7 000 à 9 000 membres parmi plus de 45 000 habitants.
  5. ↑ Dubouis, Kevin (18 April 2013). "Dubouis: Revoking Denial of Pride". The Armenian Weekly. ...the Armenian district of Issy-les-Moulineaux...
  6. ↑ Tenaglia, Adelaïde (27 July 2022). "Issy-les-Moulineaux, la petite Arménie des Hauts-de-Seine". Les Echos (in French). Archived from the original on 29 July 2022.
  7. ↑ Lenhardt, Marjorie (6 February 2019). "Issy-les-Moulineaux, village arménien depuis 1920". Le Parisien (in French). Archived from the original on 24 January 2021.
  8. ↑ Saryan, Levon A. (11 July 2011). "A Visit to San Lazzaro: An Armenian Island in the Heart of Europe". The Armenian Weekly.
  9. ↑ Cole, Teresa Levonian (31 July 2015). "San Lazzaro degli Armeni: A slice of Armenia in Venice". The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 November 2017. Today, just 12 vardapets (learned monks) and five novices remain...
  10. 1 2 Zaman, Amberin (8 April 2014). "Turkey losing propaganda war over Syrian Armenians". Al-Monitor. ...Kassab along with a few other Armenian villages — Aramo, Ghnemieh and Yacoubieh...
  11. 1 2 Cholakian, Hagop (18 June 2012). "Latin Rite Roman Catholics of Armenian Descent in Syria". Noravank Foundation. ...the Armenian populated villages Aramo, Ghnemiye and Arpali...
  12. ↑ "Armenian Populated Village in Latakia Liberated". Asbarez. 22 January 2016.
  13. ↑ Manjikian, Lalai (25 March 2014). "Kessab: Deep Roots Under Attack". The Armenian Weekly. The predominantly Armenian enclave of Kessab is now emptied of its Armenian population that has been there for hundreds of years, after rebel forces descended on the region from Turkey.
  14. ↑ Sherlock, Ruth (14 April 2014). "Turkey 'aided Islamist fighters' in attack on Syrian town". The Daily Telegraph. Almost all of the villages approximately 2,000 inhabitants had fled.
  15. ↑ Gilbert, Ben (7 May 2014). "Taking Refuge: Armenian Family Exiled For Third Time In Century". Al Jazeera. ...mostly Armenian Christian village of Kassab (population 2,200)...
  16. ↑ "Aleppo Under Fire: The Ruins of Armenian Neighborhoods". The Armenian Weekly. 5 June 2014. ...the predominantly Armenian neighborhoods of Nor Kyough (Meedan)...
  17. ↑ Arnold, David (24 September 2012). "In Battle for Aleppo, Armenians Seek Neutral Ground". Middle East Voices. Voice of America. ...the Armenian neighborhood of al-Midan...
  18. ↑ "Aleksander Lapshin shares story about "Little Armenia in Jordan"". news.am. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  19. ↑ Kahana, Ephraim; Suwaed, Muhammad (2009). Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Intelligence. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780810863026. ...Anjar, an Armenian village in the Bekaa Valley.
  20. ↑ Filian, Levon (Fall 2013). "AMAA News" (PDF). Paramus, New Jersey: Publication of the Armenian Missionary Association of America. p. 8. ISSN 1097-0924. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14. The Armenian population had dwindled to about 4,000.
  21. ↑ "Geography & Demographics of Anjar". Anjar Online. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Nowadays, approximately 2400 people, 99.99% of them Armenians, live in Anjar.
  22. ↑ Beltran, Gray (9 May 2011). "Torn between two worlds and an uncertain future". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Today, about 500 Armenians live in the Armenian Quarter.
  23. ↑ "The Armenian Quarter". Jewish Virtual Library. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Currently, about one thousand Armenians live in the Armenian Quarter.
  24. ↑ Old City Population Distribution and Density (PDF). Jerusalem: International Peace and Cooperation Center. 2009. p. 22. ISBN 978-965-7283-16-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Healy, Chris; Muecke, Stephen (2008). Cultural Studies Review. Melbourne University Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 9780522855081. ...in the Armenian neighborhood of Bourj Hammoud...
  26. ↑ Worth, Robert F. (May 25, 2009). "In Lebanon's Patchwork, a Focus on Armenians' Political Might". The New York Times. The Beirut neighborhood of Bourj Hamoud is a kind of miniature Armenia, with shop signs written in Armenian script and a dense, familial culture of working-class shops, homes and restaurants.
  27. ↑ Anthropological Quarterly. Catholic University of America Press. 46–47: 73. 1973. Of the estimated 180,000 Armenians in Lebanon, 110,000 are concentrated in the Bourj-Hammoud and Dora quarters of Greater Beirut. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. ↑ "Local authorities taking account of the major urban risks "From a case study to a global approach" The example of the City of Bourj Hammoud, Lebanon" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2014-06-08. The city ... has a population of almost 150,000 hab.
  29. ↑ Canby, Sheila R. (2009). Shah ʻAbbas: the remaking of Iran. London: British Museum Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780714124520. Called New Julfa, this area remains the Armenian quarter of Isfahan to this day.
  30. ↑ Petrosyan, David (1998). Армянская община в Иране (in Russian). Institute for Central Asian and Caucasian Studies. ...еще 10-12 тысяч - в Исфагане (армяне называют его Новой Джугой)...
  31. ↑ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
  32. ↑ "Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան 100-րդ տարելիցին նւիրւած միջոցառումներ՝ Փերիոյ գաւառի Բոլորան գիւղում". Alik (in Armenian). 31 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Գիւղում ամբողջութեամբ հայեր են բնակւում...
  33. ↑ Grigorian, H. (1976). "Բոլորան, Զառնե [Boloran, Zarne]". Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia Volume 2 (in Armenian). Yerevan. p. 512.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ↑ Kanbolat, Hasan (2 October 2012). "Syrian Conflict Taking Toll on Turkey's Last Armenian Village". Al-Monitor. Vakifli, a village in Hatay province, is Turkey's sole remaining Armenian village. Home to just 135 people...
  35. ↑ Tchilingirian, Hratch. "The Armenian community in Abkhazia Today". Armenian Reporter International. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. There are now around 50-60 Armenian villages in Abkhazia...
  36. ↑ "Итоги переписи населения Республики Абхазия 2011 года [Results of census of Republic of Abkhazia in 2011]" (in Russian). Sukhumi: Abkhazian Office of State Statistics.
  37. ↑ Zenian, David (1 September 1992). "Havlabar: A Little Armenia on the hill". AGBU News Magazine.
  38. ↑ Hakobyan, Julia (28 September 2007). "Havlabar: Armenian community in Tbilisi pays the price of urbanization". ArmeniaNow.
  39. ↑ "Ethnic Groups by Major Administrative-territorial Units" (PDF). National Statistics Office of Georgia.
  40. ↑ Schreck, Carl (5 May 2006). "Sochi's Armenian Diaspora Weeps". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. ...Sochi's Adler district, home to about 80,000 ethnic Armenians...
  41. ↑ Rakachev, Vadim. "Этнодемографические изменения а Краснодарском Крае, 1989-1999 годы [Ethnodemographic changes in Krasnodar Krai in 1989-1999]" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Обращает на себя внимание резкий рост армянского населения в Сочи и, в частности, в Адлерском районе, где оно увеличилось на 17,5% и составило 31,8% к общему количеству жителей района.
  42. ↑ "Оценка численности населения на 1 января 2014 года по муниципальным образованиям Краснодарского края [Estimated population on January 1, 2014 by the municipalities of Krasnodar Region]" (in Russian). Russian Federal State Statistics Service. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014.
  43. ↑ Маленькая Армения в Крыму. podrobnosti.ua (in Russian). 27 June 2008.
  44. ↑ Трудовской сельский совет (in Russian). Website of the Simferopol district of the State Administration of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Archived from the original on 2014-06-12.
  45. ↑ Армяне Ставропольского края отметили 210-летие села Эдиссия (in Russian). Caucasian Knot. 2 September 2007. ...армянского поселения Эдиссия - одного из старейших армянских поселений на Юге России.
  46. ↑ "Том 3 книга 1 "Национальный состав и владение языками, гражданство"; таблица 4 "Национальный состав населения Ставропольского края по городским округам, муниципальным районам, городским населенным пунктам, сельским населенным пунктам с численностью населения 3000 человек и более"". Archived from the original on 2017-08-05. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
  47. ↑ "Численность населения на 1 января 2014 года по сельским поселениям Республики Дагестан". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
  48. ↑ Данные Всероссийской переписи населения 2002 года: таблица 02c. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004.
  49. ↑ Итоги всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года по Ростовской области: Национальный состав и владение языками, гражданство (PDF) (in Russian). Russian Federal State Statistics Service. pp. 260–1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
  50. ↑ Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 280. ISBN 0-226-33228-4. In time, Nor Nakhichevan was engulfed by the growth of Rostov, and it now amounts to a kind of Armenian quarter within the city...
  51. ↑ "Историческая справка Пролетарского района города Ростова-на-Дону". rostov-gorod.ru (in Russian). Official portal City Duma and City Administration Rostov-on-Don. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. ...в 1929 году на территории Нахичевани был образован один из крупнейших в городе - Пролетарский район.
  52. ↑ "Итоги Всероссийской Переписи Населения 2010 Года по Ростовской Области: Том 4 Национальный Состав и Владение Языками, Гражданство" (PDF). rostov.gks.ru (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2021.
  53. ↑ ""Асимметричные" Точки Опоры Армении На Ее Диаспоральные Ресурсы По Периметру Черного Моря".
  54. ↑ Bittman, Mark (4 July 2013). "This Armenian Life". New York Times. Among those cities is Glendale ... a center of the Armenian diaspora and home to one of the world's largest Armenian populations outside Armenia.
  55. ↑ Elliott, Raffi (June 19, 2019). "Glendale Mayor Takes Over Armenia's Diaspora Affairs". The Armenian Weekly. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Zareh Sinanyan: "In Glendale, I was mayor for 220 thousand people (including 100 thousand Armenians)..."
  56. ↑ "Part of East Hollywood Is Designated 'Little Armenia'". Los Angeles Times. 7 October 2000.
  57. ↑ "Little Armenia neighborhood in Los Angeles, California (CA), 90027, 90029 detailed profile". City-Data. Population: 21,600
  58. ↑ Howe, Jeff (20 April 2013). "Captured in Watertown". The New Yorker. ...Watertown is one of the largest Armenian enclaves in the U.S...
  59. ↑ Kevonian, Tamar. "Finding the Passion". Asbarez. ... Boston ... Watertown, the Armenian enclave of the city...
  60. ↑ Watertown in Armeniapedia.org
  61. ↑ Armenians in Watertown, MA in Hayk the Ubiquitous Armenian
  62. ↑ Lawson, Alastair (10 January 2003). "The mission of Dhaka's last Armenian". BBC News.
  63. ↑ Amurian, A.; Kasheff, M. (1986). "ARMENIANS OF MODERN IRAN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. The Armenian diocese of Azerbaijan has its center in Tabrīz (Arm. Dawrēz), the largest town in the province and the administrative capital of eastern Azerbaijan, which had a thriving Armenian community of about 6,000 souls at the turn of the century. Armenians were concentrated in the two neighborhoods of Ḡala (Arm. Berdaṭʿał) and Lilava, collectively called Armanestān [...]
  64. ↑ Shahvar, Soli. (2009). Forgotten Schools: The Baha'is and Modern Education in Iran, 1899-1934. I.B.Tauris. p. 42 "Tabriz had an elementary school and a kindergarten in each of the two Armenian districts of the city (Gala and Lilava) (...)"
  65. ↑ Berberian, Houri (2001). Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1911. Westview Press. "[...) in the predominantly and at times exclusively Armenian towns of Ghala and Lilava."
  66. ↑ Город Баку: 1939 (in Russian). 1939.
  67. ↑ Город Баку: 1959 (in Russian). 1939.
  68. ↑ Город Баку: 1970 (in Russian). 1939.
  69. ↑ Город Баку: 1979 (in Russian). 1939.
  70. ↑ Steve Kokker; Cathryn Kemp (2004). Romania & Moldova. Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. p. 159. ISBN 9781741041491. Gherla Once a predominantly Armenian settlement called Armenopolis in the 17th century...
  71. ↑ Schleifer, Yigal (July 19, 2007). "Turkey: Religious Minorities Watch Closely as Election Day Approaches". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Kinali, one of the smaller islands, is a favorite among Istanbul's Armenians.
  72. ↑ Schleifer, Yigal (July 28, 2005). "Istanbul's isle of diversity". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Tiny Kinali, once home to a bustling summertime Armenian community.
  73. ↑ Goltz, Thomas (1989). Istanbul. Insight Guide. p. 175. Its population was at least two-thirds Armenian ever since two Armenian worthies bought the island...
  74. ↑ Zenian, David (November 1, 1993). "The Armenian Community: What Makes It Tick". AGBU Magazine. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. ...on Kinali Island, a resort where almost 95 percent of the seasonal population of 35,000 were Armenians...
  75. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей".
  76. ↑ Schäfers, Marlene (26 July 2008). "Managing the difficult balance between tourism and authenticity: Kumkapı". Hürriyet Daily News. Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Kumkapı, since then, has been dominated by Armenians and Greeks. Over the centuries, the quarter's population retained this ethnic-linguistic characteristic—in fact, as late as the 1950s, Kumkapı was still known as an Armenian quarter. Starting in the 1960s, however, Kumkapı's Armenian population began to decrease, with people moving abroad to Europe or America or simply to other quarters of the city, like Samatya, Yeniköy or Bakırköy.
  77. ↑ Nahai, Gina B. (2000). Moonlight on the Avenue of Faith. New York: Washington Square Press. p. 219. ISBN 9780671042837. Istanbul's Armenian ghetto, the Kumkapi bordered the wholesale fish market and was populated almost entirely by Armenians.
  78. ↑ Этнография народов Крыма: Армяне (in Russian). Tavrida National V.I. Vernadsky University. 1999. Archived from the original on 2014-06-08. В 30-е гг. XIV в. армянские колонии Крыма пополнились переселенцами из Ак-Сарая (выходцы из г. Ани), в 70-е гг. XV в. из 70- тысячного населения Кафы 2/3, т.е. свыше 46 тыс., составляли армяне.
  79. ↑ (in Russian) Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам 50 губерний Европейской России As of 1897, the total population was 28,427, Armenians composed 29.1% of the population with 8,277 people
  80. ↑ Weinberg, Leonid [in Russian] (1897). "Нахичевань-на-Дону (Nakhichevan-on-Don)". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Volume XXa. pp. 705–706.
  81. ↑ "Holy Trinity Armenian Apostolic Church (1914)". Historicfresno.org. A Guide to Historic Architecture in Fresno, California. Archived from the original on 6 September 2016.. Adapted from the National Register of Historic Places nomination, originally prepared by Robby Antoyan.
  82. ↑ Gbranian-Melkonian, Seda (2 July 2011). "The 100 Years Old Armenian Family of Yettem". Hetq. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020.
  83. ↑ Melkonian, Markar (2007). "The Fool's Dream: The Fall of Another New Eden and the Utopian Appeal of Ethnic Solidarity". Utopian Studies. 18 (2): 223–235. doi:10.5325/utopianstudies.18.2.0223. JSTOR 20719865. S2CID 149522631.
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