Field marshal (German: Generalfeldmarschall) was usually the highest military rank in various German armed forces. It had existed, under slightly different names, in several German states since 1631.[1] After the unification of Germany it was the highest military rank of the Imperial German Army and later in the Wehrmacht[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] until it was abolished in 1945.[2]

The vast majority of the people promoted to field marshal won major battles in wars of their time. Field marshals played a compelling and influential role in military matters, were tax-exempt, members of the nobility, equal to government officials, under constant protection or escort, and had the right to directly report to the royal family.[3] In the Prussian military tradition, which set the tone for the 19th century and the German Empire, field marshals could only be promoted in wartime and the royal family was excluded, both resulting in the creation of the rank of colonel general with the rank of general field marshal (German: Generaloberst mit dem Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls) in 1854. Both restrictions would eventually end with the first royals being promoted during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and later honorary promotions to foreign monarchs would follow. Adolf Hitler effectively disregarded the wartime prerequisite by two promotions in 1936 and 1938, though all subsequent promotions were during wartime.

Electorate (1356–1806) and Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1918)

Name Date of promotion Birth and Death Portrait Reference
Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg 21 June 1631 1583–1641 [4]
Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg 24 November 1632 1598–1642
Rudolf Graf von Marzin 19 October 1638 1585–1645 [5]
Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein 1 January 1666 1605–76
Joachim Rüdiger of Goltz 28 August 1681 1620–88 [6]
Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming 8 September 1688 1632–1706
Hans Adam von Schöning 9 April 1691 1641–96
Jeremias of Chauvet 10 May 1693 Unknown–1699
—
 [7]
Heinrich VI Reuß zu Obergreiz 30 September 1697 1649–97
Adam Heinrich von Steinau 27 August 1699 Unknown–1712
—
Georg Benedikt von Ogilvy 3 December 1706 1651–1710
Jacob Heinrich von Flemming 22 February 1712 1667–1728
Christoph August of Wackerbarth 17 April 1730 1662–1734 [8]
Johann Adolf II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels 26 November 1735 1685–1746 [9]
Frederick Augustus Rutowsky 11 January 1749 1702–64
Johann Georg, Chevalier de Saxe 27 July 1763 1704–74 [10]
Frederick of Anhalt-Dessau 6 January 1775 1705–81
Albert, King of Saxony 11 July 1871 1828–1902 [11]
George of Saxony 14 June 1888 1832–1904

Brandenburg-Prussia and the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1870)

Name Date of promotion Birth and Death Portrait Reference
Otto Christoph von Sparr 20 June 1657 1599–1668 [12]
John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 24 January 1670 1627–93 [12]
Georg von Derfflinger 18 February 1670 1606–95 [12]
Alexander Hermann, Count of Wartensleben 23 March 1706 1650–1734 [13]
Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 1712 1676–1747 [14]
Carl Philipp, Reichsgraf von Wylich und Lottum 1713 1650–1719 [15]
Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten 1713 1661–1728 [16]
Dubislav Gneomar von Natzmer 1728 1654–1739 [17]
Albrecht Konrad Finck von Finckenstein 1733 1660–1735 [18]
Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow 1737 1678–1739 [17]
Kurt Christoph von Schwerin 1740 1684–1757 [19]
Caspar Otto von Glasenapp 1741 1664–1747 [20]
Samuel von Schmettau 1741 1684–1751 [21]
Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst 16 May 1742 1690–1747 [22]
Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 17 May 1742 1700–51 [23]
Friedrich Wilhelm von Dossow 15 January 1745 1669–1758 [24]
Henning Alexander von Kleist 24 May 1747 1677–1749 [25]
Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein 24 May 1747 1682–1759 [25]
Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau 24 May 1747 1702–69 [25]
James Francis Edward Keith 18 September 1747 1696–1758 [26]
Hans von Lehwaldt 1751 1685–1768 [27]
Prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau 1757 1712–60 [28]
Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 15 November 1758 1721–92 [29]
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1787 1735–1806 [30]
Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Möllendorf 1793 1724–1816 [31]
Alexander von Knobelsdorff 20 May 1798 1723–99 [32]
Friedrich Adolf Graf von Kalckreuth July 1807 1737–1818 [33]
Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière July 1807 1733–1811 [34]
Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 19 October 1813 1742–1819 [35]
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 15 November 1818 1769–1852 [36]
Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf 1821 1762–1823 [37]
Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg 1821 1759–1830 [38]
August Neidhardt von Gneisenau 1825 1760–1831 [39]
Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten 1839 1770–1848 [40]
Karl Freiherr von Muffling 5 October 1847 1775–1851 [41]
Hermann von Boyen 7 October 1847 1771–1848 [42]
Karl Friedrich von dem Knesebeck 9 October 1847 1768–1848 [43]
Karl Friedrich Emil zu Dohna-Schlobitten 14 March 1854 1784–1859 [44]
Friedrich Graf von Wrangel 5 August 1856 1784–1877 [45]
Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia 28 October 1870 1828–85 [1]
Prince Frederick William of Prussia 28 October 1870 1831–88 [1]

German Empire (1871–1918)

Name Date of promotion Birth and Death Portrait Reference
Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld 8 April 1871 1796–1884 [46]
Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz 8 April 1871 1796–1877 [47]
Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke 16 June 1871 1800–91 [48]
Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony 11 July 1871 1828–1902 [49]
Albrecht von Roon 1 January 1873 1803–79 [50]
Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel 19 September 1873 1809–85 [51]
Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal 15 March 1888 1810–1900 [52]
Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony 15 March 1888 1832–1904 [11]
Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Albrecht of Prussia 19 June 1888 1837–1906 [53]
Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen 19 June 1888 1817–95 [54]
Franz Joseph I of Austria 27 February 1895 1830–1916 [55]
Alfred von Waldersee 6 May 1900 1832–1904 [56]
Gottlieb Graf von Haeseler 1 January 1905 1836–1919 [57]
Wilhelm von Hahnke 1 January 1905 1833–1912 [58]
Walter von Loë 1 January 1905 1828–1908
—
 [59]
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 9 September 1906[lower-alpha 3] 1850–1942 [60]
Carol I of Romania 20 April 1909 1839–1914 [61]
Alfred von Schlieffen 1 January 1911 1833–1913 [62]
George V of the United Kingdom 16 May 1911[lower-alpha 3] 1865–1936
Constantine I of Greece 8 August 1911 1868–1923 [63]
Paul von Hindenburg 2 November 1914 1847–1934 [64]
Karl von Bülow 27 January 1915 1846–1921 [65]
Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen 22 June 1915 1856–1936 [66]
August von Mackensen 22 June 1915 1849–1945 [67]
Ludwig III of Bavaria 26 June 1915 1845–1921 [68]
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf 1916 1852–1925 [69]
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria 18 January 1916 1861–1948 [70]
Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire 1 February 1916 1844–1918
William II of Württemberg 23 July 1916 1848–1921 [71]
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria 1 August 1916 1869–1955 [72]
Prince Leopold of Bavaria 1 August 1916 1846–1930 [73]
Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg 1 August 1916 1865–1939 [74]
Charles I of Austria 12 February 1917 1887–1922 [75]
Hermann von Eichhorn 18 December 1917 1848–1918 [76]
Remus von Woyrsch 18 December 1917 1847–1920 [77]

Weimar Republic (1918–33)

After the loss of the First World War, Germany was transformed into what became known as the Weimar Republic, which was subject to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. It required the reduction of the German Army to 100,000 men,[78] a reduction of the German Navy,[78] and the abolition of the German Air Force.[78] As a result of the new military arrangements, there were no field marshals created during the Weimar Republic.

Nazi Germany (1933–45)

Portrait NameDate of promotionBranchRef.
Werner von Blomberg
Blomberg, WernerWerner von Blomberg
(1878–1946)		20 April 1936 German Army[79]
Hermann Göring
Göring, HermannHermann Göring
(1893–1946)		4 February 1938 Luftwaffe[80]
Fedor von Bock
Bock, FedorFedor von Bock
(1880–1945)		19 July 1940 German Army[81]
Walther von Brauchitsch
Brauchitsch, WaltherWalther von Brauchitsch
(1881–1948)		19 July 1940 German Army[82]
Albert Kesselring
Kesselring, AlbertAlbert Kesselring
(1885–1960)		19 July 1940 Luftwaffe[83]
Wilhelm Keitel
Keitel, WilhelmWilhelm Keitel
(1882–1946)		19 July 1940 German Army[84]
Günther von Kluge
Kluge, GüntherGünther von Kluge
(1882–1944)		19 July 1940 German Army[85]
Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
Leeb, WilhelmWilhelm Ritter von Leeb
(1876–1956)		19 July 1940 German Army[86]
Wilhelm List
List, WilhelmWilhelm List
(1880–1971)		19 July 1940 German Army[87]
Erhard Milch
Milch, ErhardErhard Milch
(1892–1972)		19 July 1940 Luftwaffe[88]
Walter von Reichenau
Reichenau, WalterWalter von Reichenau
(1884–1942)		19 July 1940 German Army[89]
Gerd von Rundstedt
Rundstedt, GerdGerd von Rundstedt
(1875–1953)		19 July 1940 German Army[90]
Hugo Sperrle
Sperrle, HugoHugo Sperrle
(1885–1953)		19 July 1940 Luftwaffe[91]
Erwin von Witzleben
Witzleben, Erwin vonErwin von Witzleben
(1881–1944)		19 July 1940 German Army[92]
Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
Böhm-Ermolli, Eduard vonEduard von Böhm-Ermolli
(1856–1941)		31 October 1940 German Army[93]
Erwin Rommel
Rommel, ErwinErwin Rommel
(1891–1944)		22 June 1942 German Army[94]
Georg von Küchler
Küchler, Georg vonGeorg von Küchler
(1881–1968)		30 June 1942 German Army[95]
Erich von Manstein
Manstein, Erich vonErich von Manstein
(1887–1973)		1 July 1942 German Army[95]
Friedrich Paulus
Paulus, FriedrichFriedrich Paulus
(1890–1957)		31 January 1943 German Army[95]
Ernst Busch
Busch, ErnstErnst Busch
(1885–1945)		1 February 1943 German Army[96]
Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
Kleist, PaulPaul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
(1881–1954)		1 February 1943 German Army[95]
Maximilian von Weichs
Weichs, MaximilianMaximilian von Weichs
(1881–1954)		1 February 1943 German Army[95]
Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen
Richthofen, WolframWolfram Freiherr von Richthofen
(1895–1945)		16 February 1943 Luftwaffe[95]
Walter Model
Model, WalterWalter Model
(1891–1945)		1 March 1944 German Army[97]
Ferdinand Schörner
Schörner, FerdinandFerdinand Schörner
(1892–1973)		5 April 1945 German Army[98]
Robert Ritter von Greim
Greim, RobertRobert Ritter von Greim
(1892–1945)		25 April 1945 Luftwaffe[99]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Imperial German Navy and the Kriegsmarine used the rank of Grand Admiral (German: Großadmiral) instead.
  2. ↑ In 1940 Hermann Göring was promoted to Reichsmarschall, a rank higher than that of field marshal and was the only one to hold this rank. This was done so as to make Göring superior to other field marshals and recognize him as the second man in Hitler's Reich.[lower-alpha 4]
  3. 1 2 Until 1915
  4. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 198.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Wawro 1997, p. 310.
  2. ↑ Hakim 1995, pp. 100, 105.
  3. ↑ Snyder 1976, p. 111.
  4. ↑ Irmer 2005, pp. 5, 35.
  5. ↑ Guthrie 2003, p. 48.
  6. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 790.
  7. ↑ Glozier & Onnekink 2007, p. 209.
  8. ↑ Phillips 1871, p. 943.
  9. ↑ Long 1844, p. 360.
  10. ↑ Carlyle 2002, p. 709.
  11. 1 2 Riley 2014, p. 232.
  12. 1 2 3 Citino 2005, p. 428.
  13. ↑ Gruyter 2006, p. 355.
  14. ↑ Paret & Morgan 2014, p. 391.
  15. ↑ König 1789, p. 434.
  16. ↑ Johannes 2004, p. 34.
  17. 1 2 MacDonogh 2001, p. 436.
  18. ↑ Colby & Williams 1906, p. 620.
  19. ↑ Tucker 2009, p. 239.
  20. ↑ Ohm & Boehlke & Boehlke 1997, p. 6.
  21. ↑ Lund 1999, p. 182.
  22. ↑ Alexeevna 2007, p. 236.
  23. ↑ Siebigk 1883, pp. 352, 356.
  24. ↑ Siebigk 1883, pp. 364, 365.
  25. 1 2 3 Anton Balthasar König, Henning Alexander von Kleist,Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militärpersonen: T. G-L, A. Wever, 1789, pp. 275–276. Accessed 26 September 2015.
  26. ↑ MacKillop & Murdoch 2003, p. 103.
  27. ↑ Siebigk 1883, pp. 166, 167.
  28. ↑ Ross 1997, p. 134, 135.
  29. ↑ Ballard 2011, p. 54.
  30. ↑ Debrett 1836, p. 151.
  31. ↑ Stoker 2014, p. 52.
  32. ↑ Bruce & Stanard 1958, p. 88.
  33. ↑ Phillips 1871, p. 378.
  34. ↑ Fischer 1907, p. 50.
  35. ↑ Leggiere 2014, p. 535.
  36. ↑ James William Edmund Doyle (1886). "Wellington". The Official Baronage of England: Showing the Succession, Dignities, and Offices of Every Peer from 1066 to 1885. Vol. 3. London: Longmans Green and Co. pp. 615–620.
  37. ↑ Siebigk 1883, p. 127.
  38. ↑ Droysen 1851, p. 158.
  39. ↑ Gneisenau & Marston 1815, pp. 1, 8.
  40. ↑ Veve 1992, p. 30.
  41. ↑ Muffling 1997, p. 174.
  42. ↑ Parkinson 2000, p. 259.
  43. ↑ Jensen & Rothstein 2000, p. 110.
  44. ↑ Siborne 1895, p. 96.
  45. ↑ Röhl 1996, p. 274.
  46. ↑ Chisholm & Garvin 1926, p. 405.
  47. ↑ Hughes 2009, p. 423.
  48. ↑ Heal 2012, p. 206.
  49. ↑ Maitland 1762, p. 24.
  50. ↑ Large 2007, p. 2.
  51. ↑ Marrs 2010, p. 25.
  52. ↑ Darmstaedter 2008, p. 414.
  53. ↑ Burke 2012, p. 17.
  54. ↑ Hakim 1995, p. 65.
  55. ↑ Murad 1968, p. 61.
  56. ↑ Clarke 2000, p. 12.
  57. ↑ Ross 1997, p. 452.
  58. ↑ Hahnke 2012, p. 47.
  59. ↑ Steinberg 2011, p. 407.
  60. ↑ Browne 2013, p. 105.
  61. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, pp. 666, 667.
  62. ↑ Ehlert 2014, pp. 1, 2.
  63. ↑ Vatikiotis 2014, p. 1.
  64. ↑ Hargreaves 2010, p. 20.
  65. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 243.
  66. ↑ Riley 2013, p. 471.
  67. ↑ Sandler 2002, p. 523.
  68. ↑ Pawly 2012, p. 63.
  69. ↑ Rothenburg 1976, p. 143.
  70. ↑ Tague 2011, p. 359.
  71. ↑ Blumberg 1990, p. 238.
  72. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 1007.
  73. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 687.
  74. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 82.
  75. ↑ Wheatcroft & Keegan, 2014. p. 62.
  76. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 390.
  77. ↑ Pope & Wheal 2007, p. 476.
  78. 1 2 3 Kershaw 2008, pp. 80, 90, 92.
  79. ↑ Tague 2011, p. 62.
  80. ↑ Alford 2003, p. 67.
  81. ↑ Wheeler-Bennett 1967, p. 497.
  82. ↑ Biesinger 2006, p. 288.
  83. ↑ Kesselring 1970, p. 64.
  84. ↑ Goldensohn 2010, p. 157.
  85. ↑ Biesinger 2006, p. 510.
  86. ↑ Mineau 2004, p. 109.
  87. ↑ Williamson 2006, p. 109.
  88. ↑ Wright 2009, p. 110.
  89. ↑ Tague 2011, p. 28.
  90. ↑ Wood 2014, p. 35.
  91. ↑ Frankel 2004, p. 14.
  92. ↑ Mitcham 2006, p. 14.
  93. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 216.
  94. ↑ Breuer 2002, p. 131.
  95. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matthews 2013, p. 349.
  96. ↑ Tague 2011, p. 326.
  97. ↑ Mitcham 2007, p. 200.
  98. ↑ Pawly 2012, p. 289
  99. ↑ Wistrich 1982, p. 84

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