This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.[1]
Afro-Asiatic languages
Cushitic languages
Semitic languages
Arabic languages
- Judeo-Algerian Arabic (extinct)
- Judeo-Andalusi Arabic (extinct)
- Judeo-Egyptian Arabic (extinct)
- Judeo-Iraqi Arabic
- Judeo-Levantine Arabic (extinct)
- Judeo-Palestinian Arabic (Extinct)
- Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
- Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic
- Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
- Judeo-Yemeni Arabic
- Karaite Egyptian Arabic, based on old Egyptian Arabic[3]
Aramaic languages
Other Afro-Asiatic languages
- Judeo-Berber[1] (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)
Austronesian languages
- Judeo-Malay (Possibly extinct)
Dravidian languages
(both written in local alphabets)
Indo-European languages
Germanic languages
- Jewish English Languages
- Lachoudisch (extinct)
- Lotegorisch (extinct)[6]
- Yiddish[1]
Indo-Aryan languages
- Judeo-Gujarati[7]
- Judeo-Hindustani[8][9]
- Judeo-Marathi[9]
- Judeo-Urdu
Iranian languages
- Judeo-Bukharic (Bukhari, Bukhori, Judeo-Tajik)[10] (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of Samarkand)
- Judeo-Golpaygani[10] (Possibly extinct)
- Judeo-Hamedani[10] (Possibly extinct)
- Judeo-Kashani
- Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi, Jidi)[10]
- Judeo-Shirazi[10][11]
- Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)[12]
Italic languages
- Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)
- Judeo-Aragonese (extinct, but have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect of Skopje)
- Judeo-Navarro-Aragonese with a significant Jewish koiné of Tudela (extinct)
- Judeo-Asturleonese (extinct, but still have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish)
- Judeo-Emilian-Romagnol[13] (e.g., the citilects of Modena,[14] and Ferrara) (almost extinct)
- Judeo-French (Zarphatic):[1] a group of Jewish northern oïl languages and their dialects (extinct)
- Judeo-Gascon[15] (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct)
- Judeo-Italian[1] with a wide range of dialects and city koinés (including zones of so-called Toscani (Tuscan, e.g. the citylect of Livorno) and Mediani (Middle Italian, besides all the city koiné of Rome) dialects)
- Judeo-Lombard[16] (e.g., the citylect of Mantua[17][18]) (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Piedmontese (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Portuguese[1] (almost extinct, still preserved in small communities of Portugal, Northern Africa and the Netherlands) and Judeo-Galician (extinct)
- Judeo-Provençal[1] (extinct)
- Judeo-Sicilian[19] (including the zone of so-called Meridionali Estremi (Far Southern) dialects of Sicily, Calabria and Apulia, including Judeo-Salentino of Corfu) (extinct or almost extinct)
- Judeo-Southern Italian varieties (including the zone of so-called Meridionali (Intermediate Southern Italian) dialects) (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)[1]
Other Indo-European languages
- Judeo-Sicilian Greek (extinct)
- Judeo-Koiné Greek (extinct)
Kartvelian languages
- Judeo-Georgian[1][22]
- Judeo-Mingrelian (first of all — so called Zugdidi–Samurzakano dialect of Mingrelian,[23] e.g. Bandza and Senaki Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendency is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian)[22] (almost extinct)
Turkic languages
- Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)
- Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak)[24] (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Turkish[25] (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
- Karaim[1] (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words)
Creole languages
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (30 October 2015). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.
- ↑ Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)". Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2). doi:10.1353/nas.2013.0021. S2CID 143577497.
- ↑ Khan, Geoffrey (1997). "The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit". Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (34): 53–102. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43525685.
- ↑ Khan, Geoffrey (8 June 1999). A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel. BRILL. ISBN 9789004305045.
- 1 2 3 Weninger, Stefan (23 December 2011). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.
- ↑ "Language Contact Manchester". languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
- ↑ "Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian". blogs.bl.uk.
- ↑ "A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India". Gorgias Press LLC.
- 1 2 "Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800–1899 era". British Library. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Spolsky, Bernard (27 March 2014). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781139917148.
- ↑ Borjian, Habib (2015). "Judeo-Iranian Languages". In Kahn, Lily; Rubin, Aaron D. (eds.). A Handbook of Jewish Languages. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. pp. 234–295.
- ↑ Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51–74. .
- ↑ "La parlata giudeo-reggiana | ESTER" [The Giudeo-Reggio speaking & # 124; FOREIGN] (in Italian).
- ↑ Holtus, Günter; Metzeltin, Michael; Schmitt, Christian (24 February 2011). Kontakt, Migration und Kunstsprachen: Kontrastivität, Klassifikation und Typologie [Contact, migration and artificial languages: contrastivity, classification and typology] (in German). ISBN 9783110959925.
- ↑ Nahon, Peter (2018). Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine [Gascon and French among the Israelites of Aquitaine] (in French). Paris: Classiques Garnier.
- ↑ "Il giudeo-italiano: Le lingue degli Ebrei in Italia" [The Judeo-Italian: The languages of the Jews in Italy] (in Italian). 27 January 2018.
- ↑ Fortis, Umberto (2006). La parlata degli ebrei di Venezia e le parlate giudeo-italiane [The speech of the Jews of Venice and the Judeo-Italian speeches] (in Italian). ISBN 9788880572435.
- ↑ Colorni, Vittore (1970). "La parlata degli ebrei mantovani" [The speech of the Mantuan Jews]. La Rassegna Mensile di Israel (in Italian). 36 (7/9): 109–164. JSTOR 41283353.
- ↑ Hary, Benjamin; Benor, Sarah Bunin (5 November 2018). Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781501504631 – via Google Books.
- ↑ International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 1 January 2003. p. 83. ISBN 9780195139778.
- ↑ Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.). "Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination" (PDF). Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- 1 2 Lomtadze, Tamari; Enoch, Reuven (2019). "Judeo-Georgian Language as an Identity Marker of Georgian Jews (The Jews Living in Georgia)". Journal of Jewish Languages. 7: 1–26. doi:10.1163/22134638-07011146. S2CID 166295234.
- ↑ THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921) (PDF) (in Russian, Georgian, English, and German). D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia. p. 55.
- ↑ "YIVO | Krymchaks". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- ↑ Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 1 September 2017. ISBN 9789004359543.
- ↑ Jacobs, Neil G. "Jewish Papiamentu". Jewish Language Project. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
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