The following railroads operate in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.
Common freight carriers
- Bay Colony Railroad (BCLR)
- Connecticut Southern Railroad (CSO) (Genesee and Wyoming)
- CSX Transportation (CSXT)
- East Brookfield & Spencer Railroad (EBSR)
- Fore River Transportation Corporation (FRVT)
- Grafton and Upton Railroad (GU)
- Housatonic Railroad (HRRC)
- Massachusetts Central Railroad (MCER)
- Massachusetts Coastal Railroad (MC)
- New England Central Railroad (NECR) (Genesee and Wyoming)
- Pan Am Railways (PAR)
- Pan Am Southern (PAS) (Operated by Pan Am Railways)
- Pioneer Valley Railroad (PVRR) (Pinsly)
- Providence and Worcester Railroad (PW) (Genesee and Wyoming)
Passenger carriers
- Amtrak (AMTK)
- Berkshire Scenic Railway (BRMX)
- Cape Cod Central Railroad (CCCR)
- Edaville Railroad
- Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTX)
- Hartford Line (CNDX)
Defunct railroads
Name | Mark | System[nb 1] | From | To | Successor | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agricultural Branch Railroad | NH | 1847 | 1867 | Boston, Clinton and Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Albany Street Freight Railway | 1868 | N/A | ||||
Amherst and Belchertown Railroad | CN | 1851 | 1858 | Amherst, Belchertown and Palmer Railroad | ||
Amherst, Belchertown and Palmer Railroad | CN | 1858 | 1861 | New London Northern Railroad | ||
Andover and Haverhill Railroad | B&M | 1837 | 1839 | Boston and Portland Railroad | ||
Andover and Wilmington Railroad | B&M | 1833 | 1837 | Andover and Haverhill Railroad | ||
Asbury Grove Railroad | B&M | 1870 | 1870 | Eastern Railroad | ||
Ashburnham Railroad | B&M | 1871 | 1885 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Athol and Enfield Railroad | NYC | 1869 | 1873 | Springfield, Athol and North-eastern Railroad | ||
Barre and Worcester Railroad | B&M | 1847 | 1849 | Boston, Barre and Gardner Railroad | ||
Bellingham Branch Railroad | NH | 1852 | 1853 | New York and Boston Railroad | ||
Berkshire Railroad | NH | 1837 | 1910 | New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad | ||
Billerica and Bedford Railroad | B&M | 1876 | 1878 | Boston and Lowell Railroad | ||
Boston and Albany Railroad | B&A | NYC | 1867 | 1961 | New York Central Railroad | |
Boston, Barre and Gardner Railroad | B&M | 1849 | 1885 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Boston, Clinton and Fitchburg Railroad | NH | 1867 | 1876 | Boston, Clinton, Fitchburg and New Bedford Railroad | ||
Boston, Clinton, Fitchburg and New Bedford Railroad | NH | 1873 | 1883 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad | NH | 1863 | 1874 | New York and New England Railroad | ||
Boston, Hingham and Hull Railroad | NH | 1880 | 1881 | Nantasket Beach Railroad | ||
Boston and Lowell Railroad | B&M | 1830 | 1919 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Boston and Maine Corporation | BM | B&M | 1963 | Still exists as a lessor of Pan Am Railways operating subsidiary Springfield Terminal Railway | ||
Boston and Maine Railroad | B&M, BM | B&M | 1841 | 1964 | Boston and Maine Corporation | |
Boston and Maine Railroad Extension Company | B&M | 1844 | 1845 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Boston and New York Central Railroad | NH | 1853 | 1858 | Midland Railroad | ||
Boston and Portland Railroad | B&M | 1839 | 1841 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Boston and Providence Railroad | NH | 1831 | 1972 | Penn Central Transportation Company | ||
Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad | 1874 | 1940 | N/A | |||
Boston Terminal Company | BTCO | NH | 1896 | 1965 | N/A | |
Boston and Winthrop Railroad | 1881 | 1883 | Boston, Winthrop and Shore Railroad | |||
Boston, Winthrop and Point Shirley Railroad | 1876 | 1883 | Boston, Winthrop and Shore Railroad | |||
Boston, Winthrop and Shore Railroad | 1883 | 1891 | Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad | |||
Boston and Worcester Railroad | NYC | 1831 | 1867 | Boston and Albany Railroad | ||
Brookline and Pepperell Railroad | B&M | 1891 | 1895 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Cape Ann Granite Railroad | 1894 | |||||
Cape Cod Railroad | NH | 1854 | 1872 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
Cape Cod Branch Railroad | NH | 1846 | 1854 | Cape Cod Railroad | ||
Cape Cod Central Railroad | NH | 1861 | 1868 | Cape Cod Railroad | ||
Central Massachusetts Railroad | B&M | 1883 | 1901 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Central New England Railway | CNE | NH | 1899 | 1938 | N/A | |
Central Vermont Railroad | CN | 1873 | 1899 | Central Vermont Railway | ||
Central Vermont Railway | CV | CN | 1899 | 1995 | New England Central Railroad | |
Charles River Railroad | NH | 1851 | 1855 | New York and Boston Railroad | ||
Charles River Branch Railroad | NH | 1849 | 1853 | Charles River Railroad | ||
Charlestown Branch Railroad | B&M | 1836 | 1846 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Chatham Railroad | NH | 1887 | 1937 | N/A | ||
Chelsea Beach Railroad | B&M | 1881 | 1892 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Chelsea Branch Railroad | NYC | 1846 | 1847 | Grand Junction Railroad and Depot Company | ||
Cheshire Railroad | B&M | 1846 | 1890 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Chester and Becket Railroad | NYC | 1896 | 1931 | N/A | ||
Commercial Freight Railway | NH | 1866 | 1867 | Marginal Freight Railway | ||
Concord Railroad | B&M | 1856 | 1890 | Concord and Montreal Railroad | ||
Concord and Montreal Railroad | B&M | 1890 | 1895 | Boston and Maine Corporation | ||
Connecticut Central Railroad | NH | 1876 | 1887 | New York and New England Railroad | ||
Connecticut River Railroad | B&M | 1845 | 1919 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Connecticut Valley Railroad | NH | 1876 | 1876 | Connecticut Central Railroad | ||
Consolidated Rail Corporation | CR | 1976 | 1999 | CSX Transportation | ||
Danvers Railroad | B&M | 1852 | 1906 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Danvers and Georgetown Railroad | B&M | 1851 | 1855 | Newburyport Railroad | ||
Deerfield River Company | 1883 | 1888 | Hoosac Tunnel and Wilmington Railroad | |||
Dighton and Somerset Railroad | NH | 1863 | 1865 | Old Colony and Newport Railway | ||
Dorchester and Milton Branch Railroad | NH | 1846 | 1885 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
Duxbury and Cohasset Railroad | NH | 1867 | 1878 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
East Boston Freight Railroad | NYC | 1862 | 1869 | Boston and Albany Railroad | ||
Eastern Railroad | B&M | 1836 | 1890 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Eastern Junction, Broad Sound Pier and Point Shirley Railroad | 1880 | 1883 | Boston, Winthrop and Shore Railroad | |||
Easton Branch Railroad | NH | 1854 | 1871 | Old Colony and Newport Railway | ||
Essex Railroad | B&M | 1846 | 1864 | Eastern Railroad | ||
Essex Branch Railroad | B&M | 1869 | 1872 | Eastern Railroad | ||
Fairhaven Branch Railroad | NH | 1849 | 1861 | New Bedford and Taunton Railroad | ||
Fall River Railroad (1846) | NH | 1846 | 1854 | Old Colony and Fall River Railroad | ||
Fall River Railroad (1874) | NH | 1874 | 1896 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
Fall River Branch Railroad | NH | 1844 | 1845 | Fall River Railroad (1846) | ||
Fall River and Warren Railroad | NH | 1857 | 1862 | Fall River, Warren and Providence Railroad | ||
Fall River, Warren and Providence Railroad | NH | 1862 | 1892 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
Fitchburg Railroad | B&M | 1842 | 1919 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Fitchburg and Worcester Railroad | NH | 1846 | 1869 | Boston, Clinton and Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Fore River Railroad | FOR | 1919 | Still exists as a lessor of the Fore River Transportation Corporation | |||
Fore River Railway | FRY | 1986 | 1992 | Quincy Bay Terminal Company | ||
Foxborough Branch Railroad | NH | 1862 | 1867 | Mansfield and Framingham Railroad | ||
Framingham and Lowell Railroad | NH | 1870 | 1881 | Lowell and Framingham Railroad | ||
Georgetown Branch Railroad | B&M | 1844 | 1846 | Newburyport Railroad | ||
Grafton Centre Railroad | 1873 | 1888 | Grafton and Upton Railroad | |||
Grand Junction Railroad and Depot Company | NYC | 1847 | 1862 | East Boston Freight Railroad | ||
Granite Railway | NH | 1826 | 1870 | Old Colony and Newport Railway | ||
Greenfield and Fitchburg Railroad | B&M | 1848 | 1848 | Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad | ||
Greenfield and Northampton Railroad | B&M | 1845 | 1845 | Connecticut River Railroad | ||
Hampden Railroad | NH | 1852 | 1853 | Hampshire and Hampden Railroad | ||
Hampshire and Hampden Railroad | NH | 1853 | 1862 | New Haven and Northampton Company | ||
Hanover Branch Railroad | NH | 1846 | 1887 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
Hartford and Connecticut Western Railroad | NH | 1889 | 1938 | N/A | ||
Hartford and New Haven Railroad | NH | 1847 | 1872 | New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad | ||
Hartford and Springfield Railroad | NH | 1839 | 1847 | Hartford and New Haven Railroad | ||
Harvard Branch Railroad | 1848 | 1855 | N/A | |||
Holyoke and Westfield Railroad | NH | 1869 | 1976 | Consolidated Rail Corporation | ||
Hoosac Tunnel and Wilmington Railroad | HTW | 1886 | 1971 | N/A | ||
Hopkinton Railroad | NH | 1870 | 1884 | Milford and Woonsocket Railroad | ||
Hopkinton Branch Railroad | NH | 1869 | 1870 | Hopkinton Railroad | ||
Hopkinton and Milford Railroad | NH | 1867 | 1870 | Hopkinton Railroad | ||
Horn Pond Branch Railroad | B&M | 1852 | 1929 | |||
Housatonic Railroad | 1842 | 1892 | New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad | |||
Hull and Nantasket Beach Railroad | NH | 1880 | 1881 | Nantasket Beach Railroad | ||
Lancaster and Sterling Branch Railroad | B&M | 1846 | 1846 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Lexington and Arlington Railroad | B&M | 1867 | 1870 | Boston and Lowell Railroad | ||
Lexington and West Cambridge Railroad | B&M | 1845 | 1867 | Lexington and Arlington Railroad | ||
Lowell and Andover Railroad | B&M | 1873 | 1919 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Lowell and Andover Railroad | B&M | 1846 | 1848 | Lowell and Lawrence Railroad | ||
Lowell and Framingham Railroad | NH | 1881 | 1886 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
Lowell and Lawrence Railroad | B&M | 1848 | 1879 | Boston and Lowell Railroad | ||
Manchester and Lawrence Railroad | B&M | 1846 | 1856 | Concord Railroad | ||
Mansfield and Framingham Railroad | NH | 1867 | 1875 | Boston, Clinton and Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Marblehead and Lynn Railroad | B&M | 1865 | 1872 | Eastern Railroad | ||
Marginal Freight Railway | NH | 1867 | 1872 | Union Freight Railroad | ||
Marlborough Branch Railroad | B&M | 1852 | 1860 | Marlborough and Feltonville Branch Railroad | ||
Marlborough and Feltonville Branch Railroad | B&M | 1858 | 1862 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Martha's Vineyard Railroad | 1874 | 1892 | N/A | |||
Massachusetts Central Railroad | B&M | 1869 | 1883 | Central Massachusetts Railroad | ||
Medford Branch Railroad | B&M | 1845 | 1845 | Boston and Maine Railroad Extension Company | ||
Medway Branch Railroad | NH | 1849 | 1864 | Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad | ||
Middleborough Railroad | NH | 1845 | 1845 | Fall River Railroad (1846) | ||
Middleborough and Taunton Railroad | NH | 1853 | 1874 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
Middlesex Central Railroad | B&M | 1871 | 1883 | Boston and Lowell Railroad | ||
Midland Railroad | NH | 1858 | 1862 | Midland Land Damage Company | ||
Midland Railroad | NH | 1850 | 1853 | Boston and New York Central Railroad | ||
Midland Land Damage Company | NH | 1861 | 1863 | Southern Midland Railroad | ||
Milford, Franklin and Providence Railroad | NH | 1882 | 1910 | New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad | ||
Milford and Woonsocket Railroad | NH | 1855 | 1910 | New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad | ||
Monadnock Railroad | B&M | 1869 | 1892 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Mount Tom and Easthampton Railroad | B&M | 1871 | 1872 | Connecticut River Railroad | ||
Mystic River Railroad | B&M | 1853 | 1871 | Boston and Lowell Railroad | ||
Nantasket Beach Railroad | NH | 1880 | 1906 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
Nantucket Railroad | 1910 | 1917 | N/A | |||
Nantucket Railroad | 1880 | 1894 | Nantucket Central Railroad | |||
Nantucket Central Railroad | 1895 | 1910 | Nantucket Railroad | |||
Nashua and Acton Railroad | B&M | 1907 | 1925 | N/A | ||
Nashua, Acton and Boston Railroad | B&M | 1871 | 1906 | Nashua and Acton Railroad | ||
Nashua and Lowell Railroad | B&M | 1836 | 1944 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
New Bedford Railroad | NH | 1873 | 1876 | Boston, Clinton, Fitchburg and New Bedford Railroad | ||
New Bedford and Taunton Railroad | NH | 1839 | 1873 | New Bedford Railroad | ||
New England Railroad | NH | 1895 | 1908 | New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad | ||
New Haven and Northampton Company | NH | 1862 | 1910 | New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad | ||
New London Northern Railroad | CN | 1860 | 1951 | Central Vermont Railway | ||
New London, Willimantic and Palmer Railroad | CN | 1848 | 1861 | New London Northern Railroad | ||
New York and Boston Railroad | NH | 1853 | 1865 | Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad | ||
New York Central Railroad | NYC | NYC | 1914 | 1968 | Penn Central Transportation Company | |
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad | NYC | 1900 | 1914 | New York Central Railroad | ||
New York and Harlem Railroad | NYC | 1831 | 1976 | N/A | Was located in present-day New York; the boundary was moved in 1855 | |
New York and New England Railroad | NH | 1873 | 1895 | New England Railroad | ||
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad | NH | NH | 1872 | 1969 | Penn Central Transportation Company | |
Newburyport Railroad | B&M | 1846 | 1906 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Newburyport City Railroad | B&M | 1869 | 1893 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Newport and Fall River Railroad | NH | 1846 | 1863 | Old Colony and Newport Railway | ||
Norfolk County Railroad | NH | 1847 | 1853 | Boston and New York Central Railroad | ||
North Brookfield Railroad | NYC | 1875 | 1976 | Consolidated Rail Corporation | Plans to rebuild and reopen 2012[1] | |
Northampton and Springfield Railroad | B&M | 1842 | 1845 | Connecticut River Railroad | ||
Northampton and Westfield Railroad | NH | 1852 | 1853 | Hampshire and Hampden Railroad | ||
Norwich and Worcester Railroad | NH | 1836 | 1976 | Consolidated Rail Corporation | ||
Ocean Terminal Railroad | B&M | 1879 | 1887 | Boston and Lowell Railroad | ||
Old Colony Railroad | NH | 1872 | 1947 | New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad | ||
Old Colony Railroad | NH | 1844 | 1854 | Old Colony and Fall River Railroad | ||
Old Colony Railroad | NH | 1838 | 1839 | New Bedford and Taunton Railroad | ||
Old Colony and Fall River Railroad | NH | 1854 | 1863 | Old Colony and Newport Railway | ||
Old Colony and Newport Railway | NH | 1863 | 1872 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
Penn Central Transportation Company | PC | 1968 | 1976 | Consolidated Rail Corporation | ||
Peterborough and Shirley Railroad | B&M | 1845 | 1860 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Pittsfield and North Adams Railroad | NYC | 1842 | 1961 | New York Central Railroad | ||
Plymouth and Middleborough Railroad | NH | 1890 | 1911 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
Plymouth and Vineyard Sound Railroad | NH | 1868 | 1871 | Cape Cod Railroad | ||
Providence and Bristol Railroad | NH | 1851 | 1853 | Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad | ||
Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad | NH | 1853 | 1862 | N/A | Was located in present-day Rhode Island; the boundary was moved in 1862 | |
Providence, Webster and Springfield Railroad | NYC | 1882 | 1958 | N/A | ||
Quincy Bay Terminal Company | QBT | 1992 | 2001 | Fore River Transportation Corporation | ||
Randolph and Bridgewater Railroad | NH | 1845 | 1845 | Fall River Railroad (1846) | ||
Rhode Island and Massachusetts Railroad | NH | 1876 | 1910 | New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad | ||
Rockport Railroad | B&M | 1860 | 1868 | Eastern Railroad | ||
Salem and Lowell Railroad | B&M | 1848 | 1879 | Boston and Lowell Railroad | ||
Salisbury Branch Railroad | B&M | 1844 | 1846 | Eastern Railroad | ||
Saugus Branch Railroad | B&M | 1848 | 1853 | Eastern Railroad | ||
Seekonk Branch Railroad | NH | 1836 | 1839 | Boston and Providence Railroad | Was located in present-day Rhode Island; the boundary was moved in 1862 | |
Shawmut Railroad | NH | 1870 | 1871 | Old Colony and Newport Railway | ||
South Reading Branch Railroad | B&M | 1848 | 1892 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
South Shore Railroad | NH | 1846 | 1877 | Old Colony Railroad | ||
Southbridge and Blackstone Railroad | NH | 1849 | 1853 | Boston and New York Central Railroad | ||
Southern Midland Railroad | NH | 1863 | 1863 | Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad | ||
Spencer Railroad | NYC | 1878 | 1889 | Boston and Albany Railroad | ||
Springfield, Athol and North-eastern Railroad | NYC | 1873 | 1879 | Springfield and North-eastern Railroad | ||
Springfield and New London Railroad | NH | 1875 | 1887 | New York and New England Railroad | ||
Springfield and North-eastern Railroad | NYC | 1878 | 1880 | Boston and Albany Railroad | ||
Stockbridge and Pittsfield Railroad | NH | 1847 | 1905 | Berkshire Railroad | ||
Stoneham Branch Railroad | B&M | 1859 | 1870 | Boston and Lowell Railroad | ||
Stony Brook Railroad | B&M | 1845 | ||||
Stoughton Branch Railroad | NH | 1844 | 1873 | Boston and Providence Railroad | ||
Taunton Branch Railroad | NH | 1835 | 1874 | New Bedford Railroad | ||
Taunton and Middleborough Railroad | NH | 1848 | 1853 | Middleborough and Taunton Railroad | ||
Troy and Boston Railroad | B&M | 1856 | 1887 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Troy and Greenfield Railroad | B&M | 1848 | 1862 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Turner's Falls Branch Railroad | B&M | 1866 | 1869 | Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad | ||
Union Railroad | NYC | 1848 | 1854 | Grand Junction Railroad and Depot Company | ||
Union Freight Railroad | NH | 1872 | 1969 | N/A | ||
Fall River Railroad (1846) | NH | 1845 | 1846 | Fall River Railroad | ||
Vermont Central Railroad | CN | 1871 | 1873 | Central Vermont Railroad | ||
Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad | B&M | 1844 | ||||
Vineyard Sound Railroad | NH | 1861 | 1868 | Plymouth and Vineyard Sound Railroad | ||
Walpole Railroad | NH | 1846 | 1847 | Norfolk County Railroad | ||
Waltham and Watertown Branch Railroad | B&M | 1849 | 1851 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Ware River Railroad | NYC | 1867 | 1961 | New York Central Railroad | ||
Watertown Branch Railroad | B&M | 1846 | 1846 | Fitchburg Railroad | ||
Wayland and Sudbury Branch Railroad | B&M | 1868 | 1869 | Massachusetts Central Railroad | ||
Weir Branch Railroad | NH | 1847 | 1848 | New Bedford and Taunton Railroad | ||
West Amesbury Branch Railroad | B&M | 1868 | 1893 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
West Stockbridge Railroad | NH | 1836 | 1905 | Berkshire Railroad | ||
Western Railroad | NYC | 1833 | 1867 | Boston and Albany Railroad | ||
Winchendon Railroad | B&M | 1845 | 1846 | Cheshire Railroad | ||
Woburn Branch Railroad | B&M | 1844 | 1844 | Boston and Lowell Railroad | ||
Woburn Branch Extension Railroad | B&M | 1847 | 1848 | Boston and Lowell Railroad | ||
Worcester Branch Railroad | B&M | 1841 | 1847 | Worcester and Nashua Railroad | ||
Worcester and Nashua Railroad | B&M | 1845 | 1883 | Worcester, Nashua and Rochester Railroad | ||
Worcester, Nashua and Rochester Railroad | B&M | 1883 | 1911 | Boston and Maine Railroad | ||
Worcester and Norwich Railroad | NH | 1833 | 1836 | Norwich and Worcester Railroad | ||
Worcester and Shrewsbury Railroad | 1873 |
- Street and other electric railways
- Berkshire Street Railway
- Boston Elevated Railway
- Boston and Worcester Street Railway
- Cambridge Railroad
- Conway Electric Street Railway
- Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway
- Grafton and Upton Railroad
- Metropolitan Railroad
- Middlesex and Boston Street Railway
- Middlesex Railroad
- Milford and Uxbridge Street Railway
- Palmer and Monson Street Railway
- Pittsfield Electric Street Railway
- Shelburne Falls and Colrain Street Railway
- South Boston Railroad
- Springfield and Eastern Street Railway
- Upton Street Railway
- West End Street Railway
- Private carriers
- Deerfield River Pulp and Paper Corporation
- Not completed
Notes
- ↑ This is one or more of the Class I railroads that the railroad became part of, if any.
See also
- List of railroad lines in Massachusetts (a list of all corridors that have existed, not dealing with ownership changes)
- List of United States railroads
References
- Association of American Railroads (2003), Railroad Service in Massachusetts (PDF). Retrieved May 12, 2005.
- Hilton, George W. (1990). American Narrow Gauge Railroads. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2369-9.
- ↑ North Brookfield Seeks Freight Rail Revival, Worcester Business Journal Online, 9/26/2011
External links
- Massachusetts State Rail Plan, 2010 - Contains maps, statistics, and proposed projects for railroads in Massachusetts
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