M. gulosa was designated as the type species of Myrmecia in 1840.[1]

Myrmecia is a genus of small to large venomous ants commonly known as bulldog ants or jack jumper ants. The genus was first established by Danish zoologist Johan Christian Fabricius in 1804 and is placed in the subfamily Myrmeciinae of the family Formicidae. There are currently 94 described species in this genus, 93 of which are valid and identifiable.[2][3] Almost all species are endemic to Australia and can be found nowhere else, with an exception of a single species found in New Caledonia.

Species

Species name Image Authority Year Description
Myrmecia aberrans Forel[4] 1900 Specimens of this species are only known from workers collected in South Australia. The average length is around 12 millimetres (0.47 in), with reddish-yellow mandibles, clypeus and antennae. Its head, mesonotum and parts of its thorax, postpetiole and gaster are black. In contrast to other species, the mandibles are noticeably short.[5]
Myrmecia acuta Ogata & Taylor[6] 1991 Relatively small species that is found in Western Australia. It has a close resemblance to M. swalei, but it can be distinguished by its higher density of pilosity, its pointed labral process and its more inflated mesosoma. Its body is bicoloured, but most of it is dark brown or black. The mesosoma and postpetiole are reddish brown, and its mandibles are yellow. The mandibles are longer than the head.[6]
Myrmecia analis Mayr[7] 1862 M. analis is a large species that is found in Western Australia and some of the eastern states, based on collected workers and queens. Males are unknown. Workers measure 18 to 20 millimetres (0.71 to 0.79 in) and dealated queens 20 to 22 millimetres (0.79 to 0.87 in). The head, node, postpetiole and thorax is coloured red, and the mandibles and legs are reddish yellow. The scapes and gaster are brown and black respectively.[8]
Myrmecia apicalis Emery[9] 1883
Myrmecia arnoldi Clark[10] 1951 M. arnoldi is only known from workers collected in Western Australia. It is a large species, measuring 18 to 20 millimetres (0.71 to 0.79 in) with a black head and gaster, a brown femora, node, postpetiole and thorax, and yellow mandibles. The antennae, mandibles, tarsi and tibiae are yellow or reddish yellow.[10]
Myrmecia athertonensis Forel[11] 1915
Myrmecia auriventris Mayr[12] 1870 M. auriventris is only known from colonies observed in Queensland. Workers vary in length, measuring 18 to 20 millimetres (0.71 to 0.79 in). The males measure 15.5 millimetres (0.61 in) and queens are unknown. The colour and pilosity between males and workers are similar, but the two castes can be distinguished from the workers by the size of the mandibles and its finer body sculpture. The gaster, head, mesonotum, postpetiole and pronotum are black. The metanotum, epinotum and node is red, and the antennae, coxae, mandibles and parts of the femora and tarsi are reddish yellow.[13]
Myrmecia banksi — Taylor[3] 2015
Myrmecia borealis Ogata & Taylor[6] 1991
Myrmecia brevinoda Forel[14] 1910 M. brevinoda is a giant Myrmecia species that is known from New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. It is also the only known species that was introduced outside its natural geographical range, with colonies found in New Zealand.[lower-alpha 1] M. brevinoda may exhibit polymorphism among workers; workers of this species are among the largest ants in the world, measuring 13 to 37 millimetres (0.51 to 1.46 in). The queens measure 27 to 31 millimetres (1.06 to 1.22 in) and males are 20 to 22 millimetres (0.79 to 0.87 in) long. The ant is yellowish red, with the antennae, legs and mandibles lighter yellowish. The gaster is black. It resembles M. forficata in size and colour, but the two species can be distinguished by the form of the node.[16][17]
Myrmecia browningi Ogata & Taylor[6] 1991
Myrmecia callima — Clark[18] 1943
Myrmecia cephalotes Clark[18] 1943
Myrmecia chasei Forel[19] 1894
Myrmecia chrysogaster Clark[18] 1943
Myrmecia clarki Crawley[20] 1922
Myrmecia comata Clark[21] 1951 M. comata is only known from workers and larvae collected in Queensland and New South Wales. This species is similar to M. flavicoma, but can be distinguished by its colour and shape of the mandible teeth and node. Workers measure 18 to 20 millimetres (0.71 to 0.79 in) in length. The colour of the head, node, postpetiole and thorax is reddish brown, the gaster is black, and antennae, legs and mandibles are yellowish brown.[21][22]
Myrmecia croslandi — Taylor[23] 1991
Myrmecia cydista Clark[18] 1943
Myrmecia desertorum Wheeler[24] 1915 M. desertorum is only known from workers and queens that are found throughout Australia. Workers measure 18 to 27.5 millimetres (0.71 to 1.08 in) and queens are 24 to 25 millimetres (0.94 to 0.98 in). The ant is reddish yellow, but the head and gaster is blackish brown. The clypeus, labrum and mandibles are yellow. The queens can be distinguished from the workers by its coarser body and the long, abundant pilosity.[25]
Myrmecia dichospila Clark[26] 1938
Myrmecia dimidiata — Clark[27] 1951 Specimens are only known from workers collected in Queensland. Workers measure 23 to 25 millimetres (0.91 to 0.98 in) in length. The body is brownish red, with lighter antennae and legs. The mandibles are yellow, and part of the gaster is brown.[27]
Myrmecia dispar — Clark[28] 1951
Myrmecia elegans Clark[18] 1943
Myrmecia erecta Ogata & Taylor[6] 1991
Myrmecia esuriens Fabricius[29] 1804 Colonies are restricted to Tasmania, with all castes known. The workers measure 14 to 18 millimetres (0.55 to 0.71 in), the queens are 22 to 24 millimetres (0.87 to 0.94 in) and males are 16 millimetres (0.63 in). Most of the body is black, and the antennae, parts of the gaster, labrum legs, mandibles and postpetiole are ferruginous. Queens are ergatoids.[30]
Myrmecia eungellensis Ogata & Taylor[6] 1991
Myrmecia exigua Clark[18] 1943
Myrmecia fabricii Ogata & Taylor[6] 1991
Myrmecia ferruginea — Mayr[31] 1876
Myrmecia flammicollis — Brown[32] 1953 M. flammicollis is only known from workers collected in Far North Queensland. Workers are medium in size, measuring about 13 millimetres (0.51 in), with a generally black body. The prothorax is orange-red, and the mandibles, antennal scapes and legs are reddish brown. The palpi, and parts of the antennae, mandibles and tarsi are yellow. This species is similar to Myrmecia petiolata, but is more slender and differs in colouration.[32]
Myrmecia flavicoma Roger[33] 1861 Specimens of this species are only known from workers collected in Queensland. The workers are large, measuring 21 to 22 millimetres (0.83 to 0.87 in). The head, node, thorax and postpetiole are red, the mandibles are yellow, and the antennae, clypeus and legs are reddish yellow. The gaster is black.[34]
Myrmecia forceps Roger[35] 1861 M. forceps colonies are found throughout New South Wales and Queensland. Workers measure 19 to 24 millimetres (0.75 to 0.94 in) and dealated queens 25 millimetres (0.98 in). Males are unknown. The worker caste and queens are similar in appearance, but queens are larger and more darker. The head, node and postpetiole are red, and the antennae, clypeus, mandibles and legs yellow or reddish yellow. The gaster is black.[36]
Myrmecia forficata Fabricius[37] 1787
Myrmecia formosa — Wheeler[38] 1933
Myrmecia froggatti Forel[14] 1910
Myrmecia fucosa — Clark[39] 1934
Myrmecia fulgida — Clark[40] 1951 Workers are only known about this species, collected from colonies in Western Australia. Workers measure 24 to 26 millimetres (0.94 to 1.02 in) with a brownish-red head, node, postpetiole and thorax. The antennae and legs are lighter, the gaster is black and the mandibles are yellow.[40]
Myrmecia fulviculis Forel[41] 1913
Myrmecia fulvipes Roger[35] 1861
Myrmecia fuscipes Clark[42] 1951 Specimens are only known from workers collected in South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia. Workers measure 20 to 21 millimetres (0.79 to 0.83 in) with a red head, node, postpetiole and thorax. The mandibles are yellow but get darker around the apex and the antennae and legs are reddish yellow. The gaster is black.[42]
Myrmecia gilberti Forel[14] 1910
Myrmecia gratiosa Clark[43] 1951 Specimens of this species are only known from workers collected in Western Australia. Collected workers measure 21 to 23 millimetres (0.83 to 0.91 in), and the antennae, head, legs, node, postpetiole and thorax are reddish yellow, and the labrum, tarsi, tibiae are lighter. The mandibles are pale yellow and the gaster is black. They are similar to M. vindex, but M. gratiosa is brightly coloured and the node is longer and slender.[43]
Myrmecia gulosa Fabricius[44] 1775 M. gulosa is found throughout the eastern states and territories of Australia. It is a large species, with workers measuring 14 to 26 millimetres (0.55 to 1.02 in). The queens are the largest at 27 to 29 millimetres (1.06 to 1.14 in) and males 17 to 21 millimetres (0.67 to 0.83 in). The colour of the queen is similar to that of a worker, but can be distinguished by its larger size and abundant pilosity. Most of the body is yellowish red, but the posterior margin of the first segment of the gaster is black. All of the apical segments are also black. Unlike the males, whose mandibles are short, the mandibles of the worker and queen are almost as long as the head.[45]
Myrmecia harderi Forel[14] 1910
Myrmecia haskinsorum — Taylor[3] 2015
Myrmecia hilli Clark[18] 1943
Myrmecia hirsuta — Clark[46] 1951
Myrmecia imaii — Taylor[3] 2015
Myrmecia impaternata — Taylor[3] 2015
Myrmecia infima Forel[4] 1900
Myrmecia inquilina — Douglas & Brown[47] 1959
Myrmecia loweryi Ogata & Taylor[6] 1991
Myrmecia ludlowi Crawley[20] 1922
Myrmecia luteiforceps Wheeler[38] 1933
Myrmecia mandibularis Smith[48] 1858
Myrmecia maura — Wheeler[38] 1933
Myrmecia maxima — Moore[49] 1842 No type specimen is available. However, the description Moore provided undoubtedly describes a large Myrmecia species. He describes it as being "nearly an inch and a half long, having very sharp mandibles and a formidable sting, which produces very acute pain."[49][50]
Myrmecia michaelseni Forel[51] 1907
Myrmecia midas — Clark[52] 1951 Specimens of M. midas are only known from workers and queens from New South Wales and Queensland. The workers are 13 to 15 millimetres (0.51 to 0.59 in) and the queens measure 18 to 19 millimetres (0.71 to 0.75 in). Workers and queens exhibit similar colours and pilosity, but the body of the queen is coarser. Most of the body including the head, node, postpetiole and thorax is red and the gaster is black. The antennae, mandibles and legs are brownish red.[53]
Myrmecia minuscula Forel[11] 1915
Myrmecia mjobergi Forel[11] 1915
Myrmecia nigra — Forel[51] 1907
Myrmecia nigriceps Mayr[7] 1862 Colonies are known in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia. Workers measure 19 to 23 millimetres (0.75 to 0.91 in) and dealated queens are 23 to 26 millimetres (0.91 to 1.02 in). The males are smaller, measuring 18 to 20 millimetres (0.71 to 0.79 in). The head and gaster are black, and the thorax, node, and postpetiole are either red or yellowish red. The antennae, clypeus, legs and mandibles are yellow or testaceous.[54]
Myrmecia nigriscapa Roger[35] 1861 Colonies of M. nigriscapa are found nationwide, with the exception of the Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory and Tasmania. Workers measure 17 to 25 millimetres (0.67 to 0.98 in) and dealated queens are 23 to 26 millimetres (0.91 to 1.02 in). The males are smaller, measuring 16 to 20 millimetres (0.63 to 0.79 in). The head, node and thorax is red, and the legs, postpetiole and parts of the gaster are yellowish red. Most of the gaster and scapes are black, and the mandibles and clypeus are reddish yellow.[55]
Myrmecia nigrocincta Smith[48] 1858
Myrmecia nobilis Clark[18] 1943
Myrmecia occidentalis Clark[18] 1943
Myrmecia pavida — Clark[56] 1951 M. pavida is a large species that is only known from workers collected in Western Australia. Workers measure 19 to 22 millimetres (0.75 to 0.87 in), with a black head and gaster. The node, postpetiole and thorax are brown, and the antennae and tarsi is red. The clypeus and mandibles are yellow.[56]
Myrmecia petiolata Emery[57] 1895
Myrmecia picta Smith[48] 1858
Myrmecia picticeps — Clark[58] 1951 M. picticeps is only known from workers collected in Western Australia. On average, workers measure 18 to 19 millimetres (0.71 to 0.75 in). The frontal carinae, head, node, postpetiole thorax is red and the gaster is black. The antennae, legs and mandibles are either yellow or yellowish red.[58]
Myrmecia piliventris Smith[48] 1858
Myrmecia pilosula Smith[48] 1858
Myrmecia potteri — Clark[59] 1951
Myrmecia pulchra Clark[60] 1929 M. pulchra is only known from workers and queens collected in Victoria. It is a large species, with workers measuring 18 to 20 millimetres (0.71 to 0.79 in) and the queens are 20 to 22 millimetres (0.79 to 0.87 in). The head and gaster is black, and the node, postpetiole and thorax is red. The antennae, clypeus, mandibles, parts of its legs and tarsi are testaceous, and the coxae, femora and tibiae are brown.[61]
Myrmecia pyriformis Smith[48] 1858
Myrmecia queenslandica — Forel[11] 1915
Myrmecia regularis Crawley[62] 1925
Myrmecia rowlandi Forel[14] 1910 M. rowlandi is only known from workers collected in North Queensland. Workers range from 13 to 21 millimetres (0.51 to 0.83 in), with a black gaster, head, node, postpetiole and thorax. The legs are brownish black, its tarsi is reddish brown and the mandibles are yellowish red. The antennae are red. The notable morphological differences in the antennae, head, mandibles and node prevents M. rowlandi to be considered a subspecies of M. tarsata.[63]
Myrmecia rubicunda Clark[18] 1943
Myrmecia rubripes — Clark[53] 1951 Collected specimens are only known from workers in Western Australia. Workers range from 19 to 21 millimetres (0.75 to 0.83 in) with a black femora, gaster, head and postpetiole. The antennae, tarsi and parts of the tibiae are red, and the mandibles are yellow. The mandibles are slightly longer than the head.[53]
Myrmecia rufinodis Smith[48] 1858 Colonies of M. rufinodis are found throughout South Australia and Victoria. Workers vary in length, measuring 16 to 20 millimetres (0.63 to 0.79 in). The males are 17 to 19 millimetres (0.67 to 0.75 in) and queens are 22 to 24 millimetres (0.87 to 0.94 in). The gaster, head and thorax are either black or blackish brown. The antennae, mandibles and tarsi are yellow, and parts of the legs and postpetiole are reddish yellow. The queens are larger and more robust than the workers. The males are completely black and the apex of the mandibles are brownish red. The antennae and postpetiole is red.[64]
Myrmecia rugosa Wheeler[38] 1933
Myrmecia simillima Smith[48] 1858 Colonies are found throughout New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria. Specimens are only known from workers and queens, measuring 19 to 23 millimetres (0.75 to 0.91 in) and 22 to 24 millimetres (0.87 to 0.94 in) respectively. The head, node, postpetiole and thorax are brown, and the gaster is black. The clypeus, legs, mandibles and scapes are reddish and the funiculus and tarsi are yellowish red.[65]
Myrmecia subfasciata — Viehmeyer[66] 1924
Myrmecia swalei Crawley[20] 1922
Myrmecia tarsata Smith[48] 1858 M. tarsata is found throughout the eastern states and territories of Australia. Workers vary in length, measuring 14 to 23 millimetres (0.55 to 0.91 in). The males measure 18 to 19 millimetres (0.71 to 0.75 in) and queens are 20 to 24 millimetres (0.79 to 0.94 in). Some queens have stubby rudimentary wings while others are ergatoids. The head and thorax are bluish black, and the antennae, gaster, mandibles and tarsi are yellow or reddish yellow. Queens and workers appear similar, but the pubescence on the queen is more abundant and the mandibles are shorter and broader.[67]
Myrmecia tepperi Emery[68] 1898
Myrmecia testaceipes Clark[18] 1943
Myrmecia tridentata Ogata & Taylor[6] 1991
Myrmecia urens — Lowne[69] 1865
Myrmecia varians Mayr[31] 1876
Myrmecia vindex Smith[48] 1858 M. vindex is spread throughout Western Australia, particularly from Perth to Albany. Workers vary in length, measuring 17 to 23 millimetres (0.67 to 0.91 in). The queens measure 22 to 26.5 millimetres (0.87 to 1.04 in) and males are 15.5 to 18 millimetres (0.61 to 0.71 in). The head, legs, node, postpetiole and thorax are ferruginous, but the head is sometimes darker. The clypeus, labrum and mandibles are yellow, and the antennae and tarsi is testaceous. The gaster is black or brownish black.[70]

Notes

  1. ↑ The last known recorded occurrence of M. brevinoda in New Zealand was in 1981.[15]

References

  1. ↑ Swainson, W.; Shuckard, W.E. (1840). On the history and natural arrangement of insects. Vol. 104. London, UK: Longman, Brown, Green & Longman's. p. 173. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.32786. OCLC 4329243.
  2. ↑ Bolton, B. (2014). "Myrmecia". AntCat. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Taylor, R.W. (21 January 2015). "Ants with Attitude: Australian Jack-jumpers of the Myrmecia pilosula species complex, with descriptions of four new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3911 (4): 493–520. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3911.4.2. hdl:1885/66773. PMID 25661627.
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  5. ↑ Clark 1951, pp. 123–124.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ogata, K.; Taylor, R.W. (1991). "Ants of the genus Myrmecia Fabricius: a preliminary review and key to the named species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)" (PDF). Journal of Natural History. 25 (6): 1623–1673. Bibcode:1991JNatH..25.1623O. doi:10.1080/00222939100771021.
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  8. ↑ Clark 1951, pp. 53–55.
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  51. 1 2 Forel, A.H. (1907). Formicidae. Pages 263–310 in Michaelsen, W. and R. Hartmeyer. Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger-Südwest-Australischen Forschungsreise 1905 (PDF). Jena: Gustav Fischer. p. 267.
  52. ↑ Clark 1951, pp. 55–56.
  53. 1 2 3 Clark 1951, pp. 34–35.
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  55. ↑ Clark 1951, pp. 51–53.
  56. 1 2 Clark 1951, pp. 76–77.
  57. ↑ Emery, C. (1895). "Descriptions de quelques fourmis nouvelles d'Australie" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 39: 345–358. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25459.
  58. 1 2 Clark 1951, pp. 47–48.
  59. ↑ Clark 1951, pp. 168–169.
  60. ↑ Clark, J.S. (1929). "Results of a collecting trip to the Cann River, East Gippsland" (PDF). Victorian Naturalist. 46: 115–123. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26625.
  61. ↑ Clark 1951, pp. 82–84.
  62. ↑ Crawley, W.C. (1925). "New ants from Australia - II" (PDF). Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 16 (9): 577–598. doi:10.1080/00222932508633350.
  63. ↑ Clark 1951, pp. 78–79.
  64. ↑ Clark 1951, pp. 37–38.
  65. ↑ Clark 1951, pp. 90–91.
  66. ↑ Viehmeyer, H. (1924). "Formidicen der australischen Faunenregion" (PDF). Entomologische Mitteilungen. 13: 219–229. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24936.
  67. ↑ Clark 1951, pp. 28–31.
  68. ↑ Emery, C. (1898). "Descrizioni di formiche nuove malesi e australiene; note sinonimiche" (PDF). Rendiconto delle Sessioni della R. Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna. 2: 231–245. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25478. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  69. ↑ Lowne, B.T. (1865). "Contributions to the natural history of Australian ants" (PDF). The Entomologist. 2 (22): 331–336. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25932.
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Cited literature

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