An Osage Nation chief is a leader of the Osage Nation. Historically, chiefs were hereditary and the tribe was made up of various sub-chiefs under a primary chief. Today, the Osage Nation has two chiefs: the Principal Chief of the Osage Nation and the assistant chief.
Background
By the 1800s, the Osage Nation was divided into two major groups: the Little Osages and the Grand Osage. The Little Osages had one village and the Grand Osage had four (the Big Hills, the Heart Stays, the Thorny Thickets, and the Upland Forests). Each village was divided into Tzi-Sho (sky people) and Hunkah (land people) and each group had a chief, meaning at any one time the Osage would have about 10 chiefs. The hereditary chiefs of the Upland Forest served as the "titular chief" and was in charge of foreign relations.[1]
When the last hereditary chief died in 1869, the Osage Nation was in need of a new government. The United States Osage Agent, Cyrus Beede, encouraged the Osage to form an elected form of government. In 1878, the Osage Nation held its first democratic election for a tribal leader. Joseph Pawnee-no-pashe was elected the first "governor" of the Osage Nation and won re-election in 1880.[2]
Due to various issues, the tribe reconviended in 1881 and created the 1881 Osage Nation Constitution. The 1881 constitution created the office of Principal Chief and Assistant Chief and established biennial elections for the offices.[3]
Early Osage chiefs (Pre-1878)
- Black Dog (Osage chief)
- Rosana Chouteau, first woman chief and only woman elected in the Osage Nation prior to a written constitution
- Claremore (Osage chief)
- Kihegashugah
- White Hair
Osage Governor (1878-1881)
- Joseph Pawnee-no-pashe, he served two terms as the only "Governor of the Osage Nation."[2]
Principal Chief of the Osage Nation (1881-present)
- Joseph Pawnee-no-pashe (1882-1884)[4]
- Ne-kah-wah-she-tun-kah (1900-1902)[5]
- James Bigheart (1903-1904)[6]
- O-lo-hah-wal-la (1906-1907)[7]
- A. H. Brown (1910-1911)[8]
- Bacon Rind (1912-1913)[9]
- Fred Lookout (1913-1914)
- Fred Lookout (1916-1918)
- Arthur Bonnicastle (1920-1922)
- Ne-kah-wah-she-tun-kah (1922-1923), died in office
- Paul Red Eagle (1923-1924)
- Fred Lookout (1924-1949)
- Sylvester Tinker (1970-1982)[10][11]
- Charles O. Tillman (1990-2002)[12]
- Jim Gray (Osage chief) (2002-2010)[13]
- John Red Eagle (2010-2014), impeached and barred from future office
- Scott Bighorse (2014)
- Geoffrey Standing Bear (2014-present)
Assistant chief of the Osage Nation (1881-present)
- Strike Axe (1882-1884)[4]
- James Bigheart (1900-1902)[5]
- Shun-kah-mo-lah (1903-1904)[6]
- Bacon Rind (1904-1905)[14]
- Henry Red Eagle (Osage chief) (1912-1913)[9]
- Paul Red Eagle (1916-1920)
- Paul Red Eagle (1922-1923)
- John Red Eagle (2006-2010)
- Scott Bighorse (2010-2014)
- RJ Walker (2022-present)
References
- ↑ Wilson 1985, p. 6.
- 1 2 Wilson 1985, p. 27.
- ↑ Wilson 1985, p. 30-31.
- 1 2 Wilson 1985, p. 33.
- 1 2 Wilson 1985, p. 84.
- 1 2 Wilson 1985, p. 88.
- ↑ Wilson 1985, p. 89.
- ↑ Wilson 1985, p. 112.
- 1 2 Wilson 1985, p. 116.
- ↑ "Sylvester J. Tinker; Former Chief of Osage Tribe". Los Angeles Times. 9 December 1991.
- ↑ "Sylvester Tinker, Former Osage Chief, Dies at 88". Tulsa World. 6 December 1991.
- ↑ "Charles O. Tillman Jr. Obituary". Osage News. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ↑ Gray, Jim (16 November 2023). "Former Osage Nation Chief Jim Gray: 'Killers of the Flower Moon' teachable moment remains uncertain". Tulsa World. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ↑ May, Jon D. "Bacon Rind (ca. 1860–1932)". okhistory.org. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
Works cited
- Wilson, Terry P. (1985). The Underground Reservation: Osage Oil. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803247338. Retrieved 15 December 2023.