This is a list of inventors from the Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and Grand Duchy of Moscow, including both ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities.

This list also includes those who were born in Russia or its predecessor states but later emigrated, and those who were born elsewhere but immigrated to the country or worked there for a considerable time, (producing inventions on Russian soil).

For Russian inventions in chronological order, see the Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records.

Alphabetical list

A

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Bruno Abakanowicz
(1852–1900)
 Russian Empire
 France
(Poland/Lithuania origin)		 Integraph, spirograph, parabolagraph[1]
Spirograph designs
Valerian Abakovsky
(1895–1921)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Latvia		 aerowagon[2]
Vitaly Abalakov
(1906–1986)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 camming devices, Abalakov thread (V-thread) gearless ice climbing anchor[3][4]
Spring-loaded camming device
Evgeny Abramyan
(1930–2014)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation
 Georgia		 halyard for the first extra-vehicular activity
Space suit worn by Leonov during the first EVA
Vsevolod Abramovich
(1890–1913)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Abramovich Flyer
Hovannes Adamian
(1879–1932)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
(Armenia/Azerbaijan/Germany)		 tricolor principle of the color television[5]
RGB color model
Franz Aepinus
(1724–1802)
 Holy Roman Empire
 Russian Empire		 achromatic microscope
Georgy Adelson-Velsky
(1922–2014)
 Soviet Union
 Russia
 Israel		 AVL tree datastructure, Kaissa (the first World Computer Chess Champion)
AVL Tree
Anatoly Alexandrov
(1903–1994)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 anti-mine demagnetising of ships, naval nuclear reactors (including one for the first nuclear icebreaker)[6][7]
Lenin, the first nuclear icebreaker
Alexandre Alexeieff
(1901–1982)
 Russian Empire
 France		 pinscreen animation (with his wife Claire Parker)[8]
Pin Art
Rostislav Alexeyev
(1916–1980)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 ekranoplan, Soviet high-speed hydrofoils[9][10]
A-90 Orlyonok ekranoplan.
Zhores Alferov
(1930–2019)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 heterotransistor (with Herbert Kroemer), continuous-wave-operating diode laser (with Dmitri Garbuzov)[11][12]
Laser diode array
Genrich Altshuller
(1926–1998)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 TRIZ ("The Theory of Solving Inventor's Problems")[13]
Structure of TRIZ
Vasily Andreyev
(1861–1918)
 Russian Empire		 standard balalaika[14][15]
A souvenir balalaika
Oleg Antonov
(1906–1984)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 An-series aircraft, including Antonov A-40 winged tank and Antonov An-124 (the largest serial cargo aircraft, later modified to world's largest fixed-wing aircraft Antonov An-225)[16]
An-124-100
Lev Artsimovich
(1909–1973)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 first tokamak[17]
Tokamak scheme

B

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Georgy Babakin
(1914–1971)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 first soft landing space vehicle (Luna 9)[18]
Boris Babayan
(born 1933)
 Soviet Union
 Russia		 Elbrus computer
Vladimir Baranov-Rossine
(1888–1944)
 Russian Empire
 France
(Ukraine)
(self-portrait)		 Optophonic Piano, pointillist or dynamic military camouflage[19]
A modern Canadian digital camouflage
Vladimir Barmin
(1909–1993)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 first rocket launch complex (Baikonur spaceport)[20]
Baikonur spaceport souvenir
Nikolay Basov
(1922–2001)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 co-inventor of laser and maser[21]
Laser beams
Ernest Beaux
(1881–1961)
 Russian Empire
 France		 Chanel No. 5[22]
Chanel No. 5.
Vladimir Bekhterev
(1857–1927)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Bekhterev’s Mixture (a medicine with a sedative effect)[23]
Sodium bromide, a part of Bekhterev’s Mixture
Nikolay Benardos
(1842–1905)
 Russian Empire		 arc welding (specifically carbon arc welding, the first arc welding method)[24]
The first arc welding method, Electro Hephaestus
Alexander Bereznyak
(1912–1974)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
(left on photo)		 first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev)[25]
BI-1
Georgy Beriev
(1903–1979)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
(Georgian origin)		 Be-series amphibious aircraft
Beriev Be-12 Chayka
Fyodor Blinov
(1827–1902)
 Russian Empire		 first tracked vehicle (a wagon on continuous tracks), steam-powered caterpillar tractor[26][27]
Blinov's caterpillar steam tractor
Sam Born (1891–1959)
 Russian Empire
 United States		 lollipop-making machine[28]
A particularly large lollipop
Georgy Bothezat
(1882–1940)
 Russian Empire
 United States		 quadrotor helicopter (The Flying Octopus)[29]
De Bothezat's quadrotor helicopter.
Sergey Brin
(born 1973)
 Soviet Union
 United States		 with Larry Page, invented Google web search engine[30]
Google Search logo
Mikhail Britnev
(1822–1889)
 Russian Empire		 first metal-hull icebreaker (Pilot)[31]
Icebreaker Pilot on a postage stamp
Nikolay Brusentsov
(1925–2014)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 ternary computer (Setun)[32]
Gersh Budker
(1918–1977)
 Soviet Union		 electron cooling, co-inventor of collider[33][34]
Electron beam
Aleksandr Butlerov
(1828–1886)
 Russian Empire		 hexamine, formaldehyde, formose reaction (the synthesis of sugar)[35]
Formaldehyde formula

C

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Vladimir Chelomey
(1914–1984)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 first space station (Salyut 1), further space stations of Salyut series, Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system)[36]
Pavel Cherenkov
(1904–1990)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Cherenkov detector[37]
Cherenkov radiation
Evgeniy Chertovsky
(1902–?)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 pressure suit[38]
Pressure suit
Alexander Chizhevsky
(1897–1964)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 air ionizer (Chizhevsky's chandelier)[39]
A modern air ionizer
Andrey Chokhov
(c. 1545–1629)
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia		 Tsar Cannon, the largest bombard by caliber but inoperative[40]
The Tsar Cannon

D

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Vasily Degtyaryov
(1880–1949)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 first self-loading carbine, Degtyaryov-series firearms, co-developer of Fedorov Avtomat (the first self-loading rifle)[41]
Akinfiy Demidov
(1678–1745)
Tsardom of Russia
 Russian Empire		 co-developer of rebar, cast iron cupola, lightning rod (all found in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk)[42]
Rebars inside the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk.
Yuri Denisyuk
(1927–2006)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 3D holography[43]
Denisyuk holography scheme
Aleksandr Dianin
(1851–1918)
 Russian Empire		 Bisphenol A, Dianin's compound[44]
Bisphenol A formula
Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
(1862–1919)
 Russian Empire
(Poland, Germany)		 three-phase electric power (first 3-phase hydroelectric power plant, 3-phase electrical generator, 3-phase motor and 3-phase transformer)[45]
3-phase electrical generator on exhibition in Frankfurt,1891
Nikolay Dollezhal
(1899–2000)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 AM-1 reactor for the first nuclear power plant and other RBMK-type reactors, pressurized water reactor (VVER)[46]
VVER-1000 nuclear reactor
Alexey Dushkin
(1904–1977)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 deep column station[47]

E

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Ivan Elmanov
 Russian Empire		 first monorail (the so-called "Road on Pillars" near Moscow, with horse-drawn carriages)[48]
Modern Moscow monorail

F

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Peter Carl Fabergé
(1846–1920)
 Russian Empire		 Fabergé Eggs[49]
Memory of Azov Egg
Nicolas Florine
(1891–1972)
 Russian Empire
 Belgium
(born in Georgia)		 first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freely[50]
A modern tandem rotor helicopter
Ivan Fyodorov
(c. 1510–1583)
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia
Poland-Lithuania		 invented multibarreled mortar, introduced printing in Russia[51]
Fedorov depicted in his typography
Svyatoslav Fyodorov
(1927–2000)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 radial keratotomy[52]
Scheme of radial keratotomy
Vladimir Fyodorov
(1874–1966)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Fedorov Avtomat (first self-loading battle rifle, arguably the first assault rifle)[53]

G

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Yakov Modestovich Gakkel
(1874–1945)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 first Russian-made aircraft and diesel locomotives[54]
The Gakkel-VII
Boris Borisovich Galitzine
(1862–1916)
 Russian Empire		 electromagnetic seismograph[55]
An electric seismograph
Dmitri Garbuzov
(1940–2006)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation
 United States		 continuous-wave-operating diode lasers (together with Zhores Alferov), high-power diode lasers[56]
Laser diode array
Georgy Gause
(1910–1986)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 gramicidin S, neomycin, lincomycin and other antibiotics[57]
Gramicidin S formula
E. K. Gauzen
 Russian Empire		 three bolt equipment (early diving costume)[58][59]
A Soviet diving helmet
Andrey Geim
(born 1958)
 Soviet Union
 United Kingdom		 graphene[60]
Graphene
Nestor Genko
(1839–1904)
 Russian Empire		 Genko's Forest Belt (the first large-scale windbreak system)[61]
Valentyn Glushko
(1908–1989)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 hypergolic propellant, electric propulsion, Soviet rocket engines (including world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine RD-170)[62]
RD-170 rocket engine model
Leonid Gobyato
(1875–1915)
 Russian Empire		 first modern man-portable mortar[63]
Gobyato's mortar
Igor Gorynin
(1926–2015)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 weldable titanium alloys, high strength aluminium alloys, radiation-hardened steels[64][65]
Titanium
Boris Grabovsky
(1901–1966)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 cathode commutator, an early electronic TV pickup tube[66][67]
A modern cathode ray tube
Mikhail Gurevich
(1893–1976)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
(left on photo)		 MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Artem Mikoyan)[68]
MiG-21

H

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Waldemar Haffkine
(1860–1930)
 Russian Empire
  Switzerland		 developed and used first vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague[69][70]
An injection of anti-plague vaccine

I

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Gavriil Ilizarov
(1921–1992)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 Ilizarov apparatus, external fixation, distraction osteogenesis[71][72]
Ilizarov apparatus
Sergey Ilyushin
(1894–1977)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Il-series fighter aircraft, including Ilyushin Il-2 bomber (the most produced military aircraft in history)[73]
Aleksei Isaev
(1908–1971)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
(second left on photo)		 first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Bereznyak)[25]
BI-1
Isidore
Grand Duchy of Moscow		 Russian vodka[74]
Vladislav Ivanov
(1936–2007)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 Pioneer of Magnetic resonance imaging[75][76][77]
MRI

J

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Boris Jacobi
(1801–1874)
 Prussia
 Russian Empire		 electrotyping (an application of electroplating to typography), electric boat[78]
Early electroplating

K

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Mikhail Kalashnikov
(1919–2013)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 AK-47 and AK-74 assault rifles (produced more than all other types of assault rifles combined)[79]
AK-47
Nikolay Kamov
(1902–1973)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 armored military autogyro, Ka-series coaxial rotor helicopters[80]
Pyotr Kapitsa
(1894–1984)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
(left on portrait by Boris Kustodiev, with Nikolay Semyonov right)		 first ultrastrong magnetic field creating techniques, basic low-temperature physics inventions[81]
The liquid helium in the superfluid phase
Georgii Karpechenko
(1899–1941)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding)[82][83]
Radish and cabbage
Eugene Kaspersky
(born 1965)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 Kaspersky Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security, Kaspersky Mobile Security anti-virus products[84]
Kaspersky Anti-Virus Logo
Adolphe Kégresse
(1879–1943)
 France
 Russian Empire		 Kégresse track (first half-track and first off-road vehicle with continuous track), dual-clutch transmission[85]
Nicholas II Packard Twin-6 with Kégresse track
Alexander Kemurdzhian
(1921–2003)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 first space exploration rover (Lunokhod)
Yulii Khariton
(1904–1996)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 chief designer of the Soviet atomic bomb, co-developer of the Tsar Bomba
Anatoly Kharlampiyev
(1906–1979)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Sambo (martial art)[86]
Konstantin Khrenov
(1894–1984)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 underwater welding
A modern underwater welding
Nikolai Kibalchich
(1853–1881)
 Russian Empire
 pioneer of rocketry[87]
A Soyuz-U, at Baikonur Site 1/5
Semyon Kirlian
(1898–1978)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Kirlian photography
Kirlian photo of two coins
Konstantin Konstantinov
(1817/19–1871)
 Russian Empire		 device for measuring flight speed of projectiles, ballistic rocket pendulum, launch pad, rocket-making machine[88]
Trajectory of a bullet
Sergei Korolev
(1907–1966)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 first successful intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7 Semyorka), R-7 rocket family, Sputniks (including the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite), Vostok programme (including the first human spaceflight)
Vostok spacecraft model
Nikolai Korotkov
(1874–1920)
 Russian Empire		 auscultatory technique for blood pressure measurement
Aneroid sphygmomanometer with stethoscope
Semyon Korsakov
(1787–1853)
 Russian Empire		 punched card for information storage
Korsakov's linear homeoscope
Mikhail Koshkin
(1898–1940)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 T-34 medium tank, the best and most produced tank of World War II[89]
T-34
Ogneslav Stepanovich Kostovich
(1851–1916)
 Serbia
 Russian Empire		 arborite (high-strength plywood)[90][91]
Plywood
Gleb Kotelnikov
(1872–1944)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 knapsack parachute, drogue parachute[92][93]
A modern knapsack parachute packed
Aleksey Krylov
(1863–1945)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 gyroscopic damping of ships
Gyroscope
Ivan Kulibin
(1735–1818)
 Russian Empire		 egg-shaped clock, candle searchlight, elevator using screw mechanisms, self-rolling carriage (for the first time featuring a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearing), an early optical telegraph[94][95][96]
Kulibin's project of the one-arch bridge over Neva River.
Igor Kurchatov
(1903–1960)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 first nuclear power plant, first nuclear reactors for submarines and surface ships
Obninsk nuclear plant

L

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Dmitry Lachinov
(1842–1902)
 Russian Empire		 mercury pump, economizer for electricity consumption, electrical insulation tester, optical dynamometer, photometer, electrolyser[97]
The details of electrical insulation tester depicted in a Lachinov's book
Semyon Lavochkin
(1900–1960)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 La-series aircraft, the first operational surface-to-air missile S-25 Berkut
Lavochkin La-7
Nikolai Lebedenko
 Russian Empire		 Tsar Tank, the largest armored vehicle in history[98]
Tsar Tank
Sergei Lebedev
(1874–1934)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 commercially viable synthetic rubber
Synthetic rubber making
Lisitsyns,
Ivan Fyodorovich
and his brother
Nazar Fyodorovich
 Russian Empire		 Russian samovar[99]
A typical samovar
Alexander Lodygin
(1847–1923)
 Russian Empire
 United States		 electrical filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten filament
Lodygin's lamp draw
Mikhail Lomonosov
(1711–1765)
Tsardom of Russia
 Russian Empire		 night vision telescope, off-axis reflecting telescope, coaxial rotor, original Russian hard-paste porcelain (together with Dmitry Vinogradov), re-discovery of smalt[100]
Lomonosov's drawings for his discovery of Venus atmosphere
Yury Lomonosov
(1876–1952)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 United Kingdom		 first successful mainline diesel locomotive[101]
The Юэ 001 locomotive
Aleksandr Loran
(1849 – after 1911)
 Russian Empire		 fire fighting foam, foam extinguisher[102]
Modern usage of fire fighting foam.
Oleg Losev
(1903–1942)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 light-emitting diode, crystadine
Red, green and blue LEDs
Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy
(1909–2001)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 Buran (spacecraft), Spiral project[103][104]
Buran carried by the An-225
Arkhip Lyulka
(1908–1984)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 first double jet turbofan engine, other Soviet aircraft engines[105]
Saturn AL-31

M

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Aleksandr Makarov (born 1966)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation
 Germany		 orbitrap[106]
Ion trajectories in an Orbitrap
Stepan Makarov
(1849–1904)
 Russian Empire		 Icebreaker Yermak, the first true icebreaker able to ride over and crush pack ice
Icebreaker Yermak on the Baltic Sea before 1917
Nestor Makhno
(1888–1934)
 Russian Empire
 France
(Ukraine)		 tachanka
Victor Makeev
(1924–1985)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 first intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile
Scheme of R-27 missile of Makeev
Dmitri Maksutov
(1896–1964)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Maksutov telescope
Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope.
Sergey Malyutin
(1859–1937)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
(self-portrait)		 matryoshka doll (together with craftsman Vasily Zvyozdochkin)[107]
Original matryoshka doll by Malyutin and Zvyozdochkin
Boris Mamyrin
(1919–2007)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 reflectron (ion mirror)[108]
Reflectron mass spectrometer
Ilya Mechnikov
(1845–1916)
 Russian Empire
 France		 probiotics
Dmitri Mendeleev
(1834–1907)
 Russian Empire		 Periodic table, a type of pycnometer, pyrocollodion, co-developer of Icebreaker Yermak, also credited with determining the ideal vodka proof as 38% (later rounded to 40%)[109]
Periodic table from Mendeleev's book
Artem Mikoyan
(1905–1970)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
(Armenia)
(right on photo)		 MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Mikhail Gurevich)[68]
MiG-15
Alexander Mikulin
(1895–1985)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Mikulin AM-34 and other Soviet aircraft engines, co-developer of the Tsar Tank[98][110]
Mikulin and his staff presenting Mikulin AM-34
Mikhail Mil
(1909–1970)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Mi-series helicopter aircraft, including Mil Mi-8 (the world's most-produced helicopter) and Mil Mi-12 (the world's largest helicopter)
Mil Mi-8
Pavel Molchanov
(1893–1941)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 radiosonde
Alexander Morozov
(1904–1979)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 T-54/55 (the most produced tank in history), co-developer of T-34[111][112]
T-54/55 main battle tank
Sergei Mosin
(1849–1902)
 Russian Empire		 Mosin–Nagant rifle, one of the most produced ever
Mosin–Nagants
Motorins,
Ivan Feodorovich
(1660s – 1735)
and his son
Mikhail Ivanovich
(?–1750)
Tsardom of Russia
 Russian Empire		 Tsar Bell, the largest bell in the world[113]
The Tsar Bell
Vera Mukhina
(1889–1953)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 welded sculpture[114]
Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, the first welded sculpture
Yevgeny Murzin
(1914–1970)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 ANS synthesizer
ANS synthesizer

N

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Alexander Nadiradze
(1914–1987)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
(born in Georgia)		 First meteorological missile "M1-Meteo". First mobile ICBM (RT-21 Temp 2S), also RSD-10 Pioneer and (RT-2PM Topol)[115]
RT-2PM Topol
Andrey Nartov
(1683–1756)
Tsardom of Russia
 Russian Empire		 first lathe with a mechanic cutting tool-supporting carriage and a set of gears, fast-fire battery on a rotating disc, screw mechanism for changing the artillery fire angle, gauge-boring lathe for cannon-making, early telescopic sight[116][117][118]
An old lathe (b marks the carriage)
Sergey Nepobedimiy
(1921–2014)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 first supersonic anti-tank guided missile Sturm, other Soviet rocket weaponry[119]
Strela 2 surface-to-air missile
Nikolai Nikitin
(1907–1973)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 prestressed concrete with wire ropes structure (Ostankino Tower, The Motherland Calls), Nikitin-Travush 4000 project (precursor to X-Seed 4000)
Ostankino Tower (on the left)
Ludvig Nobel
(1831–1888)
 Sweden
 Russian Empire		 first successful oil tanker[120]
A modern oil tanker
Konstantin Novoselov
(born 1974)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation
 United Kingdom		 graphene[60] (youngest Nobel Laureate since 1973)[121]
Graphene

O

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Theophil Wilgodt Odhner
(1845–1903)
 Sweden
 Russian Empire		 the Odhner Arithmometer (a mechanical pinwheel calculator)
Odhner Arithmometer
Lucien Olivier
(1838–1883)
 Russian Empire
(Belgian or French origin)		 Russian salad (Olivier salad)
Russian salad

P

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Alexey Pajitnov
(born 1956)
 Soviet Union
 United States		 Tetris[122]
Tetris figures
Ivan Pavlov
(1849–1936)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 classical conditioning[123]
One of the Pavlov’s dogs with an implanted cannula.
Vasily Petrov
(1761–1834)
 Russian Empire		 continuous electric arc, arc welding[124]
Electric arc
Nikolay Pirogov
(1810–1881)
 Russian Empire		 early use of ether as anaesthetic, first anaesthesia in a field operation, various kinds of surgical operations
Diethyl ether
Fyodor Pirotsky
(1845–1898)
 Russian Empire		 electric tram
Miller's line where Pirotsky's tram was tested
Ivan Plotnikov
(1902–1995)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 kirza leather[125]
Kirza boots.
Nikolai Polikarpov
(1892–1944)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Po-series aircraft, including Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik (world's most produced biplane)
Polikarpov Po-2
Ivan Polzunov
(1728–1766)
 Russian Empire		 first two-cylinder steam engine
Polzunov's steam engine
Mikhail Pomortsev
(1851–1916)
 Russian Empire		 nephoscope
Nephoscope measures the parameters of clouds
Alexander Popov
(1859–1906)
 Russian Empire		 built an early radio receiver in the form of a lightning detector, eastern European countries claim he is the "inventor of radio"
Popov and his radio
Nikolay Popov
(1931–2008)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 first fully gas turbine main battle tank (T-80)[126]
T-80 main battle tank
Aleksandr Porokhovschikov
(1892 – c. 1942)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Vezdekhod (the first prototype tank, or tankette, and the first continuous track amphibious ATV)[127]
Vezdekhod tank in 1915
Alexander Procofieff de Seversky
(1894–1974)
 Russian Empire
 United States		 ionocraft, first gyroscopically stabilized bombsight, also developed air-to-air refueling
Modern air-to-air refueling
Alexander Prokhorov
(1916–2002)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 co-inventor of laser and maser
Laser beams
Petro Prokopovych
(1775–1850)
 Russian Empire
(Ukraine)		 beehive frame, queen excluder and other beekeeping novelties
A shallow super frame filled with honey
Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
(1863–1944)
 Russian Empire
 France		 early colour photography method based on three colour channels, also colour film slides and colour motion pictures
Prokudin-Gorsky's method

R

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Leonid Ramzin
(1887–1948)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 straight-flow boiler (Ramzin boiler)[128]
Peter I of Russia (Romanov)
(1672–1725)
Tsardom of Russia
 Russian Empire		 decimal currency, yacht club, sounding line with separating plummet (sounding weight probe)[129][130][131]
Sounding line throwing
Ida Rosenthal
(1886–1973)
 Russian Empire
 United States
(born in Belarus, Jewish descent)		 modern brassiere (Maidenform), the standard of cup sizes, nursing bra, full-figured bra, the first seamed uplift bra (all with her husband William)[132][133][134]
A modern brassiere
Boris Rosing
(1869–1933)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 CRT television (first TV system using cathode ray tube on the receiving side)[135][136]
A modern cathode ray tube
Eugene Roshal
(born 1972)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver[137]
FAR Manager screenshot

S

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Alexander Sablukov
(1783–1857)
 Russian Empire		 centrifugal fan[138]
Components of a centrifugal fan
Andrei Sakharov
(1921–1989)
 Soviet Union		 explosively pumped flux compression generator, co-developer of the Tsar Bomb, co-developer of tokamak
Hollow tube generator
Franz San Galli
(1824–1908)
 Russian Empire
(Italian and German descent, born in Poland)		 radiator, modern central heating[139][140]
A household radiator
Pavel Schilling
(1780–1836)
 Russian Empire
(Estonia)		 shielded cable, electric mine and electromagnetic telegraph[141]
Cooke and Wheatstone's telegraph, inspired by Schilling's one
Guy Severin
(1926–2008)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 extra-vehicular activity supporting system[142]
Leonty Shamshurenkov
(1687–1758)
Tsardom of Russia
 Russian Empire		 a device for lifting the Tsar Bell, the first self-propelling carriage (a precursor to both bicycle and automobile), projects of an original odometer and self-propelling sledge[95][143]
A reconstruction of Shamshurenkov's self-running carriage
Pyotr Shilovsky
(1871 – after 1924)
 Russian Empire
 United Kingdom		 gyrocar[144]
Shilovsky's gyrocar in 1914, London
Vladimir Shukhov
(1853–1939)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 thermal cracking (Shukhov cracking process), thin-shell structure, tensile structure, hyperboloid structure, gridshell, modern oil pipeline, cylindric oil depot[145]
Shukhov Tower in Moscow
Pyotr Shuvalov
(1711–1762)
Tsardom of Russia
 Russian Empire		 invented canister shot mortar, introduced licorne into wide usage
A "secret" canister shot mortar
Igor Sikorsky
(1889–1972)
 Russian Empire
 United States		 first four-engine fixed-wing aircraft (Russky Vityaz), first airliner and purpose-designed bomber (Ilya Muromets), modern helicopter, Sikorsky-series helicopters
Sikorsky Skycrane carrying a house
Vladimir Simonov
(1935–2020)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 APS Underwater Assault Rifle, SPP-1 underwater pistol[146][147]
APS Underwater Assault Rifle
Nikolay Slavyanov
(1854–1897)
 Russian Empire		 shielded metal arc welding[148]
Shielded metal arc welding
Alexander Smakula
(1900–1983)
 Russian Empire
 United States
(Ukraine)		 anti-reflective coating
Yefim Smolin
Tsardom of Russia
 Russian Empire		 table-glass (stakan granyonyi)[149]
A classic table-glass
Igor Spassky
(born 1926)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 Sea Launch platform and over 200 nuclear submarines, including the world's largest submarines of Typhoon class
Sea Launch platform Ocean Odyssey
Ladislas Starevich
(1882–1965)
 Russian Empire
 France
(Polish descent)		 puppet animation, live-action/animated film[150][151]
Scene from The Cameraman's Revenge animation (1911)
Boris Stechkin
(1891–1969)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 co-developer of Sikorsky Ilya Muromets and Lebedenko's Tsar Tank, developer of many Soviet heat and aircraft engines[98][152]
Sikorsky Ilya Muromets
Aleksandr Stoletov
(1839–1896)
 Russian Empire		 first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect
A modern solar cell
Pavel Sukhoi
(1895–1975)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Su-series fighter aircraft
Andrei Sychra
(1773/76–1850)
 Russian Empire
(born in Lithuania, Czech ancestry)		 Russian seven-string guitar
Russian guitar
Vladimir Syromyatnikov
(1933–2006)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 Androgynous Peripheral Attach System and other spacecraft docking mechanisms
The original APAS-75 docking unit draw

T

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Andrey Ternovskiy
(born 1992)
 Russian Federation		 creator of Chatroulette, the first random webcam chat website
Léon Theremin
(1896–1993)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 United States
 Russian Federation		 theremin, burglar alarm, terpsitone, Rhythmicon (first drum machine), The Thing (listening device)
Etherwave Theremin
Andrey Tikhonov
(1906–1993)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 magnetotellurics
Magnetotelluric station
Mikhail Tikhonravov
(1900–1974)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 co-developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together with Korolyov and Keldysh, designer of further Sputniks
Sputnik 1 replica
Gavriil Tikhov
(1875–1960)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 feathering spectrograph
Scheme of a spectrograph work
Fedor Tokarev
(1871–1968)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 TT-33 semiautomatic handgun and SVT-40 self-loading rifle (main Soviet guns of World War II)
A Soviet soldier with TT-33
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky,
(1857–1935)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 spaceflight (theory principles that led to numerous inventions, derived the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation)
Tsiolkovsky's drawings of astronaut in space
Mikhail Tsvet
(1872–1919)
 Russian Empire		 chromatography (specifically adsorption chromatography, the first chromatography method)
A modern gas chromatography system
Alexei Tupolev
(1925–2001)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 the Tupolev Tu-144 (first supersonic passenger jet)
Tupolev Tu-144
Andrei Tupolev
(1888–1972)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 turboprop powered long-range airliner (Tupolev Tu-114), turboprop strategic bomber (Tupolev Tu-95)
Tupolev Tu-95

U

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Vladimir Utkin
(1923–2000)
 Soviet Union
 Russian Federation		 railcar-launched ICBM (RT-23 Molodets), other Soviet rockets[153]
RT-23 in the St Petersburg railway museum

V

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Vladimir Vakhmistrov
(1897–1972)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 first bomber with a parasite aircraft (Zveno project)
Viktor Vasnetsov
(1848–1926)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 budenovka military hat
Vladimir Veksler
(1907–1966)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron[34][154]
A modern synchrotron scheme

W

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Paul Walden
(1863–1957)
 Russian Empire
 Germany
(born in Latvia, Baltic German descent)		 Walden inversion, Ethylammonium nitrate (the first room temperature ionic liquid)
Ethylammonium nitrate formula

Y

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Pavel Yablochkov
(1847–1894)
 Russian Empire		 Yablochkov candle (first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp)
Yablochkov demonstrates his illumination in Paris, 1878
Alexander Yakovlev
(1906–1989)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 Yak-series aircraft, including Yakovlev Yak-40 (the first regional jet)
Yakovlev Yak-40
Vladimir Yourkevitch
(1885–1964)
 Russian Empire
 France
 United States		 modern ship hull design
SS Normandie
Sergei Yudin
(1891–1954)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 cadaveric blood transfusion and other medical operations[155]
World War II syringe for blood transfusion

Z

Portrait Person Inventions Image
Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof
(1859–1917)
 Russian Empire
(Poland)		 Esperanto language
Flag of Esperanto
Yevgeny Zavoisky
(1907–1976)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 EPR spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectroscopy[156]
Simulated EPR spectrum of the CH3 radical.
Nikolay Zelinsky
(1861–1953)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 the first effective filtering activated charcoal gas mask in the world
A modern Russian gas mask
Nikolai Zhukovsky
(1847–1921)
 Russian Empire
 Russian SFSR		 an early wind tunnel, co-developer of the Tsar Tank[98][157]
A modern wind tunnel
Vladimir Zvorykin
(1889–1982)
 Russian Empire
 United States		 pioneer of television technology Iconoscope, kinescope
Zworykin's draft of a UV-microscope, similar to iconoscope
Vasily Zvyozdochkin
(1876–1956)
 Russian Empire
 Soviet Union		 matryoshka doll (together with painter Sergey Malyutin)[158]
Matryoshka doll taken apart

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bruno Abdank-Abakanowicz (1886). Les intégraphes (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
  2. ↑ "Invention of the Aerowagon". What Poll?. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  3. ↑ "Mechanical Advantage". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  4. ↑ "404. Page Not Found". Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  5. ↑ Адамян Ованес Абгарович, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  6. ↑ Alexandrov's biography (in Russian)
  7. ↑ Alexandrov's biography Archived 3 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  8. ↑ Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1995). Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation. Paris, France: Indiana University Press. ISBN 2-910027-75-9
  9. ↑ Biography of Alexeev Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ Low Orbit Helium Assisted Navigator; Lohan; Iss; Nasa; Google; purity, Brexit threatens Cornish pasty's racial; home, Grim-faced 'naut Malenchenko prepares to return; $1m+, One entire US spook base: Yours for. "In search of the Caspian Sea Monster". The Register. Retrieved 23 October 2016. {{cite web}}: |last5= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 – Information for the Public
  12. ↑ "Zhores I. Alferov - Biographical". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  13. ↑ Altshuller's biography (in Russian)
  14. ↑ Vasily Andreyev Archived 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine article on the city site of Bezhetsk (in Russian)
  15. ↑ History of balalaika (in Russian)
  16. ↑ Antonov's biographyArchived 22 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  17. ↑ Artsimovich's biography (in Russian)
  18. ↑ Babakin's Biography (in Russian)
  19. ↑ "Biography". 24 December 2012. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  20. ↑ Barmin's biography (in Russian)
  21. ↑ Basov Nikolay Gennadiyevich Archived 26 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "Ernest Beaux, Perfumer -- From 'Bouquet of Napoleon' to 'Chanel No.5' to 'Mademoiselle Chanel No.1' (???)". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  23. ↑ БЕХТЕРЕВА МИКСТУРА (MixturaBechtereva) at medicinelib.ru Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  24. ↑ Biography of Bernardos by A. A. Chekanov Archived 30 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  25. 1 2 Bereznyak-Isayev BI (in Russian)
  26. ↑ The inventor of tractor (in Russian)
  27. ↑ Our armor is strong and our tanks are fast and our people are full of courage (in Russian)
  28. ↑ "Our History - Just Born - PA Candy Manufacturer". Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  29. ↑ "Helicopter Development in the Early Twentieth Century" Archived 5 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. centennialofflight.gov. Accessed 10 May 2010.
  30. ↑ "BBC NEWS - Business - Profile: The Google founders". 30 April 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  31. ↑ Вестник Регистра морского судоходства России (in Russian)
  32. ↑ Russian Virtual Computer Museum – Hall of Fame – Nikolay Petrovich Brusentsov. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  33. ↑ Academician Gersh Itckovich Budker (in Russian)
  34. 1 2 The brief history of particle accelerators (in Russian)
  35. ↑ Read, J. (1935), Text-Book of Organic Chemistry, London: G Bell & Sons.
  36. ↑ The history of Chelomey's OKB (in Russian)
  37. ↑ "Pavel A. Cherenkov - Biographical". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  38. ↑ Vita Germetika: A Brief History of Creating and Development of Soviet-Russian space suits Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  39. ↑ "The A.L.Chizhevsky Science Memorial Cultural Center in Kaluga, Russia". Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  40. ↑ Guinness Book of Records
  41. ↑ Degtyaryov's biography (in Russian)
  42. ↑ The office of the first Russian oligarch Archived 19 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  43. ↑ Virtual Museum: Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk (in Russian)
  44. ↑ "Michael D. Gordin, J. Chem Education 83 (2006), 561–565" (PDF). Archived from the original on 13 September 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  45. ↑ Доливо-Добровольский Михаил Осипович, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  46. ↑ "Nikolay A. Dollezhal". Brief History (in Russian). N.A. Dollezhal Research and Development Institute of Power Engineering. Archived from the original on 10 August 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
  47. ↑ Mayakovskaya at the official site of the Moscow Metro Archived 29 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ↑ The Unknown Russian Monorail (in Russian)
  49. ↑ The House of Fabergé Archived 3 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ↑ Jean Boulet, Histoire de l'hélicoptère : racontée par ses pionniers, 1907–1956, Paris : Ed. France-Empire, 1982 (in French)
  51. ↑ Ivan Fyodorov's biography Archived 13 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  52. ↑ Ophthalmology for all (in Russian)
  53. ↑ C. Taylor The fighting rifle – A complete study of the rifle in combat, ISBN 0-87947-308-8
  54. ↑ "Ya.M.Gakkel. The designer of the first Soviet diesel locomotives" @ Innovation Digest.
  55. ↑ About Prince B. B. Galitzine Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine by Alexey Krylov (in Russian)
  56. ↑ Investigation of the influence of the AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructure parameters on the laser threshold current and the realization of the continuous emission at the room temperature, Zh. I. Alferov, V.M. Andreev, D.Z. Garbuzov, and others, Sov. Phys. Semiconductors 4
  57. ↑ Gause, GF. 1960. The search for new antibiotics. New Haven: Yale University Press. 97pp.
  58. ↑ A Brief History of Diving (in Russian)
  59. ↑ History of diving in Russia Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  60. 1 2 It’s a thinner winner bbc.co.uk 19 October 2006
  61. ↑ Genko's Forest Belt at the site dedicated to protected areas of Ulyanovsk Oblast (in Russian)
  62. ↑ "Valentin Glushko biography". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2006.
  63. ↑ Gobyato's biography Archived 26 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  64. ↑ Gorynin's biography on the web page of Prometey (in Russian)
  65. ↑ Igor Gorynin's article on Personalities of Saint Petersburg (in Russian)
  66. ↑ "Television in Uzbekistan". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  67. ↑ Grabovsky Boris Pavlovich and his "Telephote". Myths and reality Archived 31 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Yury Rubchenko (in Russian)
  68. 1 2 Migavia.ru Archived 5 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine – official site of MiG "OKB" successor enterprise
  69. ↑ History of Haffkine Institute Archived 4 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  70. ↑ Haffkine's biography (in Russian)
  71. ↑ A Genius of Osteogenesis Archived 20 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  72. ↑ Lee Beadling "Ilizarov discovered the miracle of distraction osteogenesis"
  73. ↑ Ilyushin's biography at The Heroes of the Country site (in Russian)
  74. ↑ Pokhlebkin V. V. / Похлёбкин В. В. (2007). The history of vodka / История водки. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraph / Центрполиграф. p. 272. ISBN 978-5-9524-1895-0.
  75. ↑ MacWilliams B (November 2003). "Russian claims first in magnetic imaging". Nature. 426 (6965): 375. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..375M. doi:10.1038/426375a. PMID 14647349.
  76. ↑ ПРИВЕТ НОБЕЛЮ ОТ ИВАНОВА
  77. ↑ Patents by Ivan Vladislav
  78. ↑ Jacobi's biography (in Russian)
  79. ↑ Poyer, Joe. The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations. North Cape Publications. 2004.
  80. ↑ Kuznetsov, G.I.OKB Kamov. 50 years
  81. ↑ "Pyotr Kapitsa – Biographical". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  82. ↑ Karpechenko, G.D., Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus X Brassica oleracea L., Bull. Appl. Bot. 17:305–408 (1927)
  83. ↑ Biotechnomogy timeline at bio.org Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  84. ↑ "Kaspersky Personal & Family Security Software". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  85. ↑ Derela, Michal. "Citroën-Kegresse halftracks in Polish service". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  86. ↑ Creation of Sambo Archived 15 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine – by Michail Lukashev, first published in Physical Culture and Sport magazine N9-10/91.(in Russian)
  87. ↑ "Kibalchich". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  88. ↑ School Encyclopedia Russica (in Russian)
  89. ↑ George Parada (n.d.), "Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r)" at Achtung Panzer! website, retrieved on 17 November 2008.
  90. ↑ Ognjeslav Kostović – čovek koji je živeo u budućnosti (in Serbian) Archived 13 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  91. ↑ Manojlo srpski Ikar (in Serbian)
  92. ↑ Parachuting – who invented the first parachute (in Russian)
  93. ↑ Russian parachute of Kotelnikov Archived 1 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  94. ↑ Samokatka of Kulibin (in Russian)
  95. 1 2 Коляски Шамшуренкова и самокатка Кулибина / The carriages of Shamshurenkov and samokatka of Kulibin (in Russian)
  96. ↑ "Trident › Mobile-Friendly Social Network Software Platform". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  97. ↑ Rzhosnitsky B. N. Dmitry Aleksandrovich Lachinov. Moscow-Leningrad: Gosenergoizdat, 1955 / Ржонсницкий Б. Н. Дмитрий Александрович Лачинов. — М.—Л.: Госэнергоиздат, 1955 (in Russian)
  98. 1 2 3 4 "Site Disabled - FreeServers". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  99. ↑ Самовары Лисицыных / Samovars of Lisitsyns Archived 1 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine at the site of Sloboda, a Tula-based newspaper (in Russian)
  100. ↑ "early helicopter technology". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  101. ↑ Heywood, Anthony, Modernising Lenin's Russia: Economic Reconstruction, Foreign Trade, and the Railways, 1917–1924, p. 209. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-62178-X
  102. ↑ Loran and the fire extinguisher Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine at p-lab.org (in Russian)
  103. ↑ "Lozino-Lozinskiy". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  104. ↑ Lozino-Lozinskiy's biography at Encyclopedia Astronautica
  105. ↑ Lyulka's biography (in Russian)
  106. ↑ Hu Q, Noll RJ, Li H, Makarov A, Hardman M, Graham Cooks R (2005). "The Orbitrap: a new mass spectrometer". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 40 (4): 430–443. Bibcode:2005JMSp...40..430H. doi:10.1002/jms.856. PMID 15838939. S2CID 14756501.
  107. ↑ Malyutin's biography Archived 20 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  108. ↑ Mamyrin, B. A.; Karataev, V. I.; Shmikk, D. V.; Zagulin, V. A. (1973). "The mass-reflectron, a new nonmagnetic time-of-flight mass spectrometer with high resolution". Sov. Phys. JETP. 37: 45. Bibcode:1973JETP...37...45M.
  109. ↑ The short history of naval science Archived 7 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  110. ↑ Mikulin's biography at The Heroes of the Country (in Russian)
  111. ↑ Morozov's biography at the Heroes of the country (in Russian)
  112. ↑ Halberstadt, Hans Inside the Great Tanks The Crowood Press Ltd. Wiltshire, England 1997 94–96 ISBN 1-86126-270-1
    "The T-54/T-55 series is the hands down, all-time most popular tank in history."
  113. ↑ Slobodskoy, Archpriest Seraphim (1996), "Bells and Russian Orthodox Peals", The Law of God, Jordanville, N.Y.: Holy Trinity Monastery, p. 624, ISBN 0-88465-044-8
  114. ↑ The history of welding Archived 11 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  115. ↑ Nadiradze's biography Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  116. ↑ Nartov Andrey Konstantinovich (in Russian)
  117. ↑ Nartov's biography at hronos.km.ru Archived 14 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  118. ↑ Nartov's biography (in Russian)
  119. ↑ Sergei Pavlovich Nepobedimiy at astronautix.com
  120. ↑ Tolf, Robert W. (1976). "4: The World's First Oil Tankers". The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry. Hoover Press. ISBN 0-8179-6581-5.
  121. ↑ Sample, Ian (5 October 2010). "Nobel prize for physics goes to Manchester University scientists". The Guardian. London.
  122. ↑ 4 maart 2009. "Tetris 1985 History of Games part 07". YouTube. Retrieved 20 November 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  123. ↑ Pavlov and, I. P. (1927/1960). Conditional Reflexes. New York: Dover Publications (the 1960 edition is an unaltered republication of the 1927 translation by Oxford University Press http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/).
  124. ↑ Petrov Vasily Vladimirovich at weldworld.ru (in Russian)
  125. ↑ Kirza (in Russian)
  126. ↑ Chief designer of the T-80 tank dies (in Russian)
  127. ↑ "Site Disabled - FreeServers". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  128. ↑ "Леонид Константинович Рамзин Leonid Konstantinovich Ramzin". Leonid. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  129. ↑ The history of Russian ruble and kopeck Archived 19 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine at the law-theory.ru (in Russian)
  130. ↑ "Oldest International Yacht Clubs". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  131. ↑ Monarchs can be good at anything (in Russian)
  132. ↑ Lin, Patricia. Ida Kaganovich Rosenthal Archived 8 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  133. ↑ Maidenform Inc., company website, company history section. Retrieved June 2004 from http://www.maidenform.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?sectionId=33
  134. ↑ "Maidenform, Inc. – Company History". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  135. ↑ "History of the Cathode Ray Tube". About.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  136. ↑ The beginnings of a blue screen (in Russian)
  137. ↑ Interview with Roshal (in Russian)
  138. ↑ A History of Mechanical Fan Archived 20 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  139. ↑ "family San Galli: a European success". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  140. ↑ The hot boxes of San Galli Archived 7 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  141. ↑ Virtual Museum of Information technology Archived 20 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  142. ↑ Severin, Guy Ilich at the Russian Academy of Sciences website (in Russian)
  143. ↑ Leonty Luk'yanovich Shamshurenkov Archived 19 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  144. ↑ "Wolseley Register - The Club for Wolseley Car Owners and Enthusiasts". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  145. ↑ Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov's biography at Shukhov Tower Foundation site.
  146. ↑ SPP-1 Archived 14 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  147. ↑ Modern weapons of underwater fighters (in Russian)
  148. ↑ Slavyanov's biography Archived 15 August 2007 at archive.today (in Russian)
  149. ↑ The Day of Granenyi Stakan Archived 20 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine at hronograf.narod.ru (in Russian)
  150. ↑ An illustrated biography of Starevich Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  151. ↑ Entomology and Animation: A Portrait of an Early Master Ladislaw Starewicz (May 2000 6-page article from Animation World Magazine)
  152. ↑ Stechkin's biography at The Heroes of the Country (in Russian)
  153. ↑ Utkin's biography at the Heroes of the Country site (in Russian)
  154. ↑ Who and when invented synchrophasotron? (in Russian)
  155. ↑ Shamov V.N. The transfusion of stored cadaver blood Lancet 1937; 2, August 7:306–309
  156. ↑ Gareth R. Eaton; et al. (1998). Foundations of modern EPR. World Scientific. pp. 45–46. ISBN 981-02-3295-0. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  157. ↑ Zhukovsky's biography Archived 3 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  158. ↑ Vasily Zvyozdochkin – the father of Russian Matryoshka Archived 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
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