Track map of all North Atlantic tropical cyclones affecting South America from 1850 to 2005

A South American hurricane is a tropical cyclone that affects the continent of South America or its countries. The continent is rarely affected by tropical cyclones, though most storms to hit the area are formed in the North Atlantic Ocean. Typically, strong upper level winds and its proximity to the equator prevents North Atlantic impacts.[1] Cyclone Yaku is the only known tropical cyclone to have ever affected the Pacific side of South America on record, albeit its status as a tropical cyclone is unofficial. Although conditions are typically too hostile for many storms to hit the area from the South Atlantic Ocean, there have been a few tropical cyclones to affect land. Based on climatology, northern Venezuela and Colombia have a 1 to 5% chance of a hurricane strike in any given year, while all locations south of 10° N have less than a 1% chance of a direct hit.[2]

Storms in the South Atlantic

This section is an excerpt from South Atlantic tropical cyclone.[edit]
Tracks of named South Atlantic tropical and subtropical cyclones since 2004
South Atlantic tropical cyclones are unusual weather events that occur in the Southern Hemisphere. Strong wind shear, which disrupts the formation of cyclones, as well as a lack of weather disturbances favorable for development in the South Atlantic Ocean, make any strong tropical system extremely rare, and Hurricane Catarina in 2004 is the only recorded South Atlantic hurricane in history. Storms can develop year-round in the South Atlantic, with activity peaking during the months from November through May. Since 2011, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center has assigned names to tropical and subtropical systems in the western side of the basin, near the eastern coast of Brazil, when they have sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph), the generally accepted minimum sustained wind speed for a disturbance to be designated as a tropical storm in the North Atlantic basin. Below is a list of notable South Atlantic tropical and subtropical cyclones.

List of tropical cyclones

1588–1900

  • November 4–6, 1588 – Cartagena de Indias in Colombia is affected by a hurricane.[3]
  • September, 1672 – A hurricane affects Caracas, Venezuela.[3]
  • October 22, 1683 – The island of Curaçao off Venezuela is impacted by a hurricane.[3]
  • September, 1773 – A hurricane moves across Venezuela[4] and later Colombia.[3]
  • December 13–22, 1822 – A hurricane traverses the southeastern Caribbean Sea and makes landfall on Venezuela.[4]
  • October 13, 1847 – Venezuela is affected by a hurricane.[4]
  • September 23, 1877 – A 105 mph (170 km/h) Category 2 hurricane makes landfall on northern Venezuela, causing winds of up to 80 mph (130 km/h) in Curaçao.[5]
  • September 17, 1886 – A Category 2 hurricane parallels the north coast of Venezuela, causing winds of up to 40 mph (65 km/h) in Curaçao.[6]
  • December 10, 1887 – A tropical storm passes just north of the Guajira Department of Colombia.[7]
  • October 8, 1892 – A Category 2 hurricane hits Northern Venezuela and Colombia,[8] causing rough seas in Curaçao.[9]

20th century

Tropical Storm Bret (1993) near Venezuelan landfall
  • September 5, 1911 – Curaçao experiences a westward moving tropical storm which passes near the northern coasts of Venezuela and Colombia.[10]
  • November 2–5, 1932 – A Category 2 hurricane parallels the north coast of Venezuela and Colombia 75 miles (120 km) offshore, causing some damage. Later, it passes to the northeast of Providencia Island, destroying 36 houses and ruining crops.[11]
  • June 27, 1933 – A minimal hurricane moves through northeastern Venezuela. The hurricane destroys several houses, businesses, and fishing boats. Powerful winds cut telephonic and telegraphic communications for several days. The hurricane killed several people, and caused over $200,000 in damage (1933 USD, $3.3 million 2008 USD).[12]
  • October 8, 1954 – Hurricane Hazel parallels the north coasts of Venezuela and Colombia around 100 miles (160 km) offshore as a Category 3 hurricane, though effects, if any, are unknown.[13]
  • September 25, 1955 – Hurricane Janet parallels the north coasts of Venezuela and Colombia around 100 miles (160 km) offshore as a Category 4 hurricane, though effects, if any, are unknown.[14]
  • July 20, 1961 – Hurricane Anna passes 75 miles (120 km) north of the coast of Venezuela, though effects, if any, are unknown.[15]
  • October 1, 1963 – Hurricane Flora strikes Tobago and remains just offshore of Venezuela as it moves through the Caribbean Sea as a Category 3 hurricane. Damage in Venezuela, if any, is unknown.[16]
  • September 7, 1971 – A tropical depression intensifies into Tropical Storm Edith near the north coast of Venezuela. The southern portion of the depression's circulation moves over the northeastern portion of the country.[17] Effects are unknown.
  • September 16, 1971 – A tropical depression that later becomes Hurricane Irene crosses the island of Curaçao. Effects are unknown.[18]
  • August 14, 1974 – Tropical Storm Alma makes landfall on northeastern Venezuela and later dissipates over the mountainous country. Intense rain bands cause a passenger plane to crash on Isla Margarita, resulting in 47 indirect deaths. Damage is unknown.[19]
  • August 12, 1978 – Tropical Depression Cora dissipates near the island of Curaçao, causing no known impact.[20]
  • September 13, 1978 – A tropical depression that later becomes Hurricane Greta forms near the northeastern coast of Venezuela, causing no known damage.[20]
  • September 10–12, 1988 – Outflow bands from Hurricane Gilbert produce flash flooding in northern Venezuela. The flooding killed five people.[21]
  • October 16–18, 1988 – Tropical Storm Joan strikes northern Venezuela and Colombia. The storm produces flash flooding which kills 11 in Venezuela. In Colombia, rainfall from Joan kills 25, and leaves 27,000 homeless.[22]
  • August 14, 1990 – Minimal Tropical Storm Fran dissipates over northeastern Venezuela, with no known impact.[23]
  • August 7–9, 1993 – Tropical Storm Bret moves across northern Venezuela and Colombia. In Venezuela, the storm drops at least 13.35 inches (339 mm) in Guanare. The rainfall causes mudslides, particularly near the city of Caracas, that cover many low-income housing units. Of the 173 deaths caused by Bret in Venezuela, most occur in the low-income areas near Caracas.[24] Lack of preparation, including weather forecasters prematurely stating the worst of the storm is over, is part of the problem.[25] In all, 10,000 are left homeless, and damaged totals $25 million (1993 USD, $37 million 2008 USD). In Colombia, Bret causes one death and one injury.[24]
  • July 24–27, 1996 – Hurricane Cesar moves westward across the southern Caribbean and crosses over extreme northern Colombia and the San Andrés archipelago. Cesar kills 11 people in Colombia due to flooding and mudslides.[26]
  • November 13–16, 1999 – Strong waves from Hurricane Lenny affect the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, flooding 1,200 homes and businesses along the northern coastline. In addition, winds and rains from the hurricane causes severe crop damage in the country.[27] The hurricane kills two in Colombia.[28]

2000–2020

Hurricane Catarina near its landfall in Brazil
  • September 25, 2000 – Hurricane Joyce dissipates just north of eastern Venezuela, causing no known damage.[29]
  • September 14, 2002 – Hurricane Isidore crosses over northeastern Venezuela as a tropical depression. Effects, if any, are unknown.[30]
  • December 4, 2003 – Tropical Storm Odette produces heavy rainfall of up to 8 inches (200 mm) in Colombia.[31]
  • January 20, 2004 – A possible tropical storm or depression in the South Atlantic Ocean hits eastern Brazil, dropping heavy rainfall in the area.[32]
  • March 28, 2004 – A cyclone, unofficially named Hurricane Catarina, strikes southeastern Brazil with maximum recorded winds of 100 mph(155 km/h).[33] The hurricane damaged more than 30,000 homes and left 1,900 people homeless. The storm also damaged 1,373 businesses and destroyed 50, including a hospital. The storm killed 3, injured 38,[34] and caused up to $330 million in damage (2004 USD).[33] This was the first hurricane ever reported in the Atlantic, south of the equator.
  • September 7–9, 2004 – Hurricane Ivan parallels the north coast of Venezuela as a Category 4 hurricane. Ivan's strong winds forced the closure of several airports. The hurricane also produced heavy rainfall and strong waves.[35] Ivan killed three in the country,[36] though overall damage was minor.[37]
  • July 14, 2005 – Hurricane Emily passes just north of Venezuela as a strengthening hurricane, causing heavy rains and flooding in the northeastern portion of the country. 64 families were forced to leave their homes when rivers in eastern Monagas state overflowed their banks, but waters quickly receded. Ships were forced to remain at port while the hurricane passed to the country's north, though restrictions quickly lifted.[38]
  • October 29, 2005 – Hurricane Beta hits the Colombian island of Providencia, and tears the roofs off of thousands of homes. High winds also shut down all airports and communications.[39]
  • September 2, 2007 – Strong winds and waves from Hurricane Felix leave one person missing in the coastal Venezuelan city of Puerto Cabello.[40]
  • January 28, 2009 – A cold-core mid to upper-level trough in phase with a low-level warm-core low formed a system over Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil and moved eastward into the South Atlantic. The system was eventually classified as a subtropical cyclone, making it the only subtropical cyclone on record to affect South America, and the second subtropical system ever recorded in the South Atlantic, with the first being a subtropical cyclone in 1974. Winds exceeded 54 knots (100 km/h; 62 mph) on the coast of Uruguay and extreme southern Rio Grande do Sul, and the system produced 300 mm (12 in) of rainfall or more in 24 hours in some locations of Rocha (Uruguay) and southern Rio Grande do Sul. Fourteen deaths and thousands of evacuees are attributed to the storm with an emergency declared in four cities.
  • March 10, 2010 – Unofficially named (by private and public weather centers from Southern Brazil) Tropical Storm Anita affected the coast of southern Brazil. The cyclone develops out of a subtropical cyclone and is one of the rare tropical cyclones developed in South Atlantic Ocean waters.[41]
  • September 23, 2010 – In Caracas, Venezuela, heavy rains associated with Tropical Storm Matthew triggered significant flooding that destroyed several homes, killing at least seven people.[42] Another person, a 70-year-old man, was swept away by a swollen river in the northeastern state of Sucre later that day.[43]
  • Early November 2010 – Hurricane Tomas produces strong winds and heavy rainfall on Isla Aves, located off the northern coast of Venezuela.[44]
  • March 10, 2011 – Before becoming a subtropical cyclone, Subtropical Storm Arani produces torrential rains over Brazil. Damage is unknown.[45]
  • March 10–13, 2015 – Subtropical Storm Cari stalls offshore Brazil, dropping up to 6 in (150 mm) of rain, strong waves, and strong winds.[46]
  • September 30, 2016 – Hurricane Matthew affected the coast of Colombia with tropical storm-force winds and flooding rains. Rainfall in Cartagena reached 8.7 in (222 mm) during a 24-hour span and Santa Marta saw 5.5 in (140 mm).[47] One person died in Aribia in Colombia due to flooding.[48]
  • June 19–20, 2017 – Tropical Storm Bret makes landfall in Trinidad and Tobago, causing one death in Trinidad and another in Tobago, before making landfall in Venezuela.[49][50] The storm results in strong winds and flooding, which caused millions of dollars in damage.[51]
  • September 22–23, 2019 – Tropical Storm Karen brought severe flash floods to Tobago, trapping some people in their houses, as well as uprooting trees and causing several power outages.[52] Several roads were blocked due to mudslides and downed trees. In addition, seven boats in Plymouth sank after a jetty broke.[53] It was also announced that all schools would be closed on Monday, September 23.[54] Swells generated by Karen caused flooding and power outages in Caracas and La Guaira.[55]
  • January 23–24, 2020 – Subtropical Storm Kurumí in the South Atlantic generated heavy rainfall across Belo Horizonte in southeast Brazil, with a 24-hour rainfall total of 171.8 mm (6.764 in) recorded from January 23 to 24, the highest in 110 years. Mudslides killed at least three people and damaged several buildings. Kurumí served to worsen ongoing flooding associated with an unusually active summer monsoon.[56][57]
  • November 15–16, 2020 – Hurricane Iota as a tropical wave caused heavy flooding in mainland Colombia. An estimated 70 percent of Cartagena saw flooding due to the direct effects of Iota.[58] Subsequently, Iota passed very near the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina as a high end Category 4 hurricane; the first to ever strike Colombia.[59] Across the country, at least 7 people died and another 10 were left missing.[60]

2021–present

Listed by month

44 tropical cyclones have affected South America in most months of the year.

Deadliest storms

Data from South American tropical cyclones is sparse and incomplete, though most tropical cyclones that struck the continent caused multiple deaths. Bret, Julia, Joan, and Cesar all caused their deaths through rainfall or flash flooding.

Name Year Number of deaths
Bret1993174
Joan198836
Cesar199617
Ubá202115
Unnamed200914
Matthew20108
Yaku20238
Iota20207
Gilbert19885
Catarina20043
Ivan20043
Kurumí20203
Lenny19992
Bret20172
Yakecan20222
Hattie19611
Matthew20161
"Trinidad"1933"Several"
Alma19740 (47 indirect)
Julia20220 (54 indirect)

Tropical cyclone warnings and watches

Tropical Cyclone Breakpoints in South America

In the event an Atlantic hurricane threatens the northern coast of South America, the National Hurricane Center defines nine locations as tropical cyclone warning breakpoints. The westernmost is the border between Panama and Colombia, and the easternmost is Georgetown, Guyana, located at 6.82° N. In the eastern Pacific Ocean, tropical cyclone warning breakpoints extend eastward to the border of Panama and Colombia at 7.23° N.[72] No Atlantic hurricane has existed south of 6.82° N,[73] and no Pacific hurricane has existed east of 80° W,[74] though in the event a tropical cyclone threatens a region of South America without warnings, additional warning sites can be selected. In addition to warnings on the mainland of South America, the National Hurricane Center defines the entire island of San Andres as a tropical cyclone warning breakpoint.[72]

Intense Hurricane Flora in 1963 prompted officials to declare gale warnings for two islands off the north coast of Venezuela.[75] In 1974, the passage of Tropical Storm Alma warranted the issuance of Gale Warnings for the Paria and Paraguaná Peninsulas.[19] Hurricane Joan in 1988, Tropical Storm Bret in 1993, Hurricane Cesar in 1996, and Hurricane Felix in 2007 resulted in tropical storm and hurricane watches and warnings for several locations in South America.[76][77][78][79] The threat of Hurricane Ivan prompted a hurricane watch and a tropical storm warning for the northern coast of Venezuela.[80]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Ask Tom Why". WGN9 Chicago. 2004. Archived from the original on 2006-04-27. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
  2. ↑ Pielke, Rubiera, Landsea, Fernández, and Klein (2003). "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America & The Caribbean" (PDF). National Hazards Review. Retrieved 2006-07-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. 1 2 3 4 Garcia-Herrera, Ricardo; Gimeno, Luis; Ribera, Pedro; Hernandez, Emiliano. "New records of Atlantic hurricanes from Spanish documentary sources". Retrieved 2006-07-20.
  4. 1 2 3 Michael Chenoweth (2006). "A Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity, 1700–1855" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-20.
  5. ↑ NOAA (2005). "1877 Atlantic hurricane season". Retrieved 2006-07-20.
  6. ↑ NOAA (2005). "1886 Atlantic hurricane season". Retrieved 2006-07-20.
  7. ↑ NOAA (2005). "1887 Atlantic hurricane season". Retrieved 2006-07-20.
  8. ↑ NOAA (2005). "1892 Atlantic hurricane season". Retrieved 2006-07-20.
  9. ↑ National Weather Service (1892). "1892 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  10. ↑ NOAA (2005). "1911 Atlantic hurricane season". Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  11. ↑ National Weather Service (1932). "1932 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  12. ↑ National Weather Service (1933). "1933 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  13. ↑ National Weather Service (1954). "1954 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  14. ↑ National Weather Service (1955). "1955 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  15. ↑ National Weather Service (1961). "1961 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  16. ↑ National Weather Service (1963). "1963 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  17. ↑ John Hope (1971). "Hurricane Edith Preliminary Report Page 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-11-01.
  18. ↑ National Weather Service (1971). "1971 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  19. 1 2 National Hurricane Center (1974). "Tropical Storm Alma Tropical Cyclone Report". Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  20. 1 2 National Weather Service (1978). "1978 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  21. ↑ National Weather Service (1988). "1988 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  22. ↑ Harold P. Gerrish (1988). "Hurricane Joan Tropical Cyclone Report Page 3". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  23. ↑ National Hurricane Center (1990). "Tropical Storm Fran Tropical Cyclone Report". Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  24. 1 2 National Weather Service (1993). "1993 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  25. ↑ John Wade (1993). "Catastrophe in Caracas". The Herald. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  26. ↑ "Hurricane Douglas leaves at least 35 dead as it crosses from Caribbean to Pacific". Associated Press. 1996. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  27. ↑ Agence France-Presse (1999). "One death blamed on Hurricane Lenny; still threatens Caribbean". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  28. ↑ John L. Guiney (1999). "Hurricane Lenny Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2011-01-02. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  29. ↑ Miles B. Lawrence (2000). "Hurricane Joyce Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2011-01-02. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  30. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (2002). "Hurricane Isidore Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  31. ↑ World Meteorological Organization (2004). "Final Report of the 2003 Atlantic Hurricane Season" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2005. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  32. ↑ Gary Padgett (2004). "January 2004 Tropical cyclone summary". Archived from the original on 2006-06-16. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  33. 1 2 D. H. Levinson (2004). "State of the Climate in 2004". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. 86 (6): S1–S86. doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-6-Levinson. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  34. ↑ "First South Atlantic hurricane hits Brazil". USA Today. Associated Press. 2004-03-30. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  35. ↑ Agence France-Presse (2004). "Hurricane Ivan kills at least 14 in Caribbean". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  36. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (2004). "Hurricane Ivan Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2007-09-11. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  37. ↑ International Federation of the Red Cross (2004). "Caribbean:Hurricane Ivan" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  38. ↑ News from Russia (2005). "Emily passed Venezuela". Archived from the original on 2006-03-27. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
  39. ↑ Adventist News Network (2005). "Colombia: Adventists Aid Hurricane Beta Relief Effort on Tiny Island". Retrieved 2010-09-26.
  40. ↑ Agence French-Presse (2007). "Maximum strength Hurricane Felix aims for Central America". Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
  41. ↑ "Monitoramento – Ciclone tropical na costa gaúcha" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Meteorological Service. March 2010. Archived from the original on March 9, 2010.
  42. ↑ "The Associated Press: Mexico: Mudslide proves less deadly than feared". Archived from the original on 2010-10-05. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  43. ↑ "Fourteen dead in tropical storm". AFP. September 26, 2010. Archived from the original on September 28, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
  44. ↑ Staff Writer (2010-10-30). "Hurricane Tomas forms in eastern Caribbean". Montreal Gazette. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on November 2, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  45. ↑ Unattributed (March 16, 2011). "Arani – tempestade subtropical afasta-se da costa do ES" (in Portuguese). Climatempo. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  46. ↑ "Cari é rebaixado ao enfraquecer e ciclone se afasta do continente" (in Portuguese). Metsul. March 12, 2015. Archived from the original on March 22, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  47. ↑ Juan David Umaña Gallego (October 3, 2016). ""Matthew" provocó estragos en la Costa". El Colombiano (in Spanish). Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  48. ↑ Sandra Guerrero Barriga (October 1, 2016). "'Matthew' coge fuerza en su avance frente a la Costa". El Heraldo (in Spanish). Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  49. ↑ "Tropical Storm Bret blamed for at least one death". RJR News. June 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  50. ↑ Williams, Elizabeth (June 30, 2017). "Man injured when Bret destroyed home, has died". Trinidad Express. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  51. ↑ Carolyn Kissoon (June 20, 2017). "Barrackpore after Bret: $millions in damage". Daily Express. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
  52. ↑ Julie Celestial (September 23, 2019). "Severe flooding hits Trinidad and Tobago, Karen heading toward Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands". The Watchers. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  53. ↑ Ron Brackett (September 22, 2019). "Tropical Storm Karen Floods Streets, Traps People in Homes in Tobago". The Weather Channel. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  54. ↑ Carolyn Kissoon (September 22, 2019). "No school on Monday". Trinidad Express. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  55. ↑ "Tormenta Tropical Karen provocó inundaciones en Caracas y La Guaira". Descifrado (in Spanish). September 22, 2019. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  56. ↑ "Heavy rains cause casualties, damage in southeast Brazilian region". Xinhua News. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  57. ↑ Cappucci, Matthew (January 29, 2020). "Brazilian city experiences deadly flooding after 32 inches of rain falls in just 27 days". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  58. ↑ "Inundaciones en Colombia: 3 muertos" (in Spanish). Turkish Radio. November 15, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
  59. ↑ "Dos muertos y un desaparecido, el balance del paso de Iota por Providencia". El País (in Spanish). November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  60. ↑ "$150 mil millones invertirán inicialmente para atender emergencia en Providencia". Vanguardia (in Spanish). November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  61. ↑ "Após semana com tempestade subtropical, litoral de SC registra alagamentos com maré alta". G1.
  62. ↑ "Sobe para 32 número de cidades em situação de emergência por causa das fortes chuvas na Bahia" (in Portuguese). g1. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
  63. ↑ "Em 24 horas número de desabrigados pela chuva aumenta quase cinco vezes em MG". g1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  64. ↑ "CICLONE SE FORMA NA COSTA DO SUL DO BRASIL E PROVOCA CALAMIDADE NA BAHIA" (in Portuguese). MetSul Meteorologia. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  65. ↑ "No Uruguai, Yakecan provoca transtornos e causa pelo menos uma morte". 17 May 2022.
  66. ↑ "Corpo é encontrado no Guaíba após barco afundar durante passagem de tempestade Yakecan no RS; suspeita é que seja de pescador desaparecido".
  67. ↑ Glatsky, Genevieve; Romero, Tibisay (October 9, 2022). "Landslides Leave at Least 22 Dead, and Dozens Missing in Venezuela". The New York Times. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  68. ↑ Delacroix, Matias. "Hurricane Julia 22 dead in landslide in Venezuela". All News Press.com. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  69. ↑ Petley, Dave. "The 8-9 October 2022 disaster at Las Tejerías in Venezuela". The Landslide Blog. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  70. ↑ GESTIÓN, NOTICIAS (2023-03-11). "Emergencia en el norte: huaicos, inundaciones y desbordes hoy 10 de marzo". Gestión (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  71. ↑ "Ecuador: crecidas dejan tres muertos y miles de damnificados". San Diego Union-Tribune en Español. Associated Press. 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  72. 1 2 National Hurricane Center (2006). "Hurricane and Tropical Storm Watch/Warning Breakpoints". Archived from the original on July 8, 2007. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  73. ↑ Hurricane Research Division (2006). "Hurdat Data for Tropical Cyclones 1851–2005". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2006-07-05. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  74. ↑ Hurricane Research Division (2006). "Hurricane Data for Pacific Hurricanes 1949–2005". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2006-06-14. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  75. ↑ Hoose (1963). "Hurricane Flora Advisory 4". San Juan Weather Bureau. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  76. ↑ NHC (1988). "Hurricane Joan Tropical Cyclone Report Page 8". Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  77. ↑ NHC (1993). "Tropical Storm Bret Tropical Cyclone Report Page 10". Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  78. ↑ Avila (1996). "Hurricane Cesar Tropical Cyclone Report". NHC. Archived from the original on 2013-08-02. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  79. ↑ Blake & Avila (2007). "Tropical Depression Six Public Advisory One". NHC. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
  80. ↑ Stewart (2004). "Hurricane Ivan Tropical Cyclone Report". NHC. Archived from the original on 2007-09-11. Retrieved 2006-11-18.

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