Succession is an American satirical comedy-drama television series created by Jesse Armstrong that was broadcast on HBO from June 3, 2018, to May 28, 2023. A total of 39 episodes of Succession were broadcast across four seasons.

Series overview

SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedAverage viewership
(in millions)
First airedLast aired
110June 3, 2018 (2018-06-03)August 5, 2018 (2018-08-05)0.603[1]
210August 11, 2019 (2019-08-11)October 13, 2019 (2019-10-13)0.597[2]
39October 17, 2021 (2021-10-17)December 12, 2021 (2021-12-12)0.553[3]
410March 26, 2023 (2023-03-26)May 28, 2023 (2023-05-28)0.705[4]

Episodes

Season 1 (2018)

No.
overall		No. in
season		TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers
(millions)
11"Celebration"Adam McKayJesse ArmstrongJune 3, 2018 (2018-06-03)0.582[5]
The Roy family prepare to celebrate the 80th birthday of Logan Roy, CEO of the family-owned media conglomerate Waystar RoyCo. Logan's second-oldest son Kendall believes he will be the company heir following his father's retirement, but Logan announces that he will not be stepping down as CEO. He presents his children with papers giving his third wife, Marcia, two votes on the trust to decide his successor upon his death. During the family's traditional softball game, Logan fires his longtime COO Frank Vernon, and agrees to give a new position to his estranged great-nephew Greg Hirsch, who was fired from his job at one of Waystar's parks. Kendall leaves the game to secure Waystar's acquisition of the media startup Vaulter. On the helicopter ride back to New York City, Logan and his children Roman, Shiv, and Connor argue over the terms of the agreement, but Logan suddenly collapses from a hemorrhagic stroke and is rushed to the hospital. Kendall receives word of Logan's stroke from Lawrence Yee, Vaulter's CEO and Kendall's rival, immediately after securing the acquisition deal, and rushes to the hospital.
22"Shit Show at the Fuck Factory"Mark MylodTony RocheJune 10, 2018 (2018-06-10)0.491[6]
The Roy children are in disagreement over who should take control of Waystar in the wake of Logan's incapacitation: Roman and Connor want to sign the papers out of respect for their father's wishes, whereas Kendall believes he should become CEO, and Shiv is opposed based on doubts about Marcia's role in the company. Marcia sends Greg to retrieve Logan's items from his apartment. Roman asks Greg to bring the trust change papers, but Shiv instructs the opposite; Greg ultimately decides not to bring the papers. Shiv's boyfriend Tom Wambsgans proposes to her at the hospital, and she accepts. It is eventually agreed that Kendall should become acting CEO of Waystar with Roman as COO. Waystar's general counsel, Gerri Kellman, informs Kendall that Logan is $3 billion in debt due to his expansion into parks. Logan wakes up in his hospital bed.
33"Lifeboats"Mark MylodJonathan GlatzerJune 17, 2018 (2018-06-17)0.605[7]
Kendall learns that one of the creditors to Waystar's family holding company is entitled to demand full repayment for Logan's $3 billion debt if Waystar's stock falls below $130 per share. After a failed attempt to negotiate with the bank, Kendall enlists the aid of Stewy Hosseini, his friend from college who is now a private equity investor. Stewy agrees to inject $4 billion into Waystar in return for stock and a seat on the company's board. However, Greg later spots Stewy meeting with Sandy Furness, Logan's enemy who wants to take control of Waystar. Kendall is also trying to repair his marriage with his estranged wife Rava, but after a night together, she confirms she has already hired a divorce lawyer. Shiv asks Nate Sofrelli, a fellow political fixer and former boyfriend, to run a background check on Marcia. Kendall visits a recovering Logan to inform him that Waystar's stock has fallen below $130, but that his efforts have staved off a greater financial decline. Logan nonetheless disapproves.
44"Sad Sack Wasp Trap"Adam ArkinAnna JordanJune 24, 2018 (2018-06-24)0.543[8]
The Roys prepare for the company's annual foundation gala. Frank is rehired to mentor Roman in his position as COO. Upon starting his new role as the head of the Waystar's Parks and Cruises division, Tom is given secret documents confirming a massive cover-up of crimes committed on the company's cruises, including sexual assault and potential murder. Panicked, he confides this information to Greg. At the charity gala, Connor notices changes in the transcript of Kendall's speech, leading him to mistakenly believe that Kendall plans to announce Logan's retirement. He tells Logan, who opts to make a speech in Kendall's place announcing that he is returning to his role as CEO. Tom plans to go public about the cruises scandal, but Gerri advises against it during the gala. Tom angrily accuses Greg of snitching to Gerri about the scandal, which Greg denies. However, Gerri later thanks Greg in private, confirming that he did disclose the information to her.
55"I Went to Market"Adam ArkinGeorgia PritchettJuly 1, 2018 (2018-07-01)0.583[9]
Marcia invites Logan's estranged brother Ewan to Thanksgiving, and Greg travels to Canada to pick Ewan up. Logan wants to aggressively acquire more local news stations for Waystar, against the advice of his children and counsel. Kendall plots to hold a vote of no confidence against his father amidst his erratic behavior. Tom sends Greg to shred company documents pertaining to the cruises scandal, but Greg secretly makes copies. During dinner, an argument erupts between Logan and Ewan over the company and family's values, and Ewan storms out, warning Greg not to trust the Roys. As he leaves, Kendall suggests the possibility of a company takeover to Ewan – who is on Waystar's board – but Ewan refuses to conspire against his own brother. The dinner falls apart after Logan strikes Kendall's son Iverson during a game. Logan's behavior convinces Gerri to support Kendall in his vote of no confidence.
66"Which Side Are You On?"Andrij ParekhSusan Soon He StantonJuly 8, 2018 (2018-07-08)0.673[10]
Kendall, Roman, Frank and Gerri work together to amass a majority vote in favor of removing Logan from his position as CEO. Roman is able to sway Lawrence to their side. Logan travels to Washington, D.C. for a meeting with the President, but the meeting is cancelled last-minute amid concerns regarding a terror threat. Greg is advised by Ewan to stay out of the no-confidence vote, but Greg later discloses his knowledge of the vote to Tom. On the day of the vote, Kendall flies to Long Island to visit an ailing board member at her home to convince her to vote with him, but is unable to take a helicopter back to Manhattan due to a lockdown over the terror threat. He is thereby delayed in his arrival to the vote while stuck in traffic, and Frank begins the vote without him. However, a furious Logan refuses to leave the room during the vote and instead berates several board members (including Roman) to side with him, and fires everyone who voted against him, including Kendall and Frank.
77"Austerlitz"Miguel ArtetaLucy PrebbleJuly 15, 2018 (2018-07-15)0.626[11]
Kendall has cut off communications with his family and is suing Logan for firing him from Waystar. Tabloids falsely suggest that Kendall, a recovering addict, has relapsed. Logan attempts to repair his public image by holding a weekend family therapy session at Austerlitz, Connor's ranch in New Mexico, which Kendall chooses not to attend. After a fruitless initial session, Shiv leaves to meet with Senator Gil Eavis, a Democratic presidential candidate and Logan's public rival, after Nate persuades her to join him in working on Gil's campaign. Afterwards, she and Nate have a sexual encounter in her car. Kendall eventually does arrive in New Mexico, but chooses to join some locals on a cocaine and methamphetamine binge. Roman brings him back to the ranch, where an argument erupts between Logan and the rest of the family. Logan insults Tom and berates Shiv for meeting with Gil, causing her to leave crying. He also admits to planting the tabloid allegations about Kendall's drug use prior to his actual relapse. The argument nearly turns violent when Kendall dismisses Logan's stories of the abuse he suffered as a child at the hands of his uncle. The next morning, Logan is seen privately swimming with visible scars on his back, attesting to his abuse.
88"Prague"S. J. ClarksonJon BrownJuly 22, 2018 (2018-07-22)0.637[12]
Roman is put in charge of planning Tom's bachelor party. Though he initially wants to host it in Prague, Stewy invites him to a secret underground party held inside an abandoned New York railway station where powerful business and media figures mingle. Logan tasks Greg with ensuring Kendall's safety amid his renewed drug abuse. Tom is initially drawn to the party's unhinged, sexual atmosphere, but he becomes doubtful about his relationship with Shiv, unaware of her ongoing affair with Nate. He is eventually goaded by Roman into having sex with a woman at the party. Shiv meets Logan for dinner, where he implies that he knows of her affair. Shiv, perceiving this as a veiled threat, refuses to stop working for Gil. Marcia later calls Shiv to say that Logan will not be attending Shiv and Tom's wedding. At the party, Kendall meets with Stewy and Sandy, who want to buy out his share in Waystar for half a billion dollars. A vengeful Kendall instead proposes a hostile takeover that will grant them a controlling interest in the company and name him CEO.
99"Pre-Nuptial"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongJuly 29, 2018 (2018-07-29)0.558[13]
The Roys gather at an English castle in preparation for Shiv and Tom's wedding. Shiv believes Logan will not be present, but Logan chooses to attend to avoid bad publicity. Kendall, Roman and Shiv reunite with their mother Caroline, Logan's second wife. Tom is surprised to find that Tabitha, the woman who performed fellatio on him at his bachelor party, is now dating Roman. Nate meets Tom and tells him of his history with Shiv. Tom confronts Shiv about her infidelity, but she denies it and instead asks to know the details of the cruises scandal, hoping to use it as political ammunition for Gil. Greg later spots Shiv and Nate together, but when he attempts to relay his suspicions to Tom the following morning, Tom attacks him. Shiv tells Gerri that she will let the cruises scandal remain secret as long as ATN – Waystar's right-leaning news network — stops slandering Gil over his wife's suicide. Gil and Logan agree to a truce on these terms. Kendall is told by Stewy and Sandy that their takeover of Waystar has been moved up to the day of Shiv's wedding, as they would have more leverage over Logan while he is out of the country.
1010"Nobody Is Ever Missing"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongAugust 5, 2018 (2018-08-05)0.730[14]
Kendall serves Logan with his planned takeover bid. A furious Logan kicks him out, but begins scrambling to get ahead of the situation with his lawyers immediately afterwards. During the wedding, the siblings are infuriated to learn from Logan about Kendall's takeover plans. Shiv admits her infidelity to Tom and suggests that she is better suited for a non-monogamous relationship. Tom forgives her and later ejects Nate from the wedding. Outside the castle, Kendall does drugs with Andrew "Doddy" Dodds, a young waiter whom Logan had fired from the staff, and the two drive off in search of cocaine. They swerve to avoid a deer, and the car lands in the water. Unable to save Doddy, Kendall flees the scene and returns to the wedding in shock. The police investigate the following morning, and Logan tells Kendall that he will make the case go away if Kendall calls off the takeover and attends rehab. Kendall obliges and breaks down crying in his father's arms.

Season 2 (2019)

No.
overall		No. in
season		TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers
(millions)
111"The Summer Palace"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongAugust 11, 2019 (2019-08-11)0.612[15]
48 hours after Shiv and Tom's wedding, Kendall is pulled out of a rehab facility in Iceland to give a public statement regarding his decision to back off from his role in the hostile takeover. Logan's financial adviser Jamie Laird suggests that he sell the company and name his successor. Despite going to rehab, Kendall continues to indulge his cocaine addiction and receives his deliveries from Greg. The Roys assemble for lunch at the family's summer home in the Hamptons. Logan is unable to extract an honest opinion from his children about whether he should sell the company; he has each of his children individually meet him in his office, and offers Shiv the role of CEO during their meeting. Shiv is eager for the opportunity, but does not disclose it to Tom, only telling him that he has been promoted to ATN's Chair of Global Broadcast News. That night, Logan flies Kendall to a meeting with Stewy and Sandy, who refuse to come to a compromise.
122"Vaulter"Andrij ParekhJon BrownAugust 18, 2019 (2019-08-18)0.603[16]
Gil tells Shiv he'd name her chief of staff if he won the presidential election. Connor and Willa return to New York, where Connor prepares to announce his own bid for President. Logan suggests to Shiv that it would take three years for her to fully integrate into her CEO role. Tom tasks Greg with rooting out inefficiencies in ATN's operations, despite Greg's reluctance to work for the network. Logan has Kendall and Roman review Vaulter's performance; Kendall wants to keep the company, but Roman reports to Logan that its business is failing and that its employees want to unionize. Logan sides with Roman and tasks Kendall with closing down Vaulter. Shiv tells Tom that Logan offered her the role of CEO, which puts Tom's ambitions to inherit the company in jeopardy; Shiv assures him that his inheritance is safe. Shiv later quits Gil's campaign. Kendall terminates Vaulter's staff, flatly telling Lawrence that he is doing so on his father's orders.
133"Hunting"Andrij ParekhTony RocheAugust 25, 2019 (2019-08-25)0.607[17]
Logan plans to acquire rival media giant Pierce Global Media (PGM), against the counsel of his peers and family, and rehires Frank due to his friendship with the head of its board. The family departs on a hunting retreat in Hungary. On the way, Logan is furious to learn that someone disclosed information on him to author Michelle Pantsil, who is writing an unauthorized biography on him. While hunting, Greg confides to Tom that he met with Pantsil, and begs him to keep it a secret. Connor announces his presidential bid on a platform against taxation. Shiv has a one-night stand while Tom is away. During dinner, Logan finds out that PGM is already aware of his plans, and subjects Greg, Tom and Karl to a vicious hazing ritual called "Boar on the Floor" until the source comes forth. Kendall finds out that it was Roman who privately reached out to the Pierces. The next morning, Logan learns that Mo, a recently deceased board member, talked to Pantsil, absolving Greg of suspicion. Frank informs Logan that PGM's CEO is interested in a meeting. Logan tells Shiv it is time to bring her into the company.
144"Safe Room"Shari Springer Berman & Robert PulciniGeorgia PritchettSeptember 1, 2019 (2019-09-01)[lower-alpha 1]0.577[18]
Logan and Kendall meet with Rhea Jarrell, CEO of PGM, who relays the Pierce family's disinterest in selling their company. Tom investigates ATN anchor Mark Ravenhead, an alleged Nazi sympathizer, but their meeting is cut short by the sound of a gunshot. The building's occupants are ushered into panic rooms, where Kendall and Logan sway Rhea with a $24 billion offer for PGM, which she agrees to pass on to the Pierces. The source of the gunshot is found to have been an ATN employee who committed suicide in his office. Greg reveals to Tom that he kept copies of the cruises documents and blackmails him into giving him a promotion. Connor and Willa attend Mo (real name Lester McClintock)'s funeral; Pantsil is present and presses Connor on his association with Lester, a known sexual predator, but Willa helps rewrite Connor's eulogy to avoid him being entrapped by Pantsil. Roman, following Gerri's advice on how to earn his father's respect, enrolls in Waystar's management training program. He later finds himself sexually aroused when Gerri scolds him over the phone. Kendall tearfully confides to Shiv his belief that his loyalty to Logan is all he is worth.
155"Tern Haven"Mark MylodWill TracySeptember 8, 2019 (2019-09-08)0.507[19]
The Roys spend a weekend with the Pierces at their family estate. Conversations between the families become increasingly tense and culminate when matriarch Nan Pierce asks Logan during dinner who will replace him as CEO. Logan refuses to name his successor, and an indignant Shiv stuns the room by announcing she has been chosen. Kendall indulges in drugs and sex with Nan's cousin Naomi, a fellow recovering addict. She admits she despises the Roys and Waystar for running tabloids on her during her troubled past, and that she came to ensure that the acquisition fails. However, Kendall convinces her that the money from the deal could free her from the entanglements of a family business. The following morning, Nan (on Naomi's advice) agrees to sell PGM to the Roys on the condition that Shiv be named Logan's successor on the day of the merger. Logan refuses and calls off the deal. However, he receives a call soon after saying the Pierces have changed their mind. The Roys celebrate at Logan's home.
166"Argestes"Matt ShakmanSusan Soon He StantonSeptember 15, 2019 (2019-09-15)0.610[20]
The Roys attend Argestes, an international business conference, where they plan to finalize their agreement with the Pierces. However, they learn that New York Magazine has received a tip on the cruise line scandal and plans to publish an exposé within the next 36 to 48 hours. Despite the Roys' attempts to block the story's publication, it goes online the following morning while Logan and Kendall meet with Nan and Rhea. Shiv meets privately with Rhea, who admits that she wants the Waystar–PGM acquisition to succeed regardless of the scandal. Roman attempts to secure an investment from Azerbaijani aristocrat Eduard Asgarov, who agrees to provide his family's money if Waystar runs propaganda on behalf of his home country. Kendall, Roman and Shiv take the stage for a scheduled panel discussion, where Shiv shocks the audience when she makes comments seemingly suggesting that Logan should step down from the company. An argument ensues after the event, during which Logan strikes Roman. Nan decides to call off the acquisition and fires Rhea for conspiring with Logan.
177"Return"Becky MartinJonathan GlatzerSeptember 22, 2019 (2019-09-22)0.508[21]
Sandy and Stewy launch a public smear campaign against Waystar in the wake of the cruises scandal. Logan, Kendall and Roman travel to London to secure shareholder support from Caroline. Logan invites Rhea along to aid in strategy, and the two spend the night together. Shiv arrives in London and meets with Rhea, who proposes that Shiv become CEO of PGM; Shiv is not opposed to the idea, but remains suspicious of Rhea's motives. Shiv and Roman meet Caroline, who agrees to vote her shares with the family for a payout of 20 million dollars and her children visiting her every Christmas. Sandy and Stewy run tabloids suggesting that Doddy's death was a suicide triggered by Logan's bullying. Logan has Kendall come along to visit Doddy's family to sort out the situation; Kendall is thoroughly shaken, and revisits the house that night to secretly deliver cash to the family. He attempts to confide his guilt to Caroline, but she neglects to make herself available. Tom faces an internal investigation into the cruises incidents. He forces Greg to burn the latter's copies of the documents, though Greg covertly recovers some of them. Logan accuses Shiv of disloyalty for considering the PGM position; Shiv begins to suspect that Rhea may be plotting to take over the company.
188"Dundee"Kevin BrayMary LawsSeptember 29, 2019 (2019-09-29)0.579[22]
Rhea organizes a celebration for Logan's 50th anniversary at Waystar in his hometown of Dundee, Scotland. Shiv, now intensely suspicious of Rhea, schemes with her siblings to sabotage Rhea's chances of being named Logan's successor. Though they play along in hazing Rhea, none of the other Roy children are genuinely opposed to having her take over as CEO. Ewan arrives in Dundee and warns Greg that he will relinquish his $250 million inheritance unless the latter stops working for Logan. Gerri and other company advisors inform Shiv that a whistleblower plans to go public with details of the cruises incidents and is refusing to take a payout. Realizing that Rhea will bear the burden of the scandal as CEO, Shiv gives Logan her approval to name Rhea as his successor, which he does during a speech prior to his plaque unveiling ceremony. Marcia, feeling betrayed, leaves the event. Ewan confronts his brother at the ceremony and warns him that he will face a reckoning.
199"DC"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongOctober 6, 2019 (2019-10-06)0.705[23]
The company whistleblower gives a televised interview implicating Gerri, Tom, and Kendall in the cover-up of the crimes committed aboard the company cruise lines. Gil compels the Roys to testify before the Senate. Tom is the first to be called to the stand alongside Gerri and performs disastrously. Shiv attempts to leverage her past connection to Gil and learns that he has a new witness. Shiv meets with the woman, Kira, and talks her out of testifying by warning her that her allegations will follow her for the rest of her life. Logan sends Roman along with Karl and Laird to secure funding from Eduard's family so Waystar can go private; Eduard introduces them to his father in Turkey, but the pitch meeting is cut short when an anti-corruption militia holds the building's occupants hostage. Logan and Kendall testify; Logan attempts to deflect blame onto Kendall for overseeing the cover-up during his tenure as acting CEO, but Kendall delivers a sharp rebuke to Gil. After the hearing, Rhea tells Logan she no longer wants to be CEO. Logan tells Shiv that a "blood sacrifice" will have to be made to appease the company's shareholders.
2010"This Is Not for Tears"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongOctober 13, 2019 (2019-10-13)0.660[24]
Logan is advised by Waystar shareholders to take the blame for the cruises incidents. The Roys spend a holiday on their yacht in the Mediterranean, where they debate over who should be the company's public scapegoat. Roman, Karl and Laird return from Turkey apparently having closed the financing deal with Eduard's family, though Roman admits to Logan that it is likely illegitimate. Logan and Kendall unsuccessfully attempt to convince Stewy to back Waystar's privatization. Tom admits to Shiv that he is unhappy with their relationship. Shaken, Shiv pleads with Logan not to have Tom take the fall for the scandal. Logan ultimately chooses Kendall; during a private conversation, Kendall asks Logan if he ever saw him fit to run the company, but Logan tells his son that he doesn't see him as a "killer". The next morning, Kendall and Greg are flown back to New York for a press conference, where the former is set to accept responsibility for the company's handling of the crimes. However, Kendall suddenly deviates from his prepared remarks and instead blames Logan, announcing that his father was well aware of the misconduct and personally oversaw the ensuing legal settlements. Greg is present at the conference with the probative documents. Logan, who is watching a telecast of Kendall's statement, smiles enigmatically.

Season 3 (2021)

No.
overall		No. in
season		TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers
(millions)
211"Secession"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongOctober 17, 2021 (2021-10-17)0.564[25]
Picking up immediately after Kendall's press conference, Logan decides to split his inner circle into two teams: he, Tom, Karl, Frank and Hugo station themselves in Sarajevo to avoid being extradited to the U.S., while Roman, Gerri and Shiv are sent back to New York. Logan informs his team that he intends to temporarily step back as CEO; the family and company management debate who should take his place as a figurehead. Kendall, meanwhile, sets up a temporary base of operations at Rava's apartment, and hires two PR consultants to help steward his public image. He unsuccessfully attempts to sway more of Waystar's senior cadre to his side. Shiv attempts to acquire representation for Waystar from Lisa Arthur, a high-profile New York attorney and personal friend, but realizes Kendall has already hired her. In light of Shiv's perceived failure, Gerri is named interim CEO.
222"Mass in Time of War"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongOctober 24, 2021 (2021-10-24)0.520[26]
Shiv, Roman, and Connor covertly meet with Kendall, who refuses to compromise and attempts to persuade his siblings to join him. However, the discussion falls apart when Kendall declares that he will be CEO under their new arrangement. Seeing no personal benefit from siding with Kendall, the three siblings ultimately decide to remain aligned with Logan. Kendall additionally meets with Stewy and Sandi Furness (Sandy's daughter) to propose a partnership ahead of the company's shareholder meeting, but they remain skeptical. Greg obtains legal representation from Ewan's attorney. Logan has Marcia flown in to Sarajevo after his legal team advises that the two publicly appear reconciled. Marcia, disgruntled over Logan's infidelity, demands several assurances from the company to ensure her cooperation. Logan returns to New York and names Shiv President of Domestic Operations at Waystar, assuring her she is under Gerri's protection.
233"The Disruption"Cathy YanTed Cohen & Georgia PritchettOctober 31, 2021 (2021-10-31)0.405[27]
Both Kendall and Logan take steps to boost their respective public profiles. Logan refuses to cooperate with the Department of Justice's impending investigation, and attempts to pressure White House aide Michelle-Anne Vanderhoven into granting him favors from the President. Tom offers to take the fall by allowing himself to be incarcerated. Kendall sabotages Shiv's speech at a company town hall intended to allay employee grievances by having his assistants blast Nirvana's "Rape Me" from a speaker; an irate Shiv retaliates by publishing an open letter questioning Kendall's mental state, invoking his addiction issues and poor relationship with his children. Kendall prepares to make an appearance on a late-night comedy show that has been disparaging him, but backs out at the last minute after Shiv's letter goes online, deeply shaken by its contents. The FBI raid Waystar's offices, forcing Logan to cooperate.
244"Lion in the Meadow"Shari Springer Berman & Robert PulciniJon BrownNovember 7, 2021 (2021-11-07)0.484[28]
On Logan's orders, Shiv gets ATN to cover the White House more critically, in hopes of pressuring the President into curtailing the DOJ investigation. However, she finds that she is receiving little respect or support either from within the company or from Logan. Tom begins to unravel over his growing fear of going to prison. Greg informs him he has signed a joint defense agreement with Waystar after meeting with Logan. Shareholder Josh Aaronson requests a meeting with Logan and Kendall, worried that their conflict will endanger his investment, and leads them on a walk around his private island to hear each side's arguments. However, Kendall and Logan fail to present a united front, and Logan suffers from exhaustion on the walk back to Josh's mansion, refusing help until he nearly collapses. Kendall is later informed that Josh has lost confidence in Waystar's current leadership, and witnesses him meeting with Stewy.
255"Retired Janitors of Idaho"Kevin BrayTony Roche & Susan Soon He StantonNovember 14, 2021 (2021-11-14)0.584[29]
At the Waystar RoyCo annual shareholder meeting, both Kendall and Logan's factions attempt to broker a settlement with Stewy and Sandi (largely negotiating on behalf of her ailing father), realizing that going to a vote would almost certainly deprive the Roys of their majority stake in the company. Logan, who is suffering from a urinary tract infection, initially refuses Sandy's terms, but becomes increasingly incoherent, forcing the other children and senior management to negotiate on his behalf. The vote is stalled while Shiv and Sandi manage to reach a deal offering either side an additional board seat; the two sides agree on the terms without waiting for an incapacitated Logan to approve. Ewan decides to donate his entire estate to Greenpeace, leaving Greg with no inheritance. The President calls the Roys to announce that he will not be seeking a second term amid the blowback from ATN's attacks, jeopardizing Waystar's political survival.
266"What It Takes"Andrij ParekhWill TracyNovember 21, 2021 (2021-11-21)0.525[30]
Kendall's testimony to the DOJ regarding the cruises scandal goes poorly, and Lisa warns that the documents he has retrieved are insufficient legal ammunition against Waystar. An unsatisfied Kendall dispenses with Lisa's services and hires new attorneys. Meanwhile, the rest of the Roys travel to Richmond, Virginia to attend the Future Freedom Summit, a conservative political fundraiser, to pick a new presidential candidate in the upcoming election. While there, Roman learns that his mother is getting married in Tuscany to British CEO Peter Munion. Kendall arrives in Virginia and privately meets with Tom in an attempt to sway him to his side, but Tom refuses, believing Kendall will once again lose to his father. Among the presidential candidates, Roman takes a liking to Jeryd Mencken, a controversial figure with fascist leanings, who he believes will significantly boost ATN's ratings. Logan decides to back Mencken despite Shiv's protests.
277"Too Much Birthday"Lorene ScafariaGeorgia Pritchett & Tony RocheNovember 28, 2021 (2021-11-28)0.645[31]
The company receives word that the DOJ investigation is weakening and will likely end in a settlement. Tom is deeply relieved to be avoiding prison time. Logan, who has been working to acquire streaming giant GoJo, learns that its CEO, Lukas Matsson, declined to meet him personally. Shiv and Roman attend Kendall's lavish 40th birthday party to negotiate with Matsson, who is in attendance. Roman delivers his and Logan's gift to Kendall: an offer to buy out his shares in Waystar for $2 billion. Shiv is angered when she learns she has been excluded as a beneficiary. Roman meets with Matsson alone and proposes that Waystar buy GoJo without Matsson ever having to report directly to Logan; Matsson expresses guarded interest. Kendall, feeling hurt by the buyout offer and embarrassed with the hollow excess of the party, has an emotional breakdown while searching for his children's gift and has Naomi take him home.
288"Chiantishire"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongDecember 5, 2021 (2021-12-05)0.613[32]
The Roys travel to Tuscany for Caroline's wedding. Kendall demands a sit-down with Logan over dinner, where he requests taking the $2 billion buyout to permanently uncouple himself from his "evil" father, but Logan refuses. Caroline admits to Shiv she never wanted children and encourages Shiv not to bear one of her own; out of spite, Shiv asks to have a child with Tom, but tells him before sex that she does not love him, later passing it off as foreplay. GoJo's stock price soars after Matsson sends a tweet suggesting he has received major financing; Roman goes to meet him and discovers that Matsson is interested in a merger of equals with Waystar rather than an acquisition. Logan accepts the renewed terms, but Waystar's meeting with GoJo's bankers is derailed when Roman mistakenly sends a photo of his penis to Logan instead of Gerri. Kendall drunkenly floats facedown in his pool, and slowly lets his head sink into the water.
299"All the Bells Say"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongDecember 12, 2021 (2021-12-12)0.634[33]
Kendall is saved from drowning in his pool. GoJo's market capitalization overtakes Waystar's; Logan and Roman go to meet Matsson, who proposes that GoJo acquire Waystar with him as CEO while Logan exits with a settlement. Roman is sent back to attend Caroline's wedding, where he and Shiv discover that Logan has decided to sell the company without their input, jeopardizing the children's chances of succeeding him. They tell Kendall, who breaks down and tearfully admits his involvement in Doddy's death, only to be met with support from them to his surprise. The three recall a clause in Logan and Caroline's divorce settlement granting the children veto power over any change in company control, and decide to face their father together. On the way, Shiv informs Tom, who cryptically offers Greg a chance at significant ascension within the company. Upon being confronted by his children, Logan informs them that he and Caroline have renegotiated their divorce agreement, effectively depriving the children of company control. Tom is revealed to have tipped off Logan about the Roy siblings’ revolt.

Season 4 (2023)

No.
overall		No. in
season		TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers
(millions)
301"The Munsters"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongMarch 26, 2023 (2023-03-26)0.598[34]
Six months after the events in Tuscany and 48 hours before the GoJo acquisition, Logan celebrates his birthday in New York while Kendall, Shiv, and Roman are in Los Angeles to propose a new media startup to investors. The siblings learn Logan is attempting to purchase PGM again and decide to launch a rival bid. They meet with Nan and Naomi at the Pierces' California estate; Nan is indecisive about the competing offers from Waystar and the siblings, which in turn sparks a bidding war between the factions. The siblings ultimately sway Nan with a $10 billion offer, which Logan is forced to concede. Shiv returns to New York and finds Tom at the apartment they no longer share due to a trial separation. While Tom wants to discuss the breakdown of their marriage, Shiv tells him she wants to divorce him as painlessly as possible.
312"Rehearsal"Becky MartinTony Roche & Susan Soon He StantonApril 2, 2023 (2023-04-02)0.481[35]
Logan, who gets to keep control of ATN per the terms of the GoJo sale, visits the newsroom to announce his plans to radically revamp its vision. Stewy and Sandi tell the siblings they want to veto the GoJo acquisition at Waystar's upcoming board meeting to negotiate a price increase. All but Shiv dismiss their proposal and go to spend time with Connor, but Matsson privately calls Kendall to say he will call off the acquisition if pushed on price; Kendall suddenly becomes interested in Stewy and Sandi's offer. Logan meets with his children at a karaoke bar to convince them to allow the GoJo sale to go through, but Kendall and Shiv refuse to make peace with their father. Roman, growing weary of his siblings' desire to spite Logan, visits him at his home, where Logan asks his help in negotiating with Matsson, and offers him a position as head of ATN.
323"Connor's Wedding"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongApril 9, 2023 (2023-04-09)0.609[36]
On the day of Connor and Willa's wedding in New York, Logan departs for Sweden with Tom and the rest of his senior cadre (except Gerri and Hugo) to negotiate with Matsson. He decides to fire Gerri for her perceived mishandling of the fallout from the cruises scandal, and tasks a reluctant Roman with delivering her the news at the wedding. However, the siblings soon receive word from Tom that Logan collapsed onboard the plane and is unresponsive. It gradually becomes clear that Logan will not survive; his plane is turned around and he is pronounced dead upon landing. The devastated siblings are forced to coordinate a response alongside the rest of Waystar's executives. Connor and Willa go through with their wedding in a small ceremony, while Kendall, Shiv and Roman travel to Teterboro Airport to receive their father's body and issue a statement announcing his death to the press.
334"Honeymoon States"Lorene ScafariaJesse Armstrong & Lucy PrebbleApril 16, 2023 (2023-04-16)0.695[37]
Shiv is revealed to be pregnant. Logan's family and close associates gather at his apartment for his wake. Hugo approaches Kendall and informs him of a potential insider trading scandal involving his daughter. Frank finds an undated document in Logan's safe naming Kendall as his successor upon his death. Kendall is taken aback by the news while the others debate the document's legitimacy. Since the company's succession plan formally dictated that leadership be passed on to the COO – a title Roman currently holds – Kendall and Roman decide to run the company as co-CEOs. The brothers promise to involve Shiv in all operational decisions, but she feels dejected regardless. Given Kendall's past controversies, Hugo and Karolina propose a PR campaign questioning Logan's judgment leading up to his death, which Roman shuts down. Kendall, however, privately leverages Hugo to go through with the strategy.
345"Kill List"Andrij ParekhJon Brown & Ted CohenApril 23, 2023 (2023-04-23)0.652[38]
With Kendall and Roman now running the company, the Roys fly to Norway for GoJo's annual retreat, where they are hoping to finalize the sale to Matsson with a floor of $144 per share. Matsson, however, wishes to absorb ATN into the acquisition as well, which the brothers oppose. Matsson also privately confides to Shiv that he is trying to avoid a potential harassment scandal involving his head of PR, with whom he was romantically linked. Kendall and Roman eventually decide to torpedo the sale by indirectly convincing Matsson to call it off himself. However, Roman lashes out at Matsson during their next meeting for not giving them time to grieve their father, and openly calls off the deal. Matsson then bypasses the brothers and makes an offer directly to Waystar's senior management for $192 per share, which they pass on to the board, though all the senior management except Gerri, Karolina, and Tom are to be fired.
356"Living+"Lorene ScafariaGeorgia Pritchett & Will ArberyApril 30, 2023 (2023-04-30)0.847[39]
The Roys return to Los Angeles for Waystar's Investor Day, where they plan to launch "Living+", a luxury assisted living community that Logan had proposed prior to his death. Matsson dislikes the idea and unsuccessfully tries to convince Shiv to call it off, telling her about his hostile negotiation with Kendall and Roman in Norway. Shiv confronts her brothers, who admit they dislike the GoJo deal. Roman impulsively fires the head of Waystar's film studio in light of their latest film's troubled production, and later fires Gerri as well when she reprimands him for it. Shiv and Tom begin to reconnect romantically. Kendall prepares an outlandish presentation for the Living+ product launch, hoping to attract enough investment interest to render the GoJo acquisition untenable. Despite Shiv and Roman's concerns (and Matsson's attempts to sabotage him), he delivers his speech successfully, giving Waystar stock a major boost.
367"Tailgate Party"Shari Springer Berman & Robert PulciniWill TracyMay 7, 2023 (2023-05-07)0.739[40]
The night before the presidential election, the Roys host their traditional party for political insiders at Shiv and Tom's apartment. Kendall and Roman hope to build an antitrust case against the GoJo acquisition, but Shiv – who wants to preserve the deal – invites Matsson to the party in hopes of thwarting her brothers. However, the siblings later learn that Matsson has grossly inflated GoJo's subscriber numbers in India, which could create a fatal scandal for the company. Roman unsuccessfully attempts to convince Connor to drop out of the presidential race after his polling numbers draw support away from Mencken. Gerri refuses Roman's request to return to Waystar, having negotiated a hefty severance agreement. Tom is incensed by rumors of his firing circulating at the party, leading to a vicious argument with Shiv about their marriage. Kendall proposes to Frank that Waystar buy GoJo with him as sole CEO.
378"America Decides"Andrij ParekhJesse ArmstrongMay 14, 2023 (2023-05-14)0.746[41]
On election night, the siblings are torn over the candidates: Roman supports Mencken as he will advance Waystar's agenda – including blocking the GoJo deal – while Kendall is uncomfortable with Mencken due to blowback from his extreme politics affecting his daughter Sophie. Shiv, meanwhile, remains aligned with Matsson. Shiv finally tells Tom she is pregnant with his child, but Tom reacts skeptically. A vote center in Milwaukee is firebombed, destroying thousands of ballots that would have likely gone to Democratic candidate Daniel Jiménez; Roman uses the situation to pressure Tom into having ATN prematurely call Wisconsin for Mencken, while Connor concedes to Mencken as well. Kendall ponders backing Jiménez for his family's sake, but learns from Greg that Shiv is working with Matsson; hurt by his sister's betrayal, he throws in his support for Mencken. After Mencken wins Arizona, ATN calls the election in his favor.
389"Church and State"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongMay 21, 2023 (2023-05-21)0.789[42]
The Roys arrive at Logan's funeral amidst street protests that have broken out following the announcement of Mencken's win. Shiv advises Matsson to publicize his bogus subscriber counts in India while the news cycle is occupied with the election, and tells her brothers about her pregnancy. Ewan gives a charged eulogy lending insight into Logan's troubled childhood while condemning his brother's corrupt influence. Roman is unable to deliver his speech and breaks down crying, prompting Kendall to give one in his place. Shiv brokers a deal between Matsson and Mencken to allow the GoJo deal to go through in exchange for naming an American CEO, which she hopes will be her. Upon learning this, Kendall enlists Roman and Hugo to join him against Shiv at the final board vote on the acquisition. Roman, overwhelmed with the funeral and ashamed at letting his deal with Mencken backfire, walks into a crowd of rioters and gets assaulted.
3910"With Open Eyes"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongMay 28, 2023 (2023-05-28)0.896[43]
Kendall scrambles to secure board votes to block the GoJo deal. He and Shiv visit Caroline's estate in Barbados, where Roman is recovering from his wounds. Matsson interviews Tom and offers him the CEO position, believing he will be more obedient than Shiv; Greg tips off the siblings that Shiv will not be Matsson's CEO. The siblings then agree to let Kendall take over, forming a voting bloc. Upon their return to New York, Shiv learns Tom has been chosen as CEO; the siblings race to sway the board. The board comes to a 6–6 tie over selling to GoJo, with only Shiv's vote left; Shiv, however, has second thoughts about Kendall's competence, and votes in favor of the deal despite Kendall's protests. Tom is appointed CEO with Shiv by his side; Roman accepts that he and his siblings were never worthy successors; a devastated Kendall contemplates his future.

Notes

  1. ↑ Episode 14 was first made available on August 30, 2019, through HBO's digital platform.

References

  1. ↑ "Succession: Season One Ratings". TV Series Finale. August 7, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  2. ↑ "Succession: Season Two Ratings". TV Series Finale. October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  3. ↑ "Succession: Season Three Ratings". TV Series Finale. December 14, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  4. ↑ "Succession: Season Four Ratings". TV Series Finale. May 31, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  5. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (June 5, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.3.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  6. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (June 12, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.10.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  7. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (June 19, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.17.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
  8. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (June 26, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.24.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
  9. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (July 3, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.1.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
  10. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (July 10, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.8.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  11. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (July 17, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.15.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  12. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (July 24, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.22.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  13. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (July 31, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.29.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on August 2, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  14. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (August 7, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.5.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  15. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (August 13, 2019). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.11.2019". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  16. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (August 20, 2019). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.18.2019". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  17. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (August 27, 2019). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.25.2019". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  18. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (September 4, 2019). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.1.2019". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  19. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (September 10, 2019). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.8.2019". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
  20. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (September 17, 2019). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.15.2019". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  21. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (September 24, 2019). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.22.2019". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  22. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (October 1, 2019). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.29.2019". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
  23. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (October 8, 2019). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.6.2019". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  24. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (October 15, 2019). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.13.2019". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  25. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (October 19, 2021). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 10.17.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  26. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (October 26, 2021). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 10.24.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  27. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (November 2, 2021). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 10.31.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  28. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (November 9, 2021). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 11.7.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  29. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (November 16, 2021). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 11.14.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  30. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (November 23, 2021). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 11.21.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  31. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (December 1, 2021). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 11.28.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  32. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (December 7, 2021). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 12.5.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  33. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (December 14, 2021). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 12.12.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  34. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (March 28, 2023). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 3.26.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
  35. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (April 4, 2023). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 4.2.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  36. ↑ Salem, Mitch (April 11, 2023). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 4.9.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  37. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (April 18, 2023). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 4.16.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
  38. ↑ Salem, Mitch (April 25, 2023). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 4.23.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
  39. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (May 2, 2023). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 4.30.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  40. ↑ Salem, Mitch (May 9, 2023). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 5.7.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  41. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (May 16, 2023). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 5.14.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  42. ↑ Salem, Mitch (May 23, 2023). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 5.21.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  43. ↑ Metcalf, Mitch (May 31, 2023). "ShowBuzzDaily's Sunday 5.28.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on May 31, 2023. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.