Labial consonants

(articulated by using the lips)

Bidental consonants

• voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]

Coronal consonants

(articulated by using the tip of the tongue)

Dorsal consonants

(articulated with the middle of the tongue)

Laryngeal consonants

(articulated with the throat)

Nasal (stop) consonants

• bilabial nasal [m]
• voiceless bilabial nasal [m̥]
• labiodental nasal [ɱ]
• dental nasal [n̪]
• alveolar nasal [n]
• voiceless alveolar nasal [n̥]
• retroflex nasal [ɳ ]
• voiceless retroflex nasal [ɳ̊ ]
• palatal nasal [ ɲ]
• voiceless palatal nasal [ ɲ̥]
• velar nasal [ŋ]
• voiceless velar nasal [ŋ̊]
• uvular nasal [ɴ]

Fricative consonants

Sibilant fricatives

• voiceless alveolar sibilant [s]
• voiced alveolar sibilant [z]
• voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant [ ʃ ]
• voiced palato-alveolar sibilant [ʒ]
• voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (palatalized postalveolar) [ɕ]
• voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant [ʑ]
• voiceless retroflex sibilant [ʂ]
• voiced retroflex sibilant [ʐ ]

Central non-sibilant fricatives

• voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ]
• voiced bilabial fricative [β]
• voiceless labiodental fricative [f]
• voiced labiodental fricative [v]
• voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]
• voiceless dental fricative [θ]
• voiced dental fricative [ð]
• voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative [θ̠]
• voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative [ɹ̝]
• voiceless palatal fricative [ç]
• voiced palatal fricative [ ʝ]
• voiceless velar fricative [x]
• voiced velar fricative [ɣ]
• voiceless uvular fricative [χ]
• voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ]
• voiceless epiglottal fricative [ʜ]
• voiceless palatal-velar fricative (not possible) [ɧ]

Lateral fricatives

• voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ]
• voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ]
• voiceless retroflex lateral fricative [ꞎ ]
• voiceless palatal lateral fricative [𝼆])
• voiceless velar lateral fricative [𝼄])
• voiced velar lateral fricative [ʟ̝]

both fricatives and approximants

• voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
• voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ]
• voiced epiglottal fricative [ʢ]

Pseudo-fricatives

• voiceless glottal fricative [h]
• voiced glottal fricative (murmured) [ɦ]

Affricate consonants

Sibilant affricates

• voiceless postalveolar affricate [tʃ]
• voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ]
• voiceless alveolar affricate [ts]
• voiced alveolar affricate [dz]
• voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [ʨ]
• voiced alveolo-palatal affricate [dʑ]
• voiceless retroflex affricate [tʂ]
• voiced retroflex affricate [dʐ]
• Fricated alveolar clicks [ǃᶴ] (also voiced, nasalized, etc.)

Non-sibilant affricates

• Voiceless bilabial affricate [pɸ]
• Voiceless bilabial-labiodental affricate [pf]
• Voiceless labiodental affricate [p̪f]
• Voiced labiodental affricate [b̪v]
• Voiceless dental affricate [t̪θ]
• Voiced dental affricate [d̪ð]
• Voiceless retroflex nonsibilant affricate [tɻ̝̊ ]
• Voiced retroflex nonsibilant affricate [dɻ̝ ]
• voiceless palatal affricate [cç]
• voiced palatal affricate [ɟʝ]
• Voiceless velar affricate [kx]
• Voiced velar affricate [ɡɣ]
• Voiceless uvular affricate [qχ]
• Voiced uvular affricate [ɢʁ]
• Voiceless epiglottal affricate [ʡʜ]

Lateral affricates

• voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [tɬ]
• voiced alveolar lateral affricate [dɮ]
• Voiceless palatal lateral affricate [c𝼆]
• Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate [tꞎ]
• Voiceless velar lateral affricate [k𝼄]
• Voiced velar lateral affricate [ɡʟ̝]

Approximant consonants

• bilabial approximant [β̞]
• labiodental approximant [ʋ]
• dental approximant [ð̞]
• alveolar approximant [ɹ]
• alveolar lateral approximant [l ]
• velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ]
• retroflex approximant [ɻ ]
• retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ]
• palatal approximant [j]
• palatal lateral approximant [ʎ]
• nasal palatal approximant [ȷ̃]
• labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] [jʷ]
• velar approximant [ɰ]
• velar lateral approximant [ʟ]
• labialized velar approximant (voiced) [w]
• voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ]
• nasal labialized velar approximant [w̃]
• uvular approximant [ʁ̞]
• pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞]
• epiglottal approximant [ʢ̞]
• voiced glottal approximant (murmured) [ɦ̞]
• voiceless glottal approximant [h̞]
• voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]

Flap (tap) consonants

• bilabial flap [ⱱ̟]
• labiodental flap [ⱱ]
• alveolar flap [ɾ]
• alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
• retroflex flap [ɽ]
• retroflex lateral flap [𝼈 ]
• palatal lateral flap [ʎ̯]
• uvular flap [ɢ̆]
• velar lateral flap [ʟ̆]
• epiglottal flap [ʡ̯]

Trill consonants

• bilabial trill [ʙ]
• alveolar trill [r]
• alveolar fricative trill [r̝]
• retroflex trill
• uvular trill [ʀ]
• epiglottal trill

Lateral consonants

Approximants

• Alveolar lateral approximant [l]
• Velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ]
• Retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ ]
• Palatal lateral approximant [ʎ]
• Velar lateral approximant [ʟ]

Fricatives

• Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ]
• Voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ]
• Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative [ꞎ ]
• Voiceless palatal lateral fricative [𝼆]
• Voiced velar lateral fricative [ʟ̝]
• Voiceless velar lateral fricative [𝼄]

Affricates

• Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [tɬ]
• Voiced alveolar lateral affricate [dɮ]
• Voiceless palatal lateral affricate [c𝼆]
• Ejective palatal lateral affricate [c𝼆ʼ]
• Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate [tꞎ ]
• Ejective retroflex lateral affricate [tꞎʼ]
• Voiced velar lateral affricate [ɡʟ̝]
• Voiceless velar lateral affricate [k𝼄]
• Ejective velar lateral affricate [k𝼄ʼ]

Flaps

• Alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
• Retroflex lateral flap [𝼈 ]
• Palatal lateral flap [ʎ̯]

Ejective

• Alveolar lateral ejective fricative [ɬʼ]

Clicks

• Dental lateral clicks [ǁ̪] etc.
• Alveolar lateral clicks [ǁ] etc.

Ejective consonants

Plosives

• bilabial ejective [pʼ]
• dental ejective [t̪ʼ]
• alveolar ejective [tʼ]
• retroflex ejective [ʈʼ]
• palatal ejective [cʼ]
• velar ejective [kʼ]
• uvular ejective [qʼ]

Affricates

• alveolar ejective affricate [t͜sʼ]
• palato-alveolar ejective affricate [t͜ʃʼ]
• retroflex ejective affricate [t͜ʂʼ]
• alveolo-palatal ejective affricate [t͜ɕʼ]
• dental ejective affricate [t͜θʼ]
• palatal lateral ejective affricate [c͜𝼆ʼ]
• velar ejective affricate [k͜xʼ]
• uvular ejective affricate [q͜χʼ]
• alveolar lateral ejective affricate [t͜ɬʼ]
• velar lateral ejective affricate [k͜𝼄ʼ]

Fricatives

• bilabial ejective fricative [ɸʼ]
• labiodental ejective fricative [fʼ]
• dental ejective fricative [θʼ]
• alveolar ejective fricative [sʼ]
• palato-alveolar ejective fricative [ ʃʼ]
• alveolo-palatal ejective fricative [ɕʼ]
• retroflex ejective fricative [ʂʼ]
• palatal ejective fricative [çʼ]
• velar ejective fricative [xʼ]
• uvular ejective fricative [χʼ]
• pharyngeal ejective fricative [ħʼ]
• alveolar lateral ejective fricative [ɬʼ]
• velar lateral ejective fricative [𝼄ʼ]

Implosive consonants

• voiced bilabial implosive [ɓ]
• voiceless bilabial implosive [ƥ]
• voiced dental implosive [ɗ̪ ]
• voiced alveolar implosive [ɗ ]
• voiceless alveolar implosive [ƭ]
• voiced retroflex implosive [ᶑ ]
• voiced palatal implosive [ ʄ ]
• voiceless palatal implosive [ƈ ]
• voiced velar implosive [ɠ ]
• voiceless velar implosive [ƙ]
• voiced uvular implosive [ʛ ]
• voiceless uvular implosive [ʠ ]

Labialized consonants

Plosives

• voiceless labialized velar plosive [kʷ]
• voiced labialized velar plosive [ɡʷ]
• Voiceless labialized labial-velar plosive [k͜pʷ]
• voiceless labialized uvular plosive [qʷ]
• voiced labialized uvular plosive [ɢʷ]

Fricatives

• voiceless labialized velar fricative [xʷ] [ʍ]
• voiced labialized velar fricative [ɣʷ]
• voiceless labialized uvular fricative [χʷ]
• voiced labialized uvular fricative [ʁʷ]

Approximants

• labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] [jʷ]
• (voiced) labialized velar approximant [w] [ɰʷ]
• voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ] [w̥]
• nasal labialized velar approximant [w̃]

Palatalized consonants

• voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative [ʑ]
• voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative [ɕ]
• voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate [d̠͜ʑ]
• voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate [t̠͜ɕ]
• voiceless palatalized velar plosive [kʲ]

Pharyngealized consonants

• voiceless pharyngealized alveolar sibilant [sˤ]
• voiced pharyngealized alveolar sibilant [zˤ]
• voiceless pharyngealized alveolar plosive [tˤ]
• voiced pharyngealized alveolar plosive [dˤ]
• voiceless pharyngealized dental fricative [θˤ]
• voiced pharyngealized dental fricative [ðˤ]
• voiceless pharyngealized alveolar lateral fricative [ɬˤ]
• voiced pharyngealized alveolar lateral fricative [ɮˤ]
• pharyngealized glottal stop [ʔˤ]
• pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant [lˤ]
• pharyngealized alveolar nasal [nˤ]

Velarized consonants

• Voiceless velarized alveolar sibilant [sˠ]
• Voiced velarized dental fricative [ðˠ]
• Voiceless velarized alveolar plosive [tˠ]
• Velarized alveolar flap [ɾˠ]
• Voiceless velarized uvular plosive [qˠ]
• Voiceless velarized uvular fricative [χˠ]
• Voiced velarized uvular fricative [ʁˠ]
• Voiceless velarized alveolar lateral fricative [ɬˠ]
• Voiced velarized alveolar lateral fricative [ɮˠ]
• Velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] [lˠ]

Glottalized consonants

Click consonants

The less common clicks, such as are found in Taa, are not included.

Simple clicks

• bilabial clicks [ʘ]
  • either velar:
  • voiceless bilabial click [ᵏʘ]
  • voiced bilabial click [ᶢʘ]
  • bilabial nasal click [ᵑʘ]
  • or uvular:
  • [𐞥ʘ], [𐞒ʘ], [ᶰʘ]
• dental clicks [ǀ] (= ⟨ʇ⟩)
  • either velar:
  • voiceless dental click [ᵏǀ]
  • voiced dental click [ᶢǀ]
  • dental nasal click [ᵑǀ]
  • or uvular:
  • [𐞥ǀ], [𐞒ǀ], [ᶰǀ]
• (post)alveolar click [ǃ] (= ⟨ʗ⟩)
  • either velar:
  • voiceless alveolar click [ᵏǃ]
  • voiced alveolar click [ᶢǃ]
  • alveolar nasal click [ᵑǃ]
  • or uvular:
  • [𐞥ǃ], [𐞒ǃ], [ᶰǃ]
• alveolar lateral clicks [ǁ] (= ⟨ʖ⟩)
  • either velar:
  • voiceless alveolar lateral click [ᵏǁ]
  • voiced alveolar lateral click [ᶢǁ]
  • alveolar lateral nasal click [ᵑǁ]
  • or uvular:
  • [𐞥ǁ], [𐞒ǁ], [ᶰǁ]
• retroflex clicks [𝼊 ] (= ⟨‼⟩)
  • either velar:
  • voiceless retroflex click [ᵏ𝼊 ]
  • voiced retroflex click [ᶢ𝼊 ]
  • retroflex nasal click [ᵑ𝼊 ]
  • or uvular:
  • [𐞥𝼊 ], [𐞒𝼊 ], [ᶰ𝼊 ]
• palatal clicks [ǂ (= ⟨ 𝼋 ⟩)
  • either velar:
  • voiceless palatal click [ᵏǂ]
  • voiced palatal click [ᶢǂ]
  • palatal nasal click [ᵑǂ]
  • or uvular:
  • [𐞥ǂ], [𐞒ǂ], [ᶰǂ]

Glottalized clicks

• velar (uvular clicks not shown):
• glottalized bilabial nasal click [ᵑ̊ʘˀ]
• glottalized dental nasal click [ᵑ̊ǀˀ]
• glottalized alveolar nasal click [ᵑ̊ǃˀ]
• glottalized alveolar lateral nasal click [ᵑ̊ǁˀ]
• glottalized retroflex nasal click [ᵑ̊𝼊ˀ]
• glottalized palatal nasal click [ᵑ̊ǂˀ]

Pulmonic-contour clicks

• voiceless bilabial linguo-pulmonic stop [ʘ͡q]
• voiced bilabial linguo-pulmonic stop [ʘ͡ɢ]
• voiceless dental linguo-pulmonic stop [ǀ͡q]
• voiced dental linguo-pulmonic stop [ǀ͡ɢ]
• voiceless alveolar linguo-pulmonic stop [ǃ͡q]
• voiced alveolar linguo-pulmonic stop [ǃ͡ɢ]
• voiceless alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic stop [ǁ͡q]
• voiced alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic stop [ǁ͡ɢ]
• voiceless retroflex linguo-pulmonic stop [𝼊͡q]
• voiced retroflex linguo-pulmonic stop [𝼊͡ɢ]
• voiceless palatal linguo-pulmonic stop [ǂ͡q]
• voiced palatal linguo-pulmonic stop [ǂ͡ɢ]
• voiceless bilabial linguo-pulmonic affricate [ʘ͡χ]
• voiced bilabial linguo-pulmonic affricate [ʘ͡ʁ]
• voiceless dental linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǀ͡χ]
• voiced dental linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǀ͡ʁ]
• voiceless alveolar linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǃ͡χ]
• voiced alveolar linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǃ͡ʁ]
• voiceless alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǁ͡χ]
• voiced alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǁ͡ʁ]
• voiceless retroflex linguo-pulmonic affricate [𝼊͡χ]
• voiced retroflex linguo-pulmonic affricate [𝼊͡ʁ]
• voiceless palatal linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǂ͡χ]
• voiced palatal linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǂ͡ʁ]

Ejective-contour clicks

• bilabial linguo-glottalic stop [ʘ͡qʼ]
• dental linguo-glottalic stop [ǀ͡qʼ]
• alveolar linguo-glottalic stop [ǃ͡qʼ]
• alveolar lateral linguo-glottalic stop [ǁ͡qʼ]
• retroflex linguo-glottalic stop [𝼊͡qʼ]
• palatal linguo-glottalic stop [ǂ͡qʼ]
• bilabial linguo-glottalic affricate [ʘ͡χʼ]
• dental linguo-glottalic affricate [ǀ͡χʼ]
• alveolar linguo-glottalic affricate [ǃ͡χʼ]
• alveolar lateral linguo-glottalic affricate [ǁ͡χʼ]
• retroflex linguo-glottalic affricate [𝼊͡χʼ]
• palatal linguo-glottalic affricate [ǂ͡χʼ]

Percussive consonants

These are not found in any language, but occur as phonetic detail or through speech defects.

• bilabial percussive [ʬ]
• bidental percussive [ʭ]
• Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive [¡]