Smaller ships escorting two large ones
A flotilla of the Indian Navy's destroyers during Exercise Tropex 2023.

In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, manoueverable, long-distance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against smaller, short-range attackers.[1][2] Seventeen destroyers have served, or currently serve, in the Indian Navy. The navy operates 11 guided-missile destroyers from three classes: Kolkata class, Delhi class, and Rajput class.[3] Six other destroyers (three R class and three Hunt class) have been decommissioned and scrapped.[4][5]

India did not have any destroyers of its own until 1949.[4] The R-class INS Ranjit, built in the United Kingdom, was the first destroyer commissioned in the Indian Navy.[6] Two more of the R-class were later commissioned.[4] Three Hunt-class destroyers were commissioned in 1953 to succeed the R-class destroyers.[5] These ships (all of which were built in the United Kingdom) were decommissioned by 1976, with the Hunt-class INS Godavari the last.[7][8][9]

During the 1980s, India signed an agreement with the Soviet Union for five guided-missile destroyers, built as the Rajput class.[10] The first ship -(INS Rajput - was commissioned on 30 September 1980. Four of the five Rajput-class are still in active service, Ranjit was decommissioned in 2019.[11][12] The Rajput class was succeeded by the Delhi class, with INS Delhi, Mysore and Mumbai commissioned in 1997, 1999 and 2001 respectively.[13] The Delhi-class destroyers, built in India,[13] were succeeded by the Kolkata-class in 2014.[14] The three Kolkata-class ships were commissioned in 2014–2016, with INS Chennai being the last.[15] An improvement of the Kolkata-class, INS Visakhapatnam (part of the Visakhapatnam class), was commissioned in 2021. The second ship, INS Mormugao was commissioned in 2022. Two more vessels are planned as part of the Visakhapatnam class, and are under various stages of construction.[16]

Commissioned ships

Ten destroyers from three classes are in active service.[17] INS Kolkata, the lead ship of the Kolkata-class destroyer with about 7,500 tonnes of displacement, is the largest.[15] A total of three Kolkata-class ships are currently in service with the Indian Navy. The Kolkata-class destroyers were preceded by the Delhi-class destroyer which entered service with the 1997 of its lead ship, INS Delhi. The Delhi class were the first destroyers built in India. The Rajput-class destroyers, which preceded the Delhi class, consists of five ships built in the Soviet Union and were commissioned from 1980 to 1990.[10]

Visakhapatnam-class

The Visakhapatnam class (Project 15B) is a class of stealth guided missile destroyers under construction. An improved version of the Kolkata class and ordered in 2011, the first Visakhapatnam-class ship is expected to be completed in 2018. The first vessel of this class is expected to get commissioned with INS Vikrant and INS Arighat.[18][19] The class will have enhanced stealth characteristics and state-of-the-art weaponry and sensors, including the long-range Barak 8 surface-to-air missile. The first ship's keel was laid in October 2013. The Visakhapatnam class are armed with a 76 mm main gun and an AK-630 close-in anti-missile gun system.[20][21]

Ship Picture Armament VLS Displacement Service Origin
Laid down Commissioned
Visakhapatnam
  • 2 x 16-cell VLS[19] for Barak 8 missiles (range 0.5 km (0.31 mi) to 100 km (62 mi))[22][23]
  • 2 × 8-cell UVLM for 16 BrahMos anti-ship and land-attack cruise missiles[19]
  • 76 mm Oto Melara SRGM gun
  • 4 × AK-630 CIWS
  • 4 × 533 mm torpedo tubes
  • 2 × RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launchers[24]
 48 7,500 tonnes[24] 12 October 2013[25][26] 21 November 2021[27][28]  India
Mormugao 48 4 June 2015 18 December 2022
Imphal 48 19 May 2017 26 December 2023[29]

Kolkata class

The Kolkata class (Project 15A) is a class of guided missile destroyers with stealth technology.[14] By the year 2000, the Indian Navy had redesigned the follow-on Kolkata class to improve technology (including modern stealth characteristics) and in May of that year, approval for the construction was given. Concept and function for Project 15A was framed by the navy's Directorate of Naval Design, while the detailed design was developed by Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL).[30] It consists of three ships (Kolkata, Kochi and Chennai), built by Mazagon Dock Limited, which are the navy's largest destroyers. Due to construction delays and a problem discovered during sea trials, the first ship's commission was postponed from 2010 to 2014.[31]

Although the dimensions of Kolkata-class ships are similar to the previous Delhi class, their weaponry, sensors and helicopter systems have been upgraded.[32] With a standard displacement of 6,800 t (6,700 long tons; 7,500 short tons) and a full-load displacement of 7,400 t (7,300 long tons; 8,200 short tons) (two sources reported a full-load displacement of 7,500 t (7,400 long tons; 8,300 short tons)),[15][33] they are the navy's largest destroyers.[34]

The ships' main air-defence armament is two 4x8-cell vertical launching systems (VLS) allowing up to 32 Barak 8 (medium- to long-range) missiles.[35] Four AK-630 CIWS are fitted for near defence.[14]

The Kolkata-class ships' primary offensive armament is supersonic BrahMos anti-ship and land-attack missiles.[36] The BrahMos missiles are fitted into a 16-cell universal vertical launcher module (UVLM) allowing one missile per launch silo; all 16 missiles can be fired in salvo.[37] A distinctive armament of the Kolkata class is its 76 mm (3.0 in) gun forward of the bridge. The 76 mm gun provides limited anti-shipping and anti-air capability in addition to naval gunfire support for land-based operations.[14] For anti-submarine warfare, the class is equipped with a torpedo-launching system (with four torpedo tubes) and two RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launchers.[14][38] Bharat Electronics Limited's electronic modular command and control applications (EMCCA) Mk4 provides combat management.[39]

Ship Picture Armament VLS Displacement Service Origin
Laid down Commissioned
Kolkata[34]
  • 4 × 8-cell VLS for Barak 8 LR-SAM missiles
  • 2 × 8-cell UVLM for 16 BrahMos anti-ship and land-attack missiles
  • 76 mm Oto Melara SRGM gun
  • 4 × AK-630 CIWS
  • 2 × twin tube 533mm torpedo launchers
  • 2 × RBU-6000 anti-submarine rockets[14]
 48 7,400 tonnes[40] 26 September 2003[41] 16 August 2014[34]  India[14][17]
Kochi[42][43] 48 7,500 tonnes[42] 25 October 2005[42] 30 September 2015[42]
Chennai[44] 48 21 February 2006[41] 21 November 2016[44][45]

Delhi class

The Delhi-class vessels are the third-largest warships designed and built in India, after the Kolkata-class destroyers and the Shivalik-class frigates. They were built by Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai.[17] Delhi-class design has Soviet and Western influences, incorporating elements of the Sovremenny, Rajput and Kashin-II-class destroyers and the Godavari-class frigate.[46]

Delhi-class vessels are fitted with flag facilities, enabling them to act as command unit in task groups.[46] The vessels are equipped to enable operation in a nuclear, biological and chemical warfare environment.[47] For primary air defence, Delhi class is fitted with 9K-90 Uragan air-defence system comprising a pair of 3S-90 single-arm launchers and 9M38M1 Shtil missiles. One launcher is installed forward of the bridge and the other atop the dual helicopter hangar. Each launcher carries a 24 missile magazine for a total of 48 rounds.[48] The Delhi class is being upgraded with the Rafael Barak 1 point air defence missile system. It has a pair of eight-cell vertical launch systems and missile command-to-line-of-sight (CLOS) radar guidance with a range of 10 km (6.2 mi).[13]

The ships have a five 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes, which can be used to launch SET 65E active/passive homing torpedo and Type 53-65 wake homing torpedo, and is capable of hitting targets ranging from 15 km (9.3 mi) to 19 km (12 mi). They are equipped with two RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launchers with 12 tubes. They carry a 31 kg (68 lb) warhead and have a range of 6 km (3.7 mi).[13]

Ship Picture Armament VLS Displacement Service Origin
Laid down Commissioned
Delhi 16 6,200 tonnes[49] 14 November 1987[13] 15 November 1997[13]  India[17]
Mysore 16 2 February 1991[13] 2 June 1999[13]
Mumbai 16 14 December 1992[13] 22 January 2001[13]

Rajput class

The Rajput-class guided-missile destroyers built for the Indian Navy (also known as Kashin-II class) are modified versions of Soviet Kashin-class destroyers. The ships were built in the former Soviet Union with Indian modifications to the Kashin design. These included the replacement of the helicopter pad in the original design with a flight elevator (to transports flights, aircraft, and helicopters, from hangar deck to flight deck, and changes to the electronics and combat systems. Five units were built for export to India during the 1980s.[10]

The Rajput class inherited its anti-aircraft and anti-submarine warfare roles for aircraft carrier task-force defence against submarines, low-flying aircraft and cruise missiles from the Kashin class. They were the first ships in the Indian Navy to deploy the BrahMos supersonic cruise-missile systems, deployed during a mid-life refit of the ships. The missile system has four missiles in inclined, bow-mounted launchers (replacing two SS-N-2D Styx AShM launchers in INS Rajput) and an eight-cell VLS system replacing INS Ranvir and INS Ranvijay's aft S-125M (NATO: SA-N-1) SAM launchers. Ranvijay was deployed with an updated vertical launcher for the BrahMos missile.[10][12][50] The Indian Navy is planning to upgrade the propulsion of Rajput-class ships with an indigenously-developed Kaveri marine gas turbine (KMGT) engine. The Defence Research and Development Organisation Gas Turbine Research Establishment is developing this engine, which is currently being tested.[51]

Ship Picture Armament Displacement Commissioned Origin
Rana 4,974 tonnes[12] 28 June 1982[12]  Soviet Union[10][17]
[12]
Ranvir
  • 8 × BrahMos aft VLS and 4 SS-N-2D Styx AShM missiles
  • S-125M (NATO: SA-N-1) SAM launcher
  • 2 × Barak SAM 8-cell launchers
  • 2 × 30 mm AK-630M CIWS
  • 533 mm PTA quintuple torpedo tube launcher
  • 2 × RBU-6000 anti-submarine mortars[10][12]
 28 August 1986[12]
Ranvijay 21 December 1987[52]

Decommissioned ships

All presently-decommissioned Indian Navy destroyers were built in the United Kingdom and Soviet Union. The R-class INS Ranjit was the first destroyer commissioned by the navy; two more R-class ships were later commissioned.[4] Three Hunt-class destroyers were commissioned in 1953 to succeed the R-class destroyers.[5] The R-class INS Rana was decommissioned on 30 June 1973, the first decommissioned destroyer. It was followed by INS Rajput in 1973, INS Ranjit, INS Gomati and INS Ganga in 1975 and INS Godavari in 1976. All the British-built ships were decommissioned by 1976.[4][5] INS Ranjit became the first ship from the Rajput-class to be decommissioned. The ship was decommissioned on 6 May 2019.[11]

Rajput class

The Rajput-class guided-missile destroyers built for the Indian Navy (also known as Kashin-II class) are modified versions of Soviet Kashin-class destroyers. The ships were built in the former Soviet Union with Indian modifications to the Kashin design. These included the replacement of the helicopter pad in the original design with a flight elevator (to transports flights, aircraft, and helicopters, from hangar deck to flight deck, and changes to the electronics and combat systems. Five units were built for export to India during the 1980s.[10]

Ship Picture Armament Displacement Commissioned Decommissioned Origin Fate
INS Ranjit (D53)
  • 4 × SS-N-2D Styx AShM missiles
  • 2 × S-125M (NATO: SA-N-1) SAM launchers
  • 76.2 mm main gun
  • 4 × 30 mm AK-630M CIWS
  • 533 mm PTA quintuple torpedo tube launcher
  • 2 × RBU-6000 anti-submarine mortars[10][12]
 4,974 tonnes[12] 24 September 1983[53] 6 May 2019[11]  Soviet Union[10] Decommissioned
INS Rajput (D51) 4 May 1980 [12] 21 May 2021[54]

R class

The R class was a class of sixteen War Emergency Programme destroyers ordered for the Royal Navy in 1940 as the 3rd and 4th Emergency Flotilla. The Q and R class repeated the preceding O and P class, reverting to the larger J, K and N-class hull to allow for increased top weight (maximum permissible weight). Since they had fewer main guns than the J, K and Ns, magazine space was replaced by fuel bunkers[55] allowing for 4,675 nautical miles (8,658 km) at 20 knots (37 km/h). This compared with the 3,700 nmi (6,900 km) of the preceding classes. Like the O and P classes, they were armed with available weapons: 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns on single mountings allowing only 40° of elevation. As a result, on paper they do not compare favourably with many of their contemporaries. These ships used the Fuze Keeping Clock HA Fire Control Computer.[56] The R class repeated the Qs, except that the officers' accommodation was moved from the traditional right aft to a more accessible location amidships.[55][57]

Ship Picture Armament Displacement Service Origin Fate
Laid down Commissioned
(Royal Navy)		 Commissioned
(Indian Navy)		 Decommissioned
INS Rajput (D141)
Formerly HMS Rotherham (H09)[6]		 2,449 tonnes[55][57] 10 April 1941[55][57] August 1942[55][57] 27 July 1949[55][57] 1976[55][57]  United Kingdom[55][57] scrapped[4][58]
INS Ranjit
Formerly HMS Redoubt (H41)[59]		 19 June 1941[55][57] 1 October 1942[55][57] 1949[55][57] 1979[55][57]
INS Rana (D115)
Formerly HMS Raider (H15)[60]		 1941[55][57] 16 November 1942[55][57] 1949[55][57] 1976[55][57]

Hunt class

The Hunt class was a class of Royal Navy escort destroyer. The first ships were ordered early in 1939 and the class saw extensive service in World War II, particularly on the British east coast and in Mediterranean convoys. The Hunts were modelled on the 1938 escort sloop Bittern. The Hunt class had three twin QF 4-inch (102 mm) Mark XVI gun with a quadruple QF 2-pounder-mount Mark VII on a hull of the same length, but with 8 feet (2 m) less beam and installed power raised to 19,000 shp (14,000 kW) to give 27 knots (50 km/h). The first twenty were ordered in March and April 1939. They were constructed to Admiralty standards (like contemporary destroyers), unlike frigates which followed mercantile practice.[61][62][63]

Ship Picture Armament Displacement Service Fate
Laid down Commissioned
(Royal Navy)		 Commissioned
(Indian Navy)		 Decommissioned
INS Godavari (D92)
(Formerly HMS Bedale)		 1,450 tonnes 25 May 1940[7] 27 July 1946[7] 27 April 1953[7] 1976[7] damaged beyond repair 1976. scrapped 1979 [58][63]
INS Gomati (D93)
Formerly HMS Lamerton (L88)		 10 April 1940[8] 16 August 1941[8] 24 April 1953[8] 1975[8] struck from active in 1975 scrapped [8][63]
INS Ganga (D94)[Note 1] 1 March 1940[9] October 1941[9] 18 June 1953[9] 1975[9] struck from active in 1975. scrapped [58][9][63]

Future ships

Visakhapatnam-class

The Visakhapatnam class (Project 15B) is a class of stealth guided missile destroyers under construction. An improved version of the Kolkata class and ordered in 2011, the first Visakhapatnam-class ship is expected to be completed in 2018. The first vessel of this class is expected to get commissioned with INS Vikrant and INS Arighat.[18][19] The class will have enhanced stealth characteristics and state-of-the-art weaponry and sensors, including the long-range Barak 8 surface-to-air missile. The first ship's keel was laid in October 2013. The Visakhapatnam class will be armed with a 127 mm main gun and an AK-630M close-in anti-missile gun system.[20][21]

Ship Armament Displacement Laid down Launched Commission Status Origin
Surat
  • 2 x 16-cell VLS[19] for Barak 8 missiles (range 0.5 km (0.31 mi) to 100 km (62 mi))[22][23]
  • 2 × 8-cell UVLM for 16 BrahMos anti-ship and land-attack cruise missiles[19]
  • 1 x 76 mm Oto Melara SRGM gun
  • 4 × AK-630M CIWS
  • 4 × 533 mm torpedo tubes
  • 2 × RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launchers[24]
 7,500 tonnes[24] 19 July 2018[64] 17 May 2022[65] Launched  India

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Formerly HMS Chiddingfold (L31).

Citations

  1. ↑ "Definition of destroyer". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  2. ↑ "Definition of Destroyer". Merriam Webster. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  3. ↑ "Surface Ships". Indian Navy. Ministry of Defence, Government of India. Archived from the original on 24 July 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pike, John. "R-Class". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Mason, Geoffrey B (12 August 2011). "Hunt class Escort Destroyers - General Information". Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2. Naval-History.net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  6. 1 2 Mason, Geoffrey B. "HMS Rotherham (H 09) - R-class Flotilla Leader". Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2. Naval-history.net. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mason, Geoffrey B (2004). "ORP Slazak, Polish escort destroyer, ex-HMS Bedale". Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2. Naval-History.net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mason, Geoffrey B (2004). "HMS Lamerton, escort destroyer". Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2. Naval-History.net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mason, Geoffrey B (2004). "HMS Chiddingfold (L 31) - Type II, Hunt-class Escort Destroyer". Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2. Naval-History.net. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer". Military Today. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  11. 1 2 3 "INS Ranjit Sails into Sunset Culminating 36 years of Glorious Era". PIB. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pike, John. "D 51 Rajput Class". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Saunders 2016, p. 344.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Kolkata Class Guided Missile Destroyers". Naval Technology. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  15. 1 2 3 "Navy gets its largest destroyer". The Hindu. 13 July 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  16. ↑ "Project 15B Improved Kolkata Class Destroyer". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "Vikramaditya, Viraat, Delhi Class, Rajput Class, Kolkata Class". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  18. 1 2 "Navy's Next Destroyer Line Christened Visakhapatnam-class, 1st Launch Next Week". LiveFist defence. 15 April 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gady, Franz-Stefan. "China Beware: Here Comes India's Most Powerful Destroyer". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  20. 1 2 Som, Vishnu (17 April 2015). "All About the INS Visakhapatnam, Navy's Most Powerful Destroyer". NDTV. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  21. 1 2 "Keel Laid For Yard 12704 (1st ship of P15 Bravo)" (PDF). Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders. 12 October 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  22. 1 2 Dutta, Sujan (28 November 2015). "Israel ship missile test for India". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  23. 1 2 Pandit, Rajit (28 November 2015). "Gen Next missile defence shield built by Israel and India clears first hurdle". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 December 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  24. 1 2 3 4 "INS Visakhapatnam: 11 things you need to know about India's latest destroyer warship". Daily News and Analysis. 20 April 2015. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  25. ↑ "Keel Laid for P15 Bravo Ships". The Times of India. Mumbai. 25 October 2013.
  26. ↑ "Mazagon Dock Keel Laying Ceremony" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014.
  27. ↑ Ghaswalla, Amrita Nair (27 December 2017). "Advanced guided missile destroyers delayed by 3 years". The Hindu Business Line. Mumbai: The Hindu Group.
  28. ↑ Gupta, Shishir (1 November 2021). "INS Visakhapatnam to be commissioned on Nov 18, followed by INS Vela sub". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  29. ↑ "New stealth destroyer INS Imphal joins fleet". Hindustan Times. 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  30. ↑ Shukla, Ajai. "World-class warships at Indian prices". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  31. ↑ "Navy's ongoing hunt for heavy torpedoes leads to delay in modernisation process". India Today. 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  32. ↑ Shukla, Ajai (20 August 2012). "Dangerous consequences of warships built in India". Rediff News. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  33. ↑ "Largest destroyer project of Navy hit by delay". Defence Express. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  34. 1 2 3 "INS Kolkata". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  35. ↑ "On INS Kolkata, PM is Only Partially Correct". NDTV. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  36. ↑ "First test of BrahMos land-attack variant from the sea". India Today. 5 March 2008. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  37. ↑ "BrahMos missile test-fired from warship INS Kolkata". The Times of India. 9 June 2014. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  38. ↑ "Project 15-A Improved Delhi / VIshakhapattanam / DDGHM Kolkata". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  39. ↑ "Country's most potent indigenous warship joins service this month". SP's Naval Forces. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  40. ↑ "INS Kolkata". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  41. 1 2 Saunders 2016, p. 346.
  42. 1 2 3 4 "INS Kochi". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  43. ↑ "India's deadliest naval warship INS Kochi commissioned in Mumbai". Indian Express. 30 September 2015. Archived from the original on 20 July 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  44. 1 2 "Largest-ever 'Made-in-India' warship INS Chennai commissioned". The Times of India. 21 November 2016. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  45. ↑ "Guided Missile Destroyer INS Chennai Joins the Indian Navy". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  46. 1 2 3 Annati, Massimo (November 2004). "The Asian DDG Race". Military Technology. Vol. 28, no. 11. Bonne: Mönch Publishing Group. pp. 31–39. ISSN 0722-3226.
  47. ↑ Bedi, Rahul (17 September 1997). "Indian-built destroyer to be commissioned". Jane's Defence Weekly. Horley. ISSN 0265-3818.
  48. ↑ Khan, M A (September 1998). "DELHI and beyond". Military Technology. Vol. 22, no. 9. Bonne: Mönch Publishing Group. pp. 68–70. ISSN 0722-3226.
  49. ↑ "IN Ships-Destroyers-Delhi Class". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  50. ↑ Makiyenko, Konstantin (22 August 2011). "BrahMos sets the 'gold standard' for Russian-Indian defence projects". Russia & India Report. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  51. ↑ Kar, Sitanshu. "Modified Kaveri Engine to Propel Indian Navy Ships". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  52. ↑ Shankar 2005, p. 236.
  53. ↑ Muhammad 1999, p. 276.
  54. ↑ @ANI (20 May 2021). "INS Rajput, first destroyer of the Indian Navy, which was commissioned on 4th May 1980 will be decommissioned on 21st May during a ceremony at Naval Dockyard, Visakhapatnam: Indian Navy" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Friedman 2012, pp. 88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138.
  56. ↑ Hodges 1979, p. 15.
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Friedman 2011, p. 102.
  58. 1 2 3 Singh 1992, p. 56.
  59. ↑ Mason, Geoffrey B (7 August 2011). "HMS Redoubt (H 41) - R-class Destroyer". Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2. Naval-History.net. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  60. ↑ Mason, Geoffrey B (7 August 2011). "HMS Raider (H 15) - R-class Destroyer". Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2. Naval-History.net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  61. ↑ "British Hunt-class escort destroyers, WW2". Naval History. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  62. ↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Allied Warships of WWII: Escort destroyers – Hunt (Type I) class". Uboat.net. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  63. 1 2 3 4 Helgason, Guðmundur. "Allied Warships of WWII: Escort destroyers – Hunt (Type II) class uboat.net". Uboat.net. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  64. ↑ @ANI (16 November 2021). "Defence Minister Rajnath Singh will formally Commission INS Vishakhapatnam on Nov 21 in Mumbai. The next warships of the class would be named after important cities in the country including Mormogao, Imphal, and Surat: Navy Vice Admiral SN Ghormade" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  65. ↑ "Raksha Mantri launches two indigenous frontline warships - Surat (Guided Missile Destroyer) & Udaygiri (Stealth Frigate) - in Mumbai". PIB. 17 May 2022.

References

  • Friedman, Norman (2012). British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War & After. Barnsley, United Kingdom: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-015-4.
  • Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, United Kingdom: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
  • Gove, Philip Babock, ed. (2002). Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. Merriam-Webster.
  • Hodges, Peter (1979). Destroyer Weapons of World War 2, Volume 3 of Warship Special. Greenwich, United Kingdom: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-137-3.
  • Muhammad, Mahmood bin (1999). A Policeman Ponders: Memories and Melodies of a Varied Life. New Delhi, India: APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7648-026-0.
  • Shankar, Prasad (2005). The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment. New Delhi, India: Lancer Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7062-268-0.
  • Singh, Satyindra (1992). Blueprint to Bluewater: The Indian Navy, 1951–65. New Delhi, India: Lancer International. ISBN 978-81-7062-148-5.
  • Commodore Stephen Saunders, ed. (2016). "India". Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017 (119th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710631855.

Further reading

  • Lenton, H.T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. London, United Kingdom: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-55750-048-9.
  • Lyon, David (1996). The First Destroyers. London, United Kingdom: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55750-271-1.

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