This is a list of monarchs and heads of state of Finland; that is, the kings of Sweden with regents and viceroys of the Kalmar Union, the grand dukes of Finland, a title used by most Swedish monarchs, up to the two-year regency following the independence in 1917, with a brief flirtation with a truly domestic monarchy.

Part of the Kingdom of Sweden, from the High Middle Ages until 1809

Finland as an integral part of Sweden under the King of Sweden (Ruotsin kuningas).

Some texts suggest the Swedish rule of Finland started as early as during the Houses of Sverker and Eric (Sverker I of Sweden 1130–1156 and Eric the Saint 1156–1160). But the first historic documents suggesting rule by Swedish kings in Finland not limited to sparse crusades and conquests are dated at around 1249.

The House of Bjelbo

Birger Jarl

The House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents (Valtionhoitaja, Riksföreståndare)

Karl Knutsson Bonde

The House of Vasa

Juhana III

The House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken

Kaarle X Kustaa
  • 1654–1660 : Charles X Gustav (Kaarle X Kustaa), also titled Grand Prince of Finland
  • 1660–1697 : Charles XI (Kaarle XI), also titled Grand Prince of Finland
  • 1697–1718 : Charles XII (Kaarle XII), also titled Grand Prince of Finland
  • 1719–1720 : Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden (Ulriika Eleonoora), also titled Grand Princess of Finland

The House of Hesse

The House of Holstein-Gottorp

Kustaa III

Grand Principality of Finland in Russian Empire 1809–1917

The Grand Principality of Finland in the Russian Empire (1809–1917) with the Emperor of Russia as the Grand Prince of Finland (Suomen suuriruhtinas).

The House of Romanov

Nikolai II

Interim period 1917–1919

During the interregnum from the fall of Nicholas II to the end of the Finnish Civil War in spring 1918, sovereignty in Finland was exercised by the Finnish Parliament and, until the October Revolution and the declaration of independence, the Russian interim government. After the civil war, regents (valtionhoitaja) were appointed by the parliament and a new king elected.

In May 1918, President Woodrow Wilson stated that the U.S. “shall be willing to recognize the Republic of Finland only when she shows that she is not controlled by Germany, as she now seems to be".[1]

Regents appointed by parliament

The House of Hesse

NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Fredrik Kaarle
9 October 1918
–
14 December 1918
(67 days)		 Frederik Kaarle 1868
Prussia
Son of Frederick William, Landgrave of Hesse
and Princess Anna of Prussia		 Princess Margaret of Prussia
1893
6 children		 28 May 1940
Kassel
Aged 72		 King-elect of Finland

List of presidents (1919–present)

The president of Finland is Finland's head of state. Under the Constitution of Finland, executive power is vested in the president and the government, with the president possessing limited powers.

  National Progressive Party   Agrarian League (Centre Party (1965–1988), Centre of Finland (from 1988))   National Coalition (National Coalition Party (1918–1951))   Social Democratic Party of Finland (Labour People's Party of Finland (1899–1903), Social Democratic Party in Finland (1903–1906))

Rank Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Elected Took office Left office Political party (until election) Birth and death
1 Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
(1865–1952)		 1919 26 July 1919 2 March 1925 National Progressive Party (Ed.) b. 28 January 1865, Suomussalmi
d. 22 September 1952, Helsinki
Member of parliament (1908–1910, 1914–1918 and 1930–1933). Speaker of parliament (1914–1917). President of the Supreme Administrative Court (1918–1919). Elected as president by the parliament in 1919.
2 Lauri Kristian Relander
(1883–1942)		 1925 2 March 1925 2 March 1931 Agrarian League (ML) b. 31 May 1883, Kurkijoki
d. 9 February 1942, Helsinki
Member of parliament (1910–1914 and 1917–1920). Speaker of parliament (1919–1920). Governor of Viipuri Province (1920–1925). Elected as president by an electoral college in 1925.
3 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
(1861–1944)		 1931 2 March 1931 1 March 1937 National Coalition Party (Kok.) b. 15 December 1861, Sääksmäki
d. 29 February 1944, Luumäki
Member of the Estate of Nobles in the Diet of Finland (1894 and 1899–1906). Member of parliament (1907–1917 and 1930–1931). Speaker of parliament (1907–1913). Regent (interim head of state) of Finland (1918). Prime Minister (1917–1918 and 1930–1931). Elected as president by an electoral college in 1931.
4 Kyösti Kallio
(1873–1940)		 1937 1 March 1937 19 December 1940
(died)		 Agrarian League (ML) b. 10 April 1873, Ylivieska
d. 19 December 1940, Helsinki
Member of parliament (1907–1937). Chairman of the Agrarian League (1909–1917). Minister of Agriculture (1919–1920 and 1921–1922). Speaker of parliament (1920–1921, 1922, 1924–1925, 1927–1928, 1929 and 1930–1936). Prime Minister (1922–1924, 1925–1926, 1929–1930 and 1936–1937). Elected as president by an electoral college in 1937. Announced resignation in 1940 because of poor health, but died in office.
5 Risto Ryti
(1889–1956)		 1940
1943		 19 December 1940 4 August 1944
(resigned)		 National Progressive Party (Ed.) b. 3 February 1889, Huittinen
d. 25 October 1956, Helsinki
Member of parliament (1919–1924 and 1927–1929). Minister of Finance (1921–1922 and 1922–1924). Governor of the Bank of Finland (1923–1940 and 1944–1945). Prime Minister (1939–1940). Elected as president by the electoral college from 1937 in 1940 and re-elected in 1943 also by the electoral college from 1937. Resigned in 1944 due to the Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement.
6 Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
(1867–1951)		 1944 4 August 1944 11 March 1946
(resigned)		 Non-partisan b. 4 June 1867, Askainen
d. 27 January 1951, Lausanne, Switzerland
Regent (interim head of state) of Finland (1918–1919). Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Defence Forces (1939–1945). The only War Marshal and Marshal of Finland. Decreed as president in 1944 by an exception law. Resigned in 1946 because of poor health. Finland's only non-partisan president and the only president to die outside Finland.
7 Juho Kusti Paasikivi
(1870–1956)		 1946
1950		 11 March 1946 1 March 1956 National Coalition Party (Kok.) b. 27 November 1870, Hämeenkoski
d. 14 December 1956, Helsinki
Member of parliament (1907–1909 and 1910–1914). Prime Minister (1918 and 1944–1946). Elected as president by the parliament in 1946 and re-elected by an electoral college in 1950.
8 Urho Kekkonen
(1900–1986)		 1956
1962
1968
1978		 1 March 1956 27 January 1982
(resigned)		 Agrarian League (ML) b. 3 September 1900, Pielavesi
d. 31 August 1986, Helsinki
Member of parliament (1936–1956). Minister of Justice (1936–1937 and 1944–1946). Minister of the Interior (1937–1939 and 1950–1951). Speaker of parliament (1948–1950). Prime Minister (1950–1953 and 1954–1956). Elected as president by an electoral college in 1956 and re-elected in 1962, 1968 and 1978. In 1973, the term that started in 1968 was extended by four years by an exception law. Resigned in 1982 because of poor health. Served in the Finnish Civil War.
9 Mauno Koivisto
(1923–2017)		 1982
1988		 27 January 1982 1 March 1994 Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) b. 25 November 1923, Turku
d. 12 May 2017, Helsinki
Minister of Finance (1966–1967 and 1972). Governor of the Bank of Finland (1968–1982). Prime Minister (1968–1970 and 1979–1982). Elected as president by an electoral college in 1982 and re-elected in 1988. The first president born in independent Finland. Served in the Continuation War of the World War II.
10 Martti Ahtisaari
(1937–2023)		 1994 1 March 1994 1 March 2000 Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) b. 23 June 1937, Viipuri

d. 16 October 2023, Helsinki

Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations (1987–1991). Elected as president in 1994. The first president elected by direct popular vote. Nobel Peace Prize laureate 2008. Member of The Elders.
11 Tarja Halonen
(b. 1943)		 2000
2006		 1 March 2000 1 March 2012 Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) b. 24 December 1943, Helsinki
Member of parliament (1979–2000). Minister of Justice (1990–1991). Minister for Foreign Affairs (1995–2000). Elected as president in 2000 and re-elected in 2006. The first president subject to term limits. Finland's first female president.
12 Sauli Niinistö
(b. 1948)		 2012
2018		 1 March 2012 Incumbent
(Term ends on 1 February or 1 March 2024)		 National Coalition (Kok.) b. 24 August 1948, Salo
Member of parliament (1987–2003 and 2007–2011). Chairman of the National Coalition Party (1994–2001). Minister of Justice (1995–1996). Minister of Finance (1996–2003). Speaker of parliament in 2007–2011. Elected as president in 2012 and re-elected in 2018.
Sauli NiinistöTarja HalonenMartti AhtisaariMauno KoivistoUrho KekkonenJuho Kusti PaasikiviCarl Gustaf Emil MannerheimRisto RytiKyösti KallioPehr Evind SvinhufvudLauri Kristian RelanderKaarlo Juho Ståhlberg

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://finlandabroad.fi/web/usa/current-affairs/-/asset_publisher/h5w4iTUJhNne/content/centennial-story-of-finland-part-2-first-years-of-independence-1917-1927/384951
  2. ↑ During Svinhufvud's regency, Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse was elected as the King of Finland on 9 October 1918. He never took office and renounced the throne on 14 December 1918.
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