List of percussion instruments

Collection of percussion instruments

This is a wide-ranging, inclusive list of percussion instruments.

It includes:

Instruments classified by Hornbostel–Sachs as struck or friction idiophones, struck or friction membranophones or struck chordophones. Where an instrument meets this definition but is often or traditionally excluded from the term percussion this is noted.
Instruments commonly used as unpitched and/or untuned percussion.
Instruments commonly part of the percussion section of a band or orchestra.

These three groups overlap heavily, but inclusion in any one is sufficient for an instrument to be included in this list. However, when only a specific subtype of the instrument qualifies as a percussion instrument, only that subtype is listed here. For example, a samba whistle (or apito) is an unpitched percussion instrument, but a whistle in general is not.

For brevity, synonyms represented in Wikipedia by redirects to a main article are not listed, but may be mentioned as a note. Only the main article names are listed in these cases. For example, apito is listed but samba whistle is merely noted as an alternate name. A distinct instrument or type represented only by a redirect to an article section should however be shown. Instruments represented only by redlinks have no Wikipedia articles as yet but are shown.

See list of percussion instruments by type for some shorter, more focused lists. Use the sorting arrows on the common usage column to group instruments as pitched, unpitched or both. Use the sorting arrows on the Classification column to group instruments according to their Hornbostel–Sachs classification.

Percussion instruments

Name(s)	Picture	Origin	Common usage Pitched /Unpitched /Both	Hornbostel–Sachs Classification	References and notes
Aburukuwa		Ghana	Unpitched	211 Membranophone
Acme siren		England	Unpitched	Aerophone
Afoxé		Brazil	Unpitched	112.122 Idiophone
Agogô		Yoruba	Unpitched	111.242 Idiophone	Commonly used in Samba.
Agung		Philippines	Unpitched	111.241.2 Idiophone
Agung a tamlang		Philippines		111.24 Idiophone
Alarm device			Both		May be electronic or mechanical
Alfaia		Brazil	Unpitched	211.212.1 Membranophone
Alligator drum		China	Unpitched	211.2 Membranophone
Angklung		Indonesia	Pitched	111.232 Idiophone	^[1]
Anvil			Unpitched	111 Idiophone	A similar-sounding alternative is often used due to the weight of the blacksmith's anvil^[2]
Apito		Brazil	Unpitched	421.221.11 Aerophone	Also known as samba whistle. Some apitos produce up to three different tones, but none of these is normally used as a pitched note.^[3]
Ashiko		Yoruba	Unpitched	211.251.1 Membranophone
Atabaque		Brazil	Unpitched	211.221.1 Membranophone
Atumpan		Ghana	Unpitched	211 . 221 . 1 Membranophone
Axatse		Ghana	Unpitched	454.456 Idiophone
Babendil		Philippines	Unpitched	111.242.1 Idiophone
Bak		Korea	Unpitched	111.12 Idiophone
Balafon		Mali	Pitched	111.212 Idiophone
Bamboo clapper		Myanmar	Unpitched	321.321.6 Idiophone
Bamboula			Unpitched	211.212.1 Membranophone
Bara		West Africa	Unpitched	211.11 Membranophone
Bass drum			Unpitched	211.212.1 Membranophone
Batá drum		Nigeria	Unpitched	211.242.12 Membranophone
Beatboxing			Both	4 Aerophone
Bedug		Indonesia	Unpitched	211.212.1 Membranophone
Bell		China	Both	111.242 Idiophone
Bell plate		Asia	Pitched	111.222 Idiophone
Bell tree			Unpitched	111.242.221 Idiophone	Often confused with mark tree
Bendir		North Africa	Unpitched	211.311 Membranophone
Berimbau		Brazil	Pitched	Chordophone
Bianzhong		China	Pitched	Idiophone
Binzasara		Japan	Unpitched	Idiophone
Bo			Unpitched	Idiophone
Bock-a-da-bock			Unpitched	111.1 Idiophone
Bodhrán		Ireland	Unpitched	211.321 Membranophone
Body percussion			Unpitched	Membranophone
Bombo criollo			Unpitched	Membranophone	A family of Latin American drums derived from the European bass drum
Bombo legüero			Unpitched	Membranophone	Argentina
Bonang		Indonesia	Pitched	111.241.2 Idiophone
Bones (instrument)			Unpitched	111.11 Idiophone
Bongo drum		Cuba	Unpitched	211.251.2 Membranophone
Boobam		United States	Unpitched	211.211.1 Membranophone
Boomwhacker		United States	Pitched	Idiophone	Plastic percussion tubes
Bougarabou		West Africa	Unpitched	211.261.2 Membranophone
Bubon		Ukraine	Unpitched	232.311 Membranophone	Type of skinned Tambourine
Buk		Korea	Unpitched	211.222.1 Membrarophone
Cabasa			Unpitched	112.122 Idiophone
Cajón		Peru	Unpitched	111.24 Idiophone	Box Drum
Cajón de rumba		Cuba	Unpitched	111.24 Idiophone
Calung		Indonesia	Pitched	111.232 Idiophone
Carimbo		Africa	Unpitched	Membranophone
Candombe drums		Uruguay	Unpitched	Membranophone
Cannon			Unpitched	Pyrophone	Used in 1812 Overture
Cantaro		Mexico
Carillon		Low Countries	Pitched	111.242.2 Idiophone	A type of bell tower inner workings.
Castanets			Unpitched	111.141 Idiophone
Caxirola		Brazil	Unpitched	Idiophone
Caxixi		West Africa	Unpitched	112.13	African basket rattle
Celesta		France	Pitched	111.222 Idiophone	As a keyboard instrument, not part of the percussion section of the orchestra^[4]
Chácaras		Canary Islands	Unpitched	111.141 Idiophone
Chenda		India	Unpitched	211.212 Membranophone
Chime bar			Pitched	111.221 Idiophone
Chime (bell instrument)			Pitched	111.242.2 Idiophone
China cymbal			Unpitched	111.24 Idiophone
Cimbalom		Hungary	Pitched	Chordophone
Clapper			Unpitched	Idiophone
Clapping			Unpitched	Idiophone
Clap stick		Australia	Unpitched	111.11 Idiophone
Clash cymbals			Unpitched	111.142 Idiophone	Better known as crash cymbals
Claves			Unpitched	111.11 Idiophone
Clavichord			Pitched	314.122-4-8 Chordophone	Sound formed by striking the strings, but played as a keyboard instrument
Cocktail drum			Unpitched	Membranophone
Conga		Cuba	Unpitched	211.221.1 Membranophone
Cowbell			Both	111.242 Idiophone	Tuned cowbells are known as almglocken or alpine bells^[5]
Crotale			Both	111.24 Idiophone
Crystallophone			Pitched	Idiophone
Cuíca		Disputed	Pitched	231.11 Friction Membranophone
Cultrun		Chile	Unpitched	321.322 Membranophone
Cup chime			Pitched	111.24 Idiophone	The only pitched cymbal, it is identical to a bell cymbal in all but usage
Cymbal			Unpitched	111 Idiophone
Dabakan		Philippines	Unpitched	211 Membranophone	Although shape is variously described as goblet, hourglass, conical, or tubular.
Daf		Iran	Unpitched	211.311 Membranophone	Also known as Dafli, Dap, Def, Tef, Defi, Gaval, Duf, and larger ones defi or daire
Damaru		South Asia	Unpitched	212 Membranophone	Type of Pellet drum.
Damphu		Nepal	Unpitched	Membranophone
Đàn tam thập lục		Vietnam	Pitched	Chordophone	Type of hammered dulcimer.
Davul			Unpitched	211.212 Membranophone
Daxophone		Germany	Pitched	132.1 Friction Idiophone	Bowed percussion invented by Hans Reichel
Dayereh		Iran	Unpitched	211.311 Membranophone	Also known as doyra, dojra, dajre, doira, dajreja
Den-den daiko		Japan	Unpitched	212 Membranophone	Type of Pellet drum.
Derkach		Ukraine	Unpitched	112.24 Idiophone	Type of ratchett
Dhaa		Nepal	Unpitched	211.212 Membranophone
Dhimay		Nepal	Unpitched	211.212 Membranophone
Dholak		South Asia	Both	211.222.1 Membranophone	Also known as dholki, similar to dohl
Dhol		India	Both	211.212.1 Membranophone	The bass head is pitched, the treble often unpitched, see pitched percussion instruments easily mistaken for unpitched
Dimdi		India	Unpitched	211.311 Membranophone
Djembe		Mandinka	Unpitched	211.261.1 Membranophone
Dollu		India	Unpitched	211.222.1 Membranophone
Đông Sơn drums		Vietnam			Bronze drums
Drum				Membranophone
Drum stick			Unpitched	111.11 Idiophone
Drum kit		New Orleans	Unpitched	Membranophone
Dunun		Mandé	Both	211.212.1 Membranophone	In ballet style playing, a repeating melody is played on three pitched drums
Egg shaker			Unpitched	112.13 Idiophone
Ekwe		Nigeria	Unpitched	111.24 Idiophone	A type of slit drum
Electronic drum		England	Both	53 Electrophone
Esterilla		Colombia	Unpitched	Idiophone
Ferrinho		Cape Verde	Unpitched	Idiophone
Fiddlesticks				Chordophone
Finger snapping			Unpitched	Idiophone
Flexatone			Pitched	112.12 Idiophone
Flower drum		China	Unpitched	Idiophone
Fontomfrom		Ghana		Membranophone
Found object
Frame drum			Unpitched	211.3 Membranophone
Friction drum			Both	Membranophone	A drum where a stick or chord is drawn through a hole in the membrane to make a sound.
Frog güiro
Galgo		Korea	Unpitched	211.242.1 Membranophone
Gandingan		Philippines	Unpitched	111.241.2 Idiophone
Ganzá		Brazil	Unpitched	112.13
Gbedu		Yoruba	Unpitched	Membranophone
Gendèr		Indonesia	Pitched	111.222 Idiophone
Geophone		France	Unpitched	Membranophone
Ghatam		India	Unpitched	Idiophone
Glasschord
Glass harmonica		United States	Pitched	133.2 Idiophone	Specifically a friction Idiophone
Glass harp		Ireland	Pitched	133.2 Idiophone	Specifically a friction Idiophone
Glockenspiel			Pitched	111.212 Idiophone
Goblet drum			Unpitched	211.261 Membranophone	Generic type by construction, see also individual instrument names
Goema		South Africa	Unpitched	Membranophone
Gong		Brunei China Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Myanmar Tibet Vietnam	Pitched	111.241.1 Idiophone
Gong bass drum		Japan	Unpitched	211.311 Membranophone
Gonguê		Brazil	Unpitched	111.242 Idiophone
Gudugudu		Yoruba	Pitched	211.11 Membranophone
Güira		Dominican Republic	Unpitched	112.23 Idiophone
Güiro		Cuba, Panama	Unpitched	112.23 Idiophone	Also known as scraper
Hammered dulcimer			Pitched	Chordophone	Listed as a stringed instrument in some classifications
Handbell		England	Both	111.242 Idiophone
Handchime			Pitched	111.231 Idiophone
Hand-repique		Brazil		211.211.1 Membranophone
Handpan			Pitched	111.24 Idiophone
Hang			Pitched	111.24 Idiophone
Hi-hat			Unpitched	111.142 Idiophone
Hosho		Zimbabwe	Unpitched	112.13 Idiophone
Huiringua					Type of slit drum
Hydraulophone
Hyoshigi		Japan	Unpitched	111.11 Idiophone
Igba			Unpitched	Membranophone
Ikembe		Africa	Pitched	122.1 Idiophone	Lamellophone
Ikoro		Nigeria	Unpitched	111.24 Idiophone
Ilimba		Zimbabwe	Unpitched	211.11 Membranophone
Jam block			Unpitched	111.2 Idiophone
Janggu / Janggo / Changgo		Korea	Pitched	211.242.1 Membranophone
Jawbone		Peru	Unpitched	112.211 Idiophone
Jew's harp		China	Pitched	121.22 Lamellophone
Jhallari		India	Pitched	Chordophone
Jingle
Junjung		Serer	Unpitched	Membranophone
Kakko		Japan	Unpitched	211.212.1 Membranophone
Kanjira		India	Unpitched	211.311 Membranophone
Karyenda
Kebero		Ethiopia	Unpitched	Membranophone
Kecer		Indonesia	Unpitched	111.142 Idiophone
Kemanak		Indonesia	Pitched	111.24 Idiophone
Kempyang and ketuk		Indonesia		111.241.1 Idiophone
Kendang		Southeast Asia	Unpitched	211.222.1 Membranophone
Kenong		Indonesia	Pitched	111.241.2 Idiophone
Kepyak		Indonesia	Unpitched	111 Idiophone
Keyboard glockenspiel			Pitched	111.222 Idiophone	A keyboard instrument, not normally part of a percussion section
Khim		South Asia	Pitched	Chordophone	Type of hammered dulcimer
Khol		India	Unpitched	Membranophone
Kirikoketa		Basque		Idiophone
Kiringi
Kisanji		Congo	Pitched	Lamellaphone
Klong khaek		Thailand	Unpitched	Membranophone
Klong yao		Thailand	Unpitched	Membranophone
Kouxian		China	Both	121.2 Idiophone
Kpanlogo		Ghana	Unpitched	211.221.1 Membranophone
Kulintang		Southeast Asia	Pitched	111.241.2 Idiophone
Kundu	,	Papua	Unpitched	211.222.1 Membranophone	Papuan musical instrument
Kus		Persia		Membranophone	Ancient Persian kettledrum
Lambeg		Ireland	Unpitched	211.212 Membranophone
Lion's roar			Unpitched	232.11 Membranophone	Has also been referred to as a Chordophone or a Friction drum
Lithophone		Global	Pitched	Idiophone	Either natural or placed rock formations which produce differing tones when struck.
Lujon		United States	Pitched	111.222 Idiophone	Bass Metalophone
Lummi stick		Native American	Unpitched	111.11 Idiophone
Madal		Nepal	Unpitched	Membranophone
Maddale		India	Unpitched	211.222 Membranophonre
Madhalam		India	Unpitched	Mambranophone
Maktoum			Unpitched	Membranophone
Makuta		Cuba	Unpitched	Membranophone
Malimbe		Congo	Pitched	111.212 Idiophone
Mangey		Middle East	Unpitched	Membranophone
Maraca		Venezuela	Unpitched	112.13 Idiophone
Maram (drum)		India		Membranophone
Marching machine			Unpitched	111.212 Idiophone	^[6]
Marfa
Marimba		Africa Guatemala Mexico Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica	Pitched	111.212 Idiophone
Marímbula		Caribbean	Pitched	122.1 Idiophone
Mark tree		United States	Unpitched	111.232 Idiophone	Also known as a chime tree or bar chimes
Mbira		Africa	Pitched	122.1 Idiophone	African musical instrument, a type of plucked idiophone (lamellophone)
Metallophone		Asia	Pitched	111.222 Idiophone
Metronome		Andalusia/Germany	unpitched	Idiophone	Mechanical
Mirwas		Bahrain Brunei Indonesia Oman Saudi Arabia Yemen	Both	Membranophone
Monkey stick		England	Unpitched	112.12 Idiophone	Also known as mendoza or lagerphone
Mridangam		India	Pitched	211.222.1 Membranophone
Musical saw			Pitched	132.1 Friction Idiophone
Nagara		Asia Azerbaijan Dagestan Iran Turkey Turkmenistan	Unpitched	Membranophone
Naqara		Mongolia	Unpitched	Membranophone	Large battle drum
Naqareh		Azerbaijan India Saudi Arabia Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan	Unpitched	Membranophone
Naqus		Morocco		Idiophone
Ngoma drums		Africa	Unpitched	Membranophone
North Drums		United States	Unpitched	Membranophone
Ocean drum			Unpitched
Octoban		Japan	Both	211.211.1 Membranophone
Omele		Nigeria
Onavillu		India	Pitched	Chordophone
Ōtsuzumi		Japan	Pitched	211.242.1 Membranophone
Padayani thappu		India	Unpitched	Membranophone
Pahu		Hawaii	Unpitched	Membranophone
Pahū pounamu		New Zealand	Unpitched	Idiophone	Traditional Maori gong.
Paiban		China	Unpitched	111.11 Idiophone
Paila criolla		Cuba	Unpitched	Membranophone
Pakhavaj		India	pitched	211.222.1 Membranophone
Pambai		India	Unpitched	Membranophone
Pandeiro		Brazil	Unpitched	211.311 Membranophone
Pandero jarocho		Mexico	Unpitched	211.311 Membranophone	Octagonal Tambourine
Pantalon		Europe	Pitched	Chordophone	A type of hammered dulcimer.
Pellet drum			Unpitched	212 Membranophone
Pixiphone		England	Pitched	111.212 Idiophone
Practice pad			Unpitched
Plasmaphone		United States
Pyrophone
Quadrangularis Reversum		United States	Pitched	111.212 Idiophone
Quintephone
Rainstick		Mexico	Unpitched	112.13 Idiophone	Subclassed as a combination Shaken Idiophone and Individual friction vessel
Rakatak		Ghana	Unpitched	234.345 Idiophone
Ranat ek		Thailand	Pitched	Idiophone
Ranat ek lek		Thailand	Pitched	Idiophone
Ranat thum		Thailand	Pitched	Idiophone
Ranat thum lek		Thailand	Pitched	Idiophone
Ratchet			Unpitched	112.24 Idiophone
Rattle			Unpitched	112.13 Idiophone
Ravanne		Mauritius	Unpitched
Rebana		Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia	Both	211.311 Membranophone
Repique		Brazil	Unpitched	211.212.1 Membranophone
Ring of bells			Pitched	Idiophone
Ring-repique		Brazil	Unpitched	211.212.1 Membranophone
Ringing rocks				Idiophone
Riq		Middle East	Unpitched	Membranophone
Rock gong			Both	111.22 Idiophone	A type of constructed Lithophone
Rototom		United States	Both	211.311 Membranophone	classified it as no handle although it is usually mounted
Sabar		Senegal, The Gambia	Unpitched	Membranophone
Sakara drum		Yoruba	Unpitched	Membranophone
Salterio		Europe	Pitched	Chordophone
Sambal		India	Unpitched	Membranophone
Samphor		Cambodia	Unpitched	211.222.1 Membranophone
Sand blocks			Unpitched	13 Idiophone
Santoor		South Asia	Pitched	Chordophone
Santur		Iran	Pitched	Chordophone	Type of hammered dulcimer.
Saron		Indonesia	Pitched	111.222 Idiophone	Size from smallest to largest is Saron panerus, Saron barung, Saron demung.
Scabellum		Ancient Rome	Unpitched		Often used by the aulos players
Semantron			Both	Idiophone	Used to summon monastics to prayer
Shekere		Brazil Burkina Faso Cuba, Gambia Guinea, Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Mali Senegal	Unpitched	112.122 Idiophone
Shime-daiko		Japan	Unpitched	211.222.1 Membranophone
Shishi-odoshi		Japan
Shōko		Japan	Unpitched	Idiophone
Sikulu		Congo
Silex Piano			Pitched	Idiophone	Lithophone
Singing bowl		Himalayas	Pitched	111.242.11 Idiophone
Siren (alarm)		Scotland	Both	Electrophone
Skrabalai		Lithuania	Pitched	111.242.222 Idiophone
Skull				Idiophone
Sleigh bells			Unpitched	112.112 Idiophone	Jingle bells
Slenthem		Indonesia	Pitched	111.222 Idiophone
Slit drum			Both	111.24 Idiophone
Snare drum			Unpitched	211.212.1 Membranophone
Song bells			Pitched	Idiophone
Sounding stone		China		Idiophone
Spoon		Greece, Russia, Turkey	Unpitched	111.14 Idiophone
Steelpan		Trinidad & Tobago	Pitched	111.241.12 and 111.241.22 Idiophone^[7]	Also known as steel drum
Stomp box			Unpitched	111.24 Idiophone
Stone marimba			Pitched	Idiophone	Lithophone
Suikinkutsu		Japan
Surdo		Brazil	Unpitched	211.212.1 Membranophone
Suspended cymbal			Unpitched	111.24 Idiophone
Taal / Manjira		India	Unpitched	111	Also: manjira, karatalas
Tabla		India	Pitched	211.221.2 Membranophone	See pitched percussion instruments easily mistaken for unpitched
Tabla tarang		India	Pitched	Membranophone
Taiko		Japan	Unpitched	211 Membranophone	Refers to traditional Japanese drums in general.
Talempong		Indonesia	Pitched	Idiophone
Talking drum		West Africa	Pitched	211.242.11 Membranophone	Has a sound that mimics the human voice
Tambora		Dominican Republic	Unpitched	211.212.1 Membranophone
Tamborim		Brazil	Unpitched	211.311 Membranophone
Tamborita calentana		Mexico	Unpitched	Membranophone
Tambourine			Unpitched	211.311 Membranophone	But the headless tambourine is an idiophone
Tan-tan		Brazil	Unpitched	211.211.1 Membranophone
Tap shoe			Unpitched	111.222 Idiophone
Taphon		Thailand	Unpitched	211.222.1 Membranophone
Tar (drum)		Saudi Arabia	Unpitched	211.311 Membranophone
Tassa		India	Unpitched	Membranophone	Type of kettle drum
Tbilat		Morocco, Saudi Arabia	Unpitched	Membranophone
Teponaztli		El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico	Both	111.24 Idiophone
Thappu		India	Unpitched	Membranophone
Thattai		India	Unpitched	Idiophone	Also known as a patpate.
Thavil		India	Unpitched	211.222.1 Membranophone
Thunder sheet			Unpitched	111.221 Idiophone
Tifa (drum)		Maluku Islands New Guinea	Unpitched	211.221 Membranophone 211.231 Membranophone 211.251 Membranophone	Three kinds: a barrel drum, an hourglass drum and a goblet drum. Not pitched but tone can be changed with wax on drumhead
Timbal		Brazil	Unpitched	211.251.1 Membranophone
Timbales		Cuba	Unpitched	211.212.2 Membranophone
Timpani			Pitched	211.11-922 Membranophone	Also called kettle drums
Tingsha		Tibet	Unpitched	111.142 Idiophone
Tom-tom drum			Pitched	211.211.1 Membranophone
Tombak		Iran	Unpitched	211.261.1 Membranophone	Persian, also known as tombak, donbak and dombak, and as Tombakh Naar in Kashmir
Triangle		Cajuns	Unpitched	111 Idiophone
Triccaballacca		Italy	Unpitched	Idiophone
Tsuzumi		Japan	Pitched	211.242.1 Membranophone
Tsymbaly		Ukraine	Pitched	Chordophone	Type of hammer dulcimer.
Tubular bells			Pitched	111.232 Idiophone
Tumba			Unpitched	Membranophone
Turntable			Both	53 Electrophone
Tumdak'		India	Unpitched	Membranophone
Turkish crescent			Unpitched	Idiophone
Txalaparta		Basque	Pitched	111.222 Idiophone
Udu		Nigeria	Unpitched	Idiophone	Also classed as an implosive Aerophone.
Vehicle horn			Both	Aerophone
Vibraphone		United States	Pitched	111.222 Idiophone
Vibraslap		United States	Unpitched	112 Idiophone
Washboard		Cajuns, United States	Unpitched	132.1 Idiophone
Whip			Unpitched	111.11 Idiophone	Also known as slapstick
Whistle			Unpitched	Aerophone
Wind chime			Unpitched	111.232 Idiophone	Borderline as pitched or unpitched, as a melody can sometimes be perceived
Wind machine			Unpitched	13 Idiophone
Wobble board		Australia
Wood block			Unpitched	111.24 Idiophone
Wooden fish		China	Both	111.24 Idiophone	^[5]^[8]
Xylophone		Ghana, Uganda, Zambia	Pitched	111.212 Idiophone	The xylophone is a musical instrument in the percussion family that consists of wooden bars struck by mallets
Xylorimba			Pitched	111.212 Idiophone
Yangqin		China	Pitched	Chordophone	Type of hammered dulcimer.
Yuka		Congo	Unpitched	Membranophone	Made from a hollowed out avocado trunk with a leather membrane.
Zabumba		Brazil	Unpitched	211.212.1 Membranophone
Zatula		Ukraine	Unpitched	112.2 Idiophone
Zill		Asia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey	Unpitched	111.142 Idiophone	Also known as finger cymbal

References

↑ "Wonderful Indonesia - Angklung : Harmony in a Bamboo Orchestra". Archived from the original on 2014-09-28. Retrieved 2014-10-02. retrieved March 13, 2012: The tubes are carefully whittled and cut by a master craftsperson to produce certain notes when the bamboo frame is shaken or tapped.
↑ Blades, James; Holland, James (2001). "Anvil : Grove Music Online - oi". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01068. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ "Brazilian Samba". prezi.com. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
↑ http://usa.yamaha.com/products/musical-instruments/percussions/celesta/an_overview_of_yamaha_celestas/?mode=model retrieved March 13, 2012: Although treated as a member of the percussion section in orchestral terms, the celesta is played by a pianist, the part being normally written on two bracketed staves.
1 2 http://www.soundjunction.org/profiletunedpercussion.aspa?NodeID=2 Archived 2014-09-08 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 13 March 2012 There are lots of tuned percussion instruments. Among the most common are the xylophone, marimba, the glockenspiel, the cowbells and the temple blocks. Other authorities cited here however say that temple blocks are not considered pitched instruments.
↑ www.music.vt.edu http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textm/Marchingmachine.html. Retrieved 16 March 2012. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Revision of the Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments by the MIMO Consortium
↑ http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textt/Templeblocks.html retrieved 13 March 2012: Although temple blocks are not considered pitched instruments, they can produce discernable pitches, and some temple blocks are actually tuned to the pentatonic scale. Other authorities cited here however say that temple blocks are tuned percussion.

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[1] "Wonderful Indonesia - Angklung : Harmony in a Bamboo Orchestra". Archived from the original on 2014-09-28. Retrieved 2014-10-02. retrieved March 13, 2012: The tubes are carefully whittled and cut by a master craftsperson to produce certain notes when the bamboo frame is shaken or tapped.

[2] Blades, James; Holland, James (2001). "Anvil : Grove Music Online - oi". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01068. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[3] "Brazilian Samba". prezi.com. Retrieved 2015-09-07.

[4] ttp://usa.yamaha.com/products/musical-instruments/percussions/celesta/an_overview_of_yamaha_celestas/?mode=model retrieved March 13, 2012: Although treated as a member of the percussion section in orchestral terms, the celesta is played by a pianist, the part being normally written on two bracketed staves.

[soundjunction-5] 1 2 http://www.soundjunction.org/profiletunedpercussion.aspa?NodeID=2 Archived 2014-09-08 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 13 March 2012 There are lots of tuned percussion instruments. Among the most common are the xylophone, marimba, the glockenspiel, the cowbells and the temple blocks. Other authorities cited here however say that temple blocks are not considered pitched instruments.

[6] www.music.vt.edu http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textm/Marchingmachine.html. Retrieved 16 March 2012. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[7] Revision of the Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments by the MIMO Consortium

[8] ttp://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textt/Templeblocks.html retrieved 13 March 2012: Although temple blocks are not considered pitched instruments, they can produce discernable pitches, and some temple blocks are actually tuned to the pentatonic scale. Other authorities cited here however say that temple blocks are tuned percussion.

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Percussion instruments

See also

Top-level articles

Subgroups of percussion instruments

Categories

References