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Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:
- Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.
I
- Iamblichus (c. 245 – c. 325 AD)[b][d][e]
- Yahya ibn Adi (893–974)[d]
- Ibn Arabi (1164–1240)[b][d][e]
- Ibn ar-Rawandi (827–911)[d]
- Ibn Bajjah (or Avempace) (died 1138)[a][b][d][e]
- Ibn Daud (or Rabad I or Avendauth, or John of Spain) (1110–1180)[a][d][e]
- Abraham ibn Ezra (1092/3–1167)[d][e]
- Moses ibn Ezra (1070–1138)[d]
- Ibn Falaquera (1223–1290)[d][e]
- Solomon Ibn Gabirol (1021–1058)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Ibn Hazm (994–1069)[d]
- Ibn Kammuna (1215–1284)[d][e]
- Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)[a][b][c][d]
- Ibn Masarra (883–931)[d]
- Ibn Miskawayh (940–1030)[a][d]
- Bahya ibn Paquda (1040–1110)[b][d]
- Ibn Sabin (1217–1268)[d]
- Ibn Taymiya (1263–1328)[d]
- Samuel ibn Tibbon (c. 1165 – 1232)[e]
- Ibn Tufail (1110–1185)[a][b][d]
- Joseph ibn Tzaddik (c. 1149)[b][d]
- Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in (1883–1954)[a][b][d]
- Evald Vassilievich Ilyenkov (1924–1979)[d]
- Immanuel the Roman (c. 1270 – c. 1330)[d]
- Roman Ingarden (1893–1970)[a][b][c][d][e]
- William Ralph Inge (1860–1954)[b][d]
- José Ingenieros (1877–1925)[b]
- Nae Ionescu (1890–1940)[b]
- Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938)[b][c][d]
- Luce Irigaray (born 1930)[a][b][c][d]
- Terence Irwin (born 1947)[c]
- Isocrates (436–338 BC)[a]
- Isaac of Stella (1105–1177)[b][d]
- Isaac Israeli (c. 850–950)[b][d][e]
- Ito Jinsai (1627–1705)[b][d]
- Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov (1866–1949)[b]
J
- Jesus of Nazareth (4 BC – AD 30 or 33)
- Frank Jackson (born 1943)[c]
- Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743–1819)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Franz Jakubowski (1912–1970)
- James of Viterbo (1255–1308)[d][e]
- Henry James Sr. (1811–1882)[b]
- William James (1842–1910)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Fredric Jameson (born 1934)
- Vladimir Jankélévitch (1903–1985)[b]
- Karl Jaspers (1883–1969)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa (fl. c. 800)[e]
- James Hopwood Jeans (1877–1946)[b]
- Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)[b][c][d][e]
- Richard C. Jeffrey (1926–2002)[c]
- William Stanley Jevons (1835–1882)[a][b][c][e]
- Rudolf von Jhering (1818–1892)[d]
- Jinul (or Chinul) (1158–1210)[b][d]
- Joachim of Fiore (1135–1201)[a][b][d]
- Friedrich Jodl (1849–1914)[b]
- John of Damascus (c. 676–749)[a][b][d]
- John of Jandun (1280–1328)[b][d]
- John of La Rochelle (1190–1245)[b][d]
- John of Mirecourt (c. 1345)[b][d]
- John of Paris (1260–1306)[b][d]
- John of Salisbury (c. 1115–1180)[a][b][d][e]
- John of St. Thomas (or Jean Poinsot) (1589–1644)[a][b][d]
- John of the Cross (1542–1591)[b]
- Alexander Bryan Johnson (1786–1867)[b][d]
- Samuel Johnson (1649–1703)[d]
- Samuel Johnson (1696–1772)[b]
- Samuel Johnson (1709–1784)[b][c][d]
- William Ernest Johnson (1858–1931)[a][c]
- Constance Jones (1848–1922)[e]
- Jørgen Jørgensen (1894–1969)[c]
- Théodore Simon Jouffroy (1796–1842)[b]
- Judah ben Moses of Rome (orJudah Romano) (1292–1330)[d]
- Carl Jung (1875–1961)[a][b][c][d]
- Ernst Jünger (1895–1998)[b]
- Joachim Jungius (1587–1657)[b][d]
- Justinian I (483–565)[d]
- Al-Juwayni (1028–1085)[d]
K
- Franz Kafka (1883–1924)[b]
- Kaibara Ekiken (1630–1740)[b][d]
- Kang Youwei (1858–1927)[a]
- Milan Kangrga (1923–2008)
- Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Kao Tzu (c. 420 – 350 BC)[a]
- David Kaplan (born 1933)[b][c]
- Mordecai Kaplan (1881–1983)[d]
- Nikolai Ivanovich Kareev (1850–1931)[b]
- Lev Platonovich Karsavin (1882–1952)[b]
- Joseph Kaspi (1279–1340) [e]
- Walter Kaufmann (1921–1980)[b]
- Karl Kautsky (1854–1938)[b][c][d]
- Khedrup Gelek Pelzang (1385–1438)[d]
- Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885)[b]
- Bartholomew Keckermann (1571–1609)[d]
- Hans Kelsen (1881–1973)[b][c][d]
- Norman Kemp Smith (1872–1958)[d]
- Anthony Kenny (born 1931)[c]
- Johannes Kepler (1571–1630)[a][b][d][e]
- John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946)[a][b][c][d]
- Hermann Graf Keyserling (1880–1946)[b]
- Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860)[b]
- Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Richard Kilvington (1302–1361)[a][b][d][e]
- Robert Kilwardby (1215–1279)[a][b][d][e]
- Jaegwon Kim (1934–2019)[a][b][c]
- Al-Kindi (801–873)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968)[b]
- Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680)
- Ivan Kireevsky (1806–1856)[b]
- Patricia Kitcher (born 1948)[b]
- Ludwig Klages (1872–1956)[b]
- Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811)[a][b]
- William Calvert Kneale (1906–1990)[c]
- Martin Knutzen (1713–1751)[b][d]
- Ko Hung (4th century)[a]
- Kurt Koffka (1886–1941)[b]
- Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)[a][b]
- Alexandre Kojève (1902–1968)[d]
- Leszek Kołakowski (1927–2009)
- Alejandro Korn (1860–1936)[b][c]
- Karl Korsch (1886–1961)
- Karel Kosík (1926–2003)
- Tadeusz Kotarbiński (1886–1981)[a][b][c][d]
- Alexandre Koyre (1892–1964)[d]
- Aleksei Aleksandrovich Kozlov (1831–1901)[b]
- Karl Kraus (1874–1936)[c]
- Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832)[a][b][d]
- Georg Kreisel (1923–2015)[c]
- Saul Kripke (born 1940)[a][b][c][d]
- Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895–1986)
- Uppaluri Gopala Krishnamurti (1918–2007)
- Julia Kristeva (born 1941)[a][b][c][d]
- Nachman Krochmal (1785–1840)[d]
- Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891)[d]
- Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921)[a][b][c][d]
- Felix Krueger (1874–1948)[b]
- Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922–1996)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Kūkai (774–835)[c][d][e]
- Kuki Shūzō (1888–1941)[d]
- Oswald Külpe (1862–1915)[b]
- Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (fl. roughly 700)[e]
- Kumazawa Banzan (1619–1691)[b][d]
- Kuo Hsiang (or Guoxiang) (died c. 312)[a]
L
- Ernst Laas (1837–1885)[b]
- Lucien Laberthonnière (1860–1932)[b]
- Lauren Ross (2009–present)[a][b][d]
- Jean de La Bruyère (1645–1696)[b]
- Jacques Lacan (1901–1981)[a][b][c][e]
- Jules Lachelier (1832–1918)[b][d]
- Ernesto Laclau (1935–2014)
- Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe (1940–2007)[d]
- Pierre Laffitte (1823–1903)[a]
- Louis de La Forge (1632–1666)[a][d][e]
- Imre Lakatos (1922–1974)[b][c][d][e]
- André Lalande (1867–1964)[b]
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829)[b][c]
- Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777)[a][b][d]
- Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais (1752–1854)[b]
- Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709–1751)[a][b][c][d]
- François de La Mothe Le Vayer (1588–1672)[b]
- Ludwig Landgrebe (1902–1992)[b]
- Friedrich Albert Lange (1828–1875)[a][b][d][e]
- Susanne Langer (1895–1985)[b][c][d]
- Lao Zi (or Lao Tzu) (4th century BC)[a][b][c][e]
- Isaac La Peyrère (1596–1676)[a][b]
- Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827)[a][b][c]
- Ivan Ivanovich Lapshin (1870–1952)[b]
- François de La Rochefoucauld (1613–1680)[b]
- Pierre Laromiguière (1756–1837)[b]
- Abdullah Laroui (born 1935)[b]
- Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864)[b][d]
- Bruno Latour (born 1947)
- Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741–1801)[b]
- Louis Lavelle (1883–1951)[b]
- Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794)[b]
- Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov (1823–1900)[b][d]
- William Law (1686–1761)[b][d]
- Jean Le Clerc (1657–1737)[b][d]
- Michèle Le Dœuff (born 1948)[c][d]
- Henri Lefebvre (1901–1991)[d]
- Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (c. 1455–c. 1536)[e]
- Claude Lefort (1924–2010)
- Antoine Le Grand (1629–1699)[d][e]
- Keith Lehrer (born 1936)[b][c]
- Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Yeshayahu Leibowitz (1903–1994)[d][e]
- Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924)[a][b][c][d]
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)[b]
- Konstantin Nikolaevich Leont'ev (1831–1891)[b][d]
- Aleksei N. Leontiev (1903–1979)
- Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837)[b]
- Jules Lequier (1814–1862)[a][b]
- Pierre Leroux (1798–1871)[a]
- Edouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy (1870–1954)[b][d]
- René Le Senne (1882–1954)[b]
- Stanisław Leśniewski (1886–1939)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781)[a][b][c][d]
- Leucippus (5th century BC)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009)[c][d]
- Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1857–1939)[b][c]
- Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)[a]
- Clarence Irving Lewis (1883–1964)[a][b][c][d][e]
- C. S. Lewis (1898–1963)[a][b][d]
- David Kellogg Lewis (1941–2001)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Li Ao (722–841)[a][b]
- Liang Qichao (or Liang Ch'i-ch'ao) (1873–1929)[a]
- Liang Sou-ming (1893–1988)[a]
- Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742–1799)[b][c][d]
- Arthur Liebert (1878–1946)[b]
- Otto Liebmann (1840–1912)[b]
- Liezi (or Lieh Tzu) (c. 440 – c. 360& BC)[a]
- Mikhail Lifshitz (1905–1983)
- Linji Yixuan (or Lin Chi) (c. 810 – 867)[d]
- Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)[d]
- Theodor Lipps (1851–1914)[b]
- Justus Lipsius (1547–1606)[b][d][e]
- Émile Littré (1801–1881)[b]
- Liu Shaoqi (orLiu Shao-ch'i) (1898–1969)[a]
- Liu Tsung-chou (or Ch'i-shan) (1578–1645)[a]
- Genevieve Lloyd (born 1941)[b]
- Karl Nickerson Llywelyn (1893–1962)[d]
- Ramon Llull (1235–1315)[a][b][d][e]
- Alain LeRoy Locke (1885–1954)[e]
- John Locke (1632–1704)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Alfred Loisy (1857–1940)[b][d]
- Peter Lombard (c. 1100 – 1160)[a][b][d]
- Bernard Lonergan (1904–1984)[d]
- Pseudo-Longinus (1st century)[a][b]
- Leo Mikhailovich Lopatin (1855–1920)[b]
- Paul Lorenzen (1915–1995)[d]
- Aleksei Fedorovich Losev (1893–1988)[b][d]
- Nicholas Onufrievich Lossky (1870–1965)[b][d]
- Domenico Losurdo (1941–2018)
- Juri Lotman (1922–1993)[b]
- Hermann Lotze (1817–1881)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Arthur O. Lovejoy (1873–1962)[b][c]
- Leo Löwenthal (1900–1993)
- Michael Löwy (born 1938)
- John R. Lucas (1929–2020)[c]
- Lucian (c. 120 – c. 180)[b][d]
- Lucretius (c. 99 – 55 BC)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Lu Jiuyuan (or Lu Xiangshan, or Lu Chiu-yuan, or Tzu-ching, or Ts'un-chai) (1139–1193)[a][b][d]
- Georg Lukács (1885–1971)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Jan Łukasiewicz (1878–1956)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Anatoliy Lunacharskiy (1875–1933)[b]
- Martin Luther (1483–1546)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919)[d]
- William Lycan (born 1945)[c]
- Jean-François Lyotard (1924–1998)[a][b][c][d][e]
M
- Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791)[e]
- Ernst Mach (1838–1916)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Alasdair MacIntyre (born 1929)[a][b][c][d]
- John Leslie Mackie (1917–1981)[b][c]
- Madhava (died 1386)[d]
- Shri Madhvacharya (1238–1317)[a][c][d]
- Mahavira (599–527 BC)[a][d]
- Salomon Maimon (or Salomon ben Joshua) (1753–1800)[a][b][d][e]
- Abraham ben Moses Maimonides (or Abraham ben Maimon) (1186–1237)[d]
- Maimonides (or Rambam) (1135–1204)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Maine de Biran (1766–1824)[b][c][d]
- John Major (or John Mair) (1467–1550)[b][c][d]
- Errico Malatesta (1853–1932)
- Norman Malcolm (1911–1990)[a][b][c]
- Nicolas Malebranche (1638–1715)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Ernst Mally (1879–1944)[e]
- André Malraux (1901–1976)[b]
- Thomas Malthus (1766–1834)[b]
- Merab Mamardashvili (1930–1990)[b][d]
- Bernard de Mandeville (1670–1733)[b][d]
- Mani (3rd century)[b]
- Karl Mannheim (1893–1947)[a][b][c]
- Henry Longueville Mansel (1820–1871)[a][b]
- Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung) (1893–1976)[a]
- Gabriel Marcel (1887–1973)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Marcion (110–160)[b]
- Ruth Barcan Marcus (1921–2012)[a][b][c]
- Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979)[a][c][d][e]
- Joseph Maréchal (1878–1944)[b]
- Juan de Mariana (1536–1624)[a][b]
- Julián Marías (1914–2005)[b]
- José Carlos Mariátegui (1894–1930)
- Lucrezia Marinella (1571–1653)[e]
- Jacques Maritain (1882–1973)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Gaius Marius Victorinus (4th century)[d]
- Mihailo Marković (1923–2010)
- Svetozar Marković (1846–1875)[b]
- Odo Marquard (1928–2015)
- Marsilius of Inghen (1330–1396)[a][b][d][e]
- Marsilius of Padua (or Marsiglio or Marsilio dei Mainardine) (1270–1342)[a][b][c][d]
- Roger Marston (1235–1303)[b][d]
- José Martí (1853–1895)
- Charles B. Martin (1924–2008)[c]
- Harriet Martineau (1802–1876)[d]
- James Martineau (1805–1900)[a][b][c]
- Piero Martinetti (1872–1943)[b]
- Anton Marty (1847–1914)[b][e]
- Marko Marulić (1450–1524)[b]
- Karl Marx (1818–1883)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Tomáš Masaryk (1850–1937)[b][c][d]
- Damaris Cudworth Masham (1659–1708)[a][d][e]
- Cotton Mather (1663–1728)[b]
- Matthew of Aquasparta (1238–1302)[b][d]
- Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759)[b]
- Fritz Mauthner (1849–1923)[d]
- James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)[a][b][d]
- Ernst Mayr (1904–2005)
- James McCosh (1811–1894)[a][b]
- William McDougall (1871–1938)[a][b]
- John McDowell (born 1942)[b][c]
- Evander Bradley McGilvary (1864–1953)[b]
- Colin McGinn (born 1950)[c]
- John Ellis McTaggart (1866–1925)[a][b][c][d][e]
- George Herbert Mead (1863–1931)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Bartolomé de Medina (1527–1580)[a]
- Georg Friedrich Meier (1718–1777)[b]
- Friedrich Meinecke (1862–1954)[b][d]
- Alexius Meinong (1853–1920)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560)[b][d]
- Melissus of Samos (late 5th century BC)[a][b][c][d]
- D. Hugh Mellor (1938–2020)[c]
- Menasseh Ben Israel (1604–1657)[b]
- Mencius (or Meng K'o or Meng-tzu or Mengzi) (372–289 BC)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)[a]
- Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Susan Mendus (born 1951)
- Désiré-Joseph Mercier (1851–1926)[a][b]
- Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961)[a][b][c][d][e]
- George merill (1867–1928)
- Marin Mersenne (1588–1648)[a][b][d][e]
- Jean Meslier (1664–1729)[b]
- Judah Messer Leon (c. 1425 – c. 1495)[d]
- István Mészáros (1930–2017)
- Emile Meyerson (1859–1933)[b][c][d]
- Conyers Middleton (1683–1750)[b]
- Mary Midgley (1919–2018)
- Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovskii (1842–1904)[b][d]
- Miki Kiyoshi (1897–1945)[b][d]
- Mikyo Dorje (or Mi bskyod rdo rje) (1507–1554)[d]
- Gaston Milhaud (1858–1918)[b]
- James Mill (1773–1836)[a][b][c][d][e]
- John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)[a][b][c][d][e]
- John Millar (1735–1801)[d]
- Dickinson Miller (1868–1963)[b]
- Ruth Millikan (born 1933)[b][c]
- John Milton (1608–1674)[b]
- Minagawa Kien (1734–1807)[b]
- Mir Damad (or Mir Mohammad Baqer Esterabadi) (died 1631)[d]
- Miura Baien (1723–1789)[b]
- Jacob Moleschott (1822–1893)[b]
- Luis de Molina (1535–1600)[a][b][c][d]
- Enrique Molina Garmendia (1871–1962)[b]
- Lord Monboddo (or James Burnett) (1714–1799)[d]
- Richard Montague (1930–1971)[b][d]
- William Pepperell Montague (1873–1953)[b]
- Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755)[a][b][d][e]
- Edmund Montgomery (1835–1911)[b]
- G. E. Moore (1873–1958)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Henry More (1614–1687)[a][b][d][e]
- Thomas More (1478–1535)[a][b][e]
- C. Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936)[b]
- Lewis H. Morgan (1818–1881)[b]
- Thomas Morgan (died 1743)[b]
- Karl Philipp Moritz (1756–1793)[b]
- Edgar Morin (born 1921)
- Gaetano Mosca (1858–1941)[a][b]
- Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801)[d]
- Emmanuel Mounier (1905–1950)[b]
- Mou Tsung-san (1909–1995)[a]
- Mozi (or Mo Tzu, or Mo Ti, or Micius) (c. 470 – c. 390 BC)[a][b][d]
- David Ibn Merwan Al-Mukammas (or Daud Ibn Marwan al-Muqammas or David ha-Bavli) (died 937)[b][d]
- Mulla Sadra (1571–1640)[b][c][d][e]
- Iris Murdoch (1919–1999)[b][c]
- Muro Kyuso (1658–1734)[b]
- Arthur Edward Murphy (1901–1962)[b]
- Musonius Rufus (1st century)[b][d]
N
- Arne Næss (1912–2009)[c][d]
- Nagarjuna (c. 200 CE)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Ernest Nagel (1901–1985)[a][b][c][d]
- Thomas Nagel (born 1937)[a][b][c][d]
- Nahmanides (1194–1270)[d]
- Jacques-André Naigeon (1738–1810)[b]
- Toju Nakae (1608–1648)[b]
- Jean-Luc Nancy (1940–2021)[d]
- Hossein Nasr (born 1933)[b]
- Paul Gerhard Natorp (1854–1924)[b][e]
- Sergey Nechayev (1847–1882)
- Alexander Neckham (1157–1217)[d]
- Antonio Negri (born 1933)
- Leonard Nelson (1882–1927)[b]
- Nemesius of Emesa (fl. c. 400)[a][b][d]
- John von Neumann (1903–1957)[a][b][c][d]
- Otto Neurath (1882–1945)[b][c][d][e]
- John Henry Newman (1801–1890)[a][b][d]
- Isaac Newton (1642–1727)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Nichiren (1222–1282)[d]
- Nicholas of Autrecourt (c. 1300 – 1369)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Nicholas of Cusa (1401–1464)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Christoph Friedrich Nicolai (1733–1811)[b]
- Pierre Nicole (1625–1695)[b]
- H. Richard Niebuhr (1894–1962)[d]
- Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971)[b][d]
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Agostino Nifo (1470–1538)[d]
- Nishi Amane (1829–1897)[b][d]
- Nishida Kitaro (1870–1945)[b][c][d][e]
- Nishitani Keiji (1900–1990)[c][d]
- Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972)[c]
- John Norris (1657–1711)[b][d][e]
- Novalis (1772–1801)[a][b][e]
- Robert Nozick (1938–2001)[a][b][c][d]
- Numenius of Apamea (2nd century)[a][b][d][e]
- Martha Nussbaum (born 1947)[a][b][c]
- Anders Nygren (1890–1978)[d]
O
- Michael Oakeshott (1901–1990)[a][b][c][d][e]
- William of Ockham (c. 1285–1349)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Ogyū Sorai (1666–1728)[b][d]
- Lorenz Oken (1779–1851)[b][d]
- Karl Olivecrona (1897–1980)[d]
- Peter Olivi (1248–1298)[a][b][d][e]
- Olympiodorus the Younger (495–570)[e]
- John Wood Oman (1860–1939)[b][d]
- Michel Onfray (born 1959)
- Onora O'Neill (born 1941)[c]
- Nicole Oresme (1320–1382)[b][d][e]
- Origen of Alexandria (c. 182–c. 251)[a][b][d][e]
- Isaac Orobio de Castro (1617–1687)[b]
- Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851)
- José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932)[b]
- James Oswald (1703–1793)[d]
- Rudolf Otto (1869–1937)[b][d]
- Richard Overton (died c. 1665)[d]
- Gwilyn Ellis Lane Owen (1922–1982)[b][c][d]
P
- Thomas Paine (1737–1809)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Menyhért Palágyi (1859–1924)[b]
- William Paley (1743–1805)[a][b][d]
- Elihu Palmer (1764–1806)[b]
- Panaetius (c. 185 – c. 110 BC)[b][d]
- Antonie Pannekoek (1873–1960)
- Wolfhart Pannenberg (1928–2014)[b]
- David Papineau (born 1947)[c]
- Giovanni Papini (1881–1956)[b]
- Paracelsus (1493–1541)[a][b][d]
- Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923)[b]
- Derek Parfit (1942–2017)[a][b][c]
- Theodore Parker (1810–1860)[b]
- Parmenides (5th century BC)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Blaise Pascal (1623–1662)[a][b][d][e]
- John Arthur Passmore (1914–2004)[d]
- Valentino Annibale Pastore (1868–1956)[b]
- Patañjali (2nd century BC)[d]
- Walter Pater (1839–1904)[b]
- Jan Patočka (1907–1977)[d]
- Francesco Patrizi da Cherso (or Franciscus Patritius) (1529–1597)[b][d][e]
- Akos Pauler (1876–1933)[b]
- Linus Pauling (1901–1994)[b]
- Paul of Venice (1369–1429)[a][b][d][e]
- Friedrich Paulsen (1846–1908)[b]
- Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)[b]
- Christopher Peacocke (born 1950)[c]
- Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932)[b][c]
- David Pears (1921–2009)[c]
- Karl Pearson (1857–1936)[b]
- John Peckham (died 1292)[b][d]
- Benjamin Peirce (1809–1880)[e]
- Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Pelagius (c. 360 – c. 435)[b][c]
- William Penbygull (died 1420)[e]
- Thomas Percival (1740–1804)[a]
- Ralph Barton Perry (1876–1957)[a][b][c]
- Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827)[b]
- Peter of Auvergne (13th century)[d]
- Peter of Spain (13th century; usually identified with Pope John XXI)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Richard Stanley Peters (1919–2011)[c]
- Petrarch (1304–1374)[b][c][d]
- Leon Petrazycki (1867–1931)[d]
- Joane Petrizi (12th century)[e]
- Branislav Petronijević (1875–1954)[b]
- Petar II Petrović-Njegoš (1813–1851)[b]
- Joseph Petzoldt (1862–1929)[b]
- Alexander Pfänder (1870–1941)[b]
- Philip the Chancellor (1160–1236)[d][e]
- Philo Judaeus of Alexandria (20 BC–40 AD)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Philo of Larissa (1st century BC)[d][e]
- Philo the Dialectician (c. 300 BC)[c][d]
- Philodemus of Gadara (1st century BC)[b][d][e]
- Philolaus of Croton (c. 480 – c. 405 BC)[a][b][d][e]
- Philo of Larissa (154 – 84 BC)[b]
- Philo of Megara (300 BC c.)[b]
- John Philoponus (early 6th century)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Jean Piaget (1896–1980)[a][b][d]
- Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Dimitri Pisarev (1840–1868)[b]
- Max Planck (1858–1947)[b][c][d]
- Alvin Plantinga (born 1932)[a][b][c]
- Plato (c. 427 – c. 347 BC)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Georgi Plekhanov (1856–1918)[a][b][c][d]
- Helmuth Plessner (1892–1985)[b]
- Gemistus Pletho (c. 1355 – c. 1452)[b]
- Plotinus (died 270)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Gottfried Ploucquet (1716–1790)[b]
- Mestrius Plutarch of Chaeronia (c. 45 – c. 120)[b][d][e]
- Henri Poincaré (1854–1912)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Karl Polanyi (1886–1964)
- Michael Polanyi (1891–1976)[d]
- Pietro Pomponazzi (1462–1525)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Alexander Pope (1688–1744)[b]
- Karl Popper (1902–1994)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Josef Popper-Lynkeus (1838–1921)[b]
- Porphyry (c. 232 – c. 304)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Giambattista della Porta (c. 1535–1615)[e]
- Noah Porter (1811–1892)[b]
- Posidonius (c. 135 – 51 BC)[b][d]
- Richard Posner (born 1939)[b]
- Emil Leon Post (1897–1954)[d]
- Robert Joseph Pothier (1699–1772)[d]
- Nicos Poulantzas (1936–1979)
- François Poullain de la Barre (1647–1723)[e]
- Roscoe Pound (1870–1964)[d]
- Caio Prado Júnior (1907–1990)
- Costanzo Preve (1943–2013)
- Henry Habberley Price (1899–1984)[c]
- Richard Price (1723–1791)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Harold Arthur Prichard (1871–1947)[a][c][d][e]
- Joseph Priestley (1733–1804)[a][b][c][d]
- Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison (1856–1931)[b]
- Arthur Prior (1914–1969)[b][d][e]
- Proclus (412–487)[b][c][d][e]
- Prodicus (c. 450 – 399 BC)[b][d]
- Protagoras (c. 481 – 420 BC)[b][c][d][e]
- Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865)[a][b][c][d]
- Marcel Proust (1871–1922)[b]
- Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (5th century)[b][d][e]
- Pseudo-Grosseteste (13th century)[b][d]
- Ptolemy (c. 85 – c. 165)[d]
- Samuel Pufendorf (1632–1694)[a][b][d]
- Isaac ben Joseph ibn Pulgar (14th century)[e]
- Hilary Putnam (1926–2016)[a][b][c][d]
- Pyrrho (c. 360 – c. 270)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Pythagoras (582 – 496 BC)[a][b][c][d][e]
Q
- Antero de Quental (1842–1891)
- Ismael Quiles (1906–1993)
- W. V. O. Quine (1908–2000)[a][b][c][d][e]
- Anthony Quinton (1925–2010)[c]
References
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press; 1999. ISBN 0-521-63722-8
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Biographies covered as of October 2, 2020
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