The following is a list of proposed language families, which connect established families into larger genetic groups. Support for these proposals vary from case to case. For example, the Dené–Yeniseian languages are a recent proposal which has been generally well received, whereas reconstructions of the Proto-World language are often viewed as fringe science. Proposals which are themselves based on other proposals have the likelihood of their parts noted in parentheses.
Under considerations
| Proposed name | Description | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alarodian | Northeast Caucasian with extinct Hurro-Urartian | ||||
| Ibero-Caucasian | Northwest Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian, and Kartvelian | ||||
| Karasuk | Yeniseian and Burushaski | ||||
| Kongo–Saharan | Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan | ||||
| Macro-Pama–Nyungan | Several Australian language families. | ||||
| Miao–Dai | Hmong–Mien and Kra–Dai | Ryuichi Kosaka (initiator) | [1] | ||
| Nilo-Saharan | Many families of central Africa. | ||||
| Nivkh–Kamchukotic | Nivkh and Chukotko-Kamchatkan | ||||
| North Caucasian | Northwest Caucasian and Northeast Caucasian | ||||
| Uralic–Yukaghir | Uralic and Yukaghir |
Austronesian-related languages
| Proposed name | Description | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austric | Austroasiatic and Austronesian | Wilhelm Schmidt (initiator), La Vaughn H., Lawrence Reid, G. Diffloth, Paul Sidwell, Paul K. Benedict (later rejected), Sergei Starostin, John Bengtson, ASJP | Robert Blust, Paul K. Benedict | [2][3][4] | |
| Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Japanese | Wilhelm Schmidt (initiator) | ||||
| Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Hmong-Mien, and Kra-Dai | Paul K. Benedict (initiator, later rejected), Sergei Starostin, John Bengtson | ||||
| Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Hmong-Mien, Kra-Dai, Nihali, and Ainu | John Bengtson (initiator) | ||||
| Austro-Tai | Austronesian and Kra–Dai | Paul Benedict (initiator, also including Japanese), Ostapirat, Smith | Thurgood | Sagart | [5] |
| Sino-Austronesian | Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, and Kra–Dai | Laurent Sagart (initiator), Stanley Starosta | Weera Ostapirat, Alexander Vovin, George van Driem | Paul Jen-kuei Li and Robert Blust | [6][7] |
| Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, Kra–Dai, Austroasiatic and Hmong–Mien | Stanley Starosta (initiator) | [8] |
Indo-European related languages
| Proposed name | Description | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indo-Uralic | Indo-European and Uralic | Holger Pedersen (initiator), Kortlandt, Hannes Sköld, Alwin Kloekhorst, and Nikolai Dmitrievich Andreev | Christian Carpelan, Asko Parpola, Petteri Koskikallio, Angela Marcantonio, and Johan Schalin | [9] | |
| Indo-European and Uralic–Yukaghir | Kortlandt (initiator) | [10] | |||
| Pontic | Northwest Caucasian and Indo-European | Émile Benveniste, Winfred P. Lehmann, Aert Kuipers, and John Colarusso | [11] |
Native American related languages
| Proposed name | Description | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aztec–Tanoan | Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan. | ||||
| Gulf | Muskogean with four extinct isolates on US gulf. | ||||
| Hokan | A dozen languages on west coast of North America | ||||
| Je–Tupi–Carib | Macro-Jê (likely), Tupian and Cariban of South America. | ||||
| Macro-Chibchan | Lencan, Misumalpan and Chibchan merge into one language family. (probably also Xincan) | ||||
| Macro-Jê | 11 language families of South America | ||||
| Macro-Panoan | Pano–Takanan (likely) and Moseten–Chonan (likely) | ||||
| Macro-Siouan | Siouan, Iroquoian, Caddoan, and Yuchi. | ||||
| Mataco–Guaicuru | Matacoan, Guaicuruan, Mascoian, and Charruan of South America | ||||
| Penutian | Some languages in western North America | ||||
| Quechumaran | Quechuan and Aymaran | ||||
| Totozoquean | Totonacan and Mixe–Zoque in Mesoamerica. | ||||
| Yuki–Wappo | Yuki and Wappo, both extinct. |
Trans Eurasia-America languages
| Proposed name | Description | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dene–Yeniseian | Na-Dené and Yeniseian | Alfredo Trombetti (initiator), Merritt Ruhlen, Edward Vajda, Michael Krauss, Jeff Leer, James Kari, Heinrich Werner, Bernard Comrie, Johanna Nichols, Victor Golla, Michael Fortescue, Eric Hamp, Bill Poser, and Paul Kiparsky | George Starostin (Vajda's proposal) | [12] | |
| Uralo-Siberian | Uralic, Yukaghir, and Eskimo–Aleut | Michael Fortescue (initiator), Frederik Kortlandt | [13] | ||
| Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut, and Nivkh | Frederik Kortlandt (initiator) | [14] |
Widely rejected
Below are language families that are already rejected by most linguists. Since it's widely rejected, only linguists who agreed will be shown.
| Proposed name | Description | Status | Agree | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almosan | Algic, Kutenai and Mosan | Widely rejected | ||
| Amerind | All languages in the Americas which do not belong to the Eskimo–Aleut or Na–Dene families | Widely rejected | ||
| Altaic | Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic (and possibly Ainu) | Widely rejected; generally considered a Sprachbund | ||
| Austronesian–Ongan | Ongan and Austronesian | Widely rejected | Juliette Blevins (initiator) | [15] |
| Borean | All families except in sub-Saharan Africa, New Guinea, Australia, and the Andaman Islands | Widely rejected | ||
| Coahuiltecan | Native languages of modern Texas | Sprachbund | ||
| Dene–Caucasian | Na-Dené, North Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, Yeniseian, and others. | Widely rejected | ||
| Dravido-Korean | Dravidian and Koreanic | Obsolete | ||
| Elamo-Dravidian | Elamite and Dravidian | Widely rejected | ||
| Eurasiatic | Indo-European, Uralic and Altaic | Widely rejected | ||
| Indo-Pacific | Several Pacific families. | Widely rejected | ||
| Indo-Semitic | Indo-European languages and Semitic languages or Afroasiatic languages | Widely rejected | ||
| Khoisan | African click-consonant languages that do not belong to any other macrophyla | Widely rejected | ||
| Macro-Mayan | Mayan with Totonacan, Mixe–Zoque, and Huave | Widely rejected | ||
| Mosan | Salishan, Wakashan, and Chimakuan languages of Pacific Northwest North America | Sprachbund | ||
| Nostratic | Afroasiatic, Kartvelian, Dravidian and Eurasiatic | Widely rejected | ||
| Proto-World | Reconstructed common ancestor of all living languages | Widely rejected | Alfredo Trombetti (initiator) | |
| Ural–Altaic | Uralic and Altaic | Obsolete; considered a linguistic convergence zone | ||
| Uralo-Siberian | Uralic, Yukaghir, and Eskimo-Aleut | Widely rejected | Michael Fortescue (initiator), Frederik Kortlandt | |
| Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo-Aleut, and Nivkh | Frederik Kortlandt | |||
| Sino-Uralic | Uralic, Sinitic | ? |
See also
References
- ↑ Kosaka, Ryuichi (2002). "On the affiliation of Miao-Yao and Kadai: Can we posit the Miao-Dai family?" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 32: 71–100.
- ↑ Grierson, G. A. (January 1907). "Die Mon-Khmer-Völker, Ein Bindeglied Zwischen Völkern Zentralasiens und Austronesiens. By P. W. Schmidt, S.V.D. Reprinted from Archiv für Anthropologie, Neue Folge, Band v, Heft 1 u. 2. (Brunswick, 1906.)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 39 (1): 187–191. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00035711. ISSN 0035-869X. S2CID 163114228.
- ↑ "Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der vorkommenden Sprachen und Dialekte", Die westlichen Sudansprachen und ihre Beziehungen zum Bantu, Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 1927, doi:10.1515/9783111390192-003, ISBN 9783111390192, retrieved 9 January 2023
- ↑ Benedict, Paul K. (12 October 1942). "Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A New Alignment in Southeastern Asia". American Anthropologist. 44 (4): 576–601. doi:10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040.
- ↑ Smith, Alexander (2022-01-28). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.). "More Austro-Tai Comparisons and Observations on Vowel Correspondences". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021). 15 (3): 112–134. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5781307. ISSN 1836-6821. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
- ↑ Sagart, L. (1990) "Chinese and Austronesian are genetically related". Paper presented at the 23rd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, October 1990, Arlington, Texas.
- ↑ Sagart, Laurent (2016). "The wider connections of Austronesian: A response to Blust (2009)". Diachronica. 33 (2): 255–281. doi:10.1075/dia.33.2.04sag.
- ↑ Starosta, Stanley (2005). "Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific". In Sagart, Laurent; Blench, R.; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.). The peopling of East Asia : putting together archaeology, linguistics and genetics. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-203-34368-9. OCLC 61716604.
- ↑ Aikio, Ante (January 2022). "Proto-Uralic". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Kortlandt, Frederik (2004). "NIVKH AS A URALO-SIBERIAN LANGUAGE". researchgate.net.
- ↑ Colarusso, John (1997). "Proto-Pontic: Phyletic links between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Northwest Caucasian". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 25: 119–51.
- ↑ Starostin, George (2012). "Dene-Yeniseian: a critical assessment". p. 137
- ↑ Fortescue, Michael (2011). "The relationship of Nivkh to Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited". Lingua. 121 (8): 1359–1376. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.001.
I would no longer wish to relate CK directly to [Uralo-Siberian], although I believe that some of the lexical evidence [...] will hold up in terms of borrowing/diffusion.
- ↑ Kortlandt, Frederik (2004). "NIVKH AS A URALO-SIBERIAN LANGUAGE". researchgate.net.
- ↑ van Driem, George (2011). "Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien homelands". In N.J Enfield (ed.). Dynamics of human diversity: the case of mainland Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
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