India has faced a number of riots both before and after its independence. Here is a list of riots in India:

Riots in Pre-Independent India

Name Year Locations Cause Factions Deaths Wounded Damage Ref
Bombay Dog Riots 1832 (6 to 7 June) South Mumbai Protest by Parsis against the British government's killing of stray dogs Parsis None None N/A [1]
Parsi–Muslim riots 1851 October 1851 Bombay Protests by Muslims against the Chitra Dynan Darpan owned by a Parsee. The publication had printed a depiction of the Islamic prophet Muhammed and his history. Parsis
Muslims		 N/A N/A N/A [2]
1857 Bharuch riot May 1857 Broach and Mumbai Linked to the Broach riots Parsis
Muslims		 2 Parsis murdered N/A N/A [2]
Parsi–Muslim riots 1874 13 February 1874 N/A N/A N/A [2]
Salem riots of 1882 1882 Salem, Tamil Nadu Objection by Muslims to a Hindu religious procession through a Mosque Hindus
Muslims		 Unknown Unknown N/A
Shahabad Riots 1917 Shahabad, Bihar Communal harmony disrupted due to the practice of cow slaughter on [[Eid al-Adha Hindus,Muslims Unknown Unknown [3]
Katarpur Riot 1918 Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh Various Hindus Muslims N/A [4]
Malabar rebellion 1920–1921 Malabar Religious leaders spearheaded the Hindu genocide of 1921, which led to the massacre of thousands of Hindus, forcible conversions, rape of Hindu women and children and destruction of Hindu properties and places of worship, many call it Khilafat aftermath in the Malabar District of Madras Presidency. Mappilas

Hindus
British Raj

 approx 10000 hindus killed and 100k have to leave their homeland [5][6]
Peshawar riots March 21–24, 1910 Peshawar, Peshawar District, North-West Frontier Province Annual Hindu festival of Holi coincided with Barawafat, the annual Muslim day of mourning. Hindus
Muslims		 At least 4 Muslims and 6 Hindus Hundreds At least 451 shops and homes, Rs. 50 lakhs of damage [7][8][lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5]
1921–1922 riots April 1921–March 1922 Bengal, Punjab, Multan Many riots occurred during Muharram, other causes Hindus
Muslims		 Unknown Unknown Various [6]
Riots in Kohat 1924 Kohat Hindu–Muslim tension Hindus
155 Unknown Rs. 9 lakhs + of damage [6]
1924–1925 riots April 1924- March 1925 Delhi, Nagpur, Lahore, Lucknow, Moradabad, Bhagalpur, Gulbarga, Shahajahanpur, Kankinarah, Kohat and Allahabad Various Hindus
Muslims		 Unknown Unknown Various [6]
1925–1926 riots April 1925–March 1926 Calcutta, the United Provinces, the Central Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Berar, Gujarat, Sholapur Dispute outside a mosque between Muslims and Hindus, other causes Hindus
Muslims		 44+ 584+ Damage to temples and mosques [6]
1926–1927 riots April 1926–March 1927 Delhi, Calcutta, Bengal, the Punjab, United Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Sind Music during Hindu celebrations near mosques, and other causes Hindus
Muslims		 28+ 226+ Unknown [6]
1927–1928 riots April 1927- March 1928 Lahore, Bihar(2), Orissa(2), Punjab (2), Bettiah, United Provinces (10), Bombay Presidency (6), the Central Provinces (2), Bengal(2), Delhi(1) Caused by the publication of Rangila Rasul and Risala Vartman, by music during Hindu celebrations near mosques, cow slaughter, and other causes Hindus
Muslims		 103+ 1084+ Unknown [6]
1927 Nagpur riots September 4, 1927 Nagpur, Maharashtra Muslims objected to passage of Hindu procession which resulted in riots Hindus
Muslims		 22 100 N/A
1928–1929 riots April 1928–March 1929 22 significant riots in this period. Most serious were the Bombay riots. Other riots in Punjab, Kharagpur, and other places. Many riots occurred during Bakr-i-Id, other causes Hindus
Muslims		 204+ (149 in Bombay) Nearly 1000 Unknown [6]
1929–1930 riots April 1929–March 1930 12 significant riots in this period. Bombay, other places. Various Hindus
Muslims		 35+ 200+ Unknown [6]
Bombay riots of 1930 1930 various Protests against the Salt tax Indian
British government		 N/A N/A N/A [9]
1930–1931 riots April 1930 – March 1931 Bengal, Nagpur, Bombay, Assam, Sukkur (Sind) Various Hindus
Muslims		 Unknown Unknown Unknown [6]
1931–1932 riots April 1931–March 1932 Cawnpore, other places Various Hindus
Muslims		 300-500 Unknown Damage to temples and other property [6]
1933–1934 riots April 1933–March 1934 Benares, Cawnpore, Lahore, Peshawar, Ayodhya,... During Hindu and Muslim celebrations. Dispute between Sikhs and Muslims at the Shaheed Ganj Mosque in Lahore. Riots in Karachi after Abdul Quayum was executed for the murder of Hindu writer Nathuramal in court. Hindus, Sikhs
Muslims		 Unknown Unknown Various [6]
1936 riots 1936 Firozabad, Bombay, other Various Hindus
Muslims		 Unknown Unknown Various [6]
1937 riots 1937 Panipat, Madras, Amritsar During Holi, other causes Hindus, Sikhs
Muslims		 Unknown Unknown Various [6]
1939 riots 1939 Benares, Cawnpore, Sukkur (Sind), other Dispute between Muslims and Hindus at Manzilgah over a mosque, a temple vandalized by Muslims, other causes Hindus
Muslims		 151+ 58+ Various [6]
Direct Action Day August 1946 Calcutta, Bengal Muslim League Council to show the strength of Muslim feelings both to British and Congress. Muslims wanted a separate country for Muslims fearing that Hindus will suppress their community and that fear lead to killing and looting of Hindus. Hindus
Muslims
4,000 N/A 100,000 homeless [10]
Noakhali riots October–November 1946 Noakhali, Bengal (now in Bangladesh) Widespread killing of Hindus and looting of Hindu shops, businesses, and homes. An attempt to either kill or make the Hindus flee from Noakhali and go to newly founded republic of India. Hindus
Muslims
5,000 killed N/A 50,000 remained marooned [11][12]

Riots In Post-Independent India

From 1947 to 2000

Name Year Locations Cause Factions Deaths Wounded Damage Ref
1957 Ramnad riots 1957 Ramnad After Devendrar people objected to electoral victory of Maravar candidate in 1957 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections Devendrar
Maravar
Tamil Nadu police		 38 Unknown 2,842 houses burnt [13]
1964 Calcutta riots January 1964 Culcutta and rural parts of West Bengal Retaliation against communal riots against Hindus in East Pakistan (present Bangladesh) Hindus
Muslims		 264[14][15][16][17] 430+ The Muslim community in Calcutta felt more segregated and fearful than ever before. Reports indicated that as many as 70,000 Muslim residents fled their homes.[18] [19][20]
1966 Hindu Sikh riots 9 March 1966 [[Delhi, Old Delhi|Delhi March 14 Hindus and Sikhs battled in New Delhi's streets today as a wave of violence over proposals for a Punjabi-speaking state spread. Following violence in Delhi stoning and casual violence also erupted in Ludhiana, Patiala, Jalandhar and in Panipat 3 congressmen were burnt alive including close associate of Bhagat Singh generally believed to be orchestrated by Jan Sangh who were anti of Punjabi speaking state. Sikhs
Hindus		 3 people died and around hundreds were injured, N/A N/A
1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots August 22–29, 1967 Ranchi Anti-Urdu agitations Hindus
Muslims		 184 Unknown 195 shops looted and burnt, three places of worship damaged by arson. [21]
1969 Gujarat riots September – October 1969 Gujarat Desecration of a dargah and subsequently of a Hindu temple. Hindus
Muslims		 512 1084 Property of muslims worth 42 million Rupees destroyed [22]
Worli riots 1974 Mumbai, Maharashtra Reservation issue Shiv Sena (Hindu)
Buddhist		 1 [23]
1980 Moradabad riots August 1980 Moradabad Policemen's refusal to remove pig from Idgah PAC
Muslims		 400 Unknown 195 shops looted and burnt, three places of worship damaged by arson. [24]
1981 Bihar riots May 1981 Biharsharif Hindus
Muslims		 45 70 N/A

[25]

Nellie massacre February 1983 Nellie Tensions between the Assamese Hindus and Bengali Muslims Assamese Bengalis 2,191 (Unofficial Toll 10,000+) Unknown
1984 Bhiwandi riot May 1984 Bhiwandi Placement of Saffron flag on top of mosque. Hindus
Muslims		 278 1,115 N/A [26]
1984 anti-Sikh riots 31 October 1984 − 3 November 1984 Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar Assassination of Indira Gandhi by her two Sikh bodyguards Congress politicians spread rumours that Sikhs are killing Hindus and Muslims and burn their places of worship in Punjab.

Congress Party members
Sikhs

 3350(Government figures)

8000-17000(Independent estimate)

 N/A N/A [27]
1985 Gujarat riots Ahmedabad Hindus
Muslims		 275 N/A N/A
1986 Jammu and Kashmir Riots (Including 1986 Anantnag Riots) February–March 1986 Jammu and Kashmir Construction of a mosque at the site of an ancient Hindu Temple Hindus
Muslims		 Hindu Temples, shops vandalised [28]
1987 Meerut communal riots April–May 1987 Meerut Babri Mosque reopened for Hindu worship Hindus
Muslims
PAC		 346 (includes 42 killed in Hashimpura massacre) 159 N/A [29]
1987 Delhi riots 19–22 May 1987 Delhi Rumors about events happening in Meerut triggered communal violence in Delhi Hindus
Muslims		 8 – 15 N/A N/A [30]
1988 Aurangabad violence 17–20 May 1988 Aurangabad Objection to Election results Hindus
Muslims		 26 N/A N/A [30]
1988 Muzaffarnagar (Uttar Pradesh) 8–11 October 1988 Muzaffarnagar Rally by the BMAC (Babri Masjid Action Committee) Hindus
Muslims		 37 N/A N/A [30]
1989 Jammu Anti Sikh riots (Jammu) 13 January 1989 Jammu Some Sikh pilgrims displaying Satwant singh and Beant singh posters during Guru Gobind Singh jayanti (Operation bluestar action) Sikhs
unknown Shiv Sena or Congress		 15 Sikhs killed, hundreds injured and property worth crores destroyed N/A N/A [30]
1989 Bombay (Maharashtra) 24 February 1989 Bombay Protests against book The Satanic Verses Muslims 11 N/A N/A [30]
1989 Kota Rajasthan violence 14 September 1989 Kota Religious procession Hindus
Muslims		 26 N/A N/A [30]
1988 Karnataka Bidar riots 14–16 September 1988 Bidar Religious procession during Ganesh Chathurti event and over demanding donations from Sikhs Sikhs
Hindus(VHP)		 6 Sikh students killed, 30 injured and property worth lakhs destroyed N/A N/A [31]
1989 Badaun (Uttar Pradesh) violence 28 September 1989 Badaun Issue of Urdu-slated to become Uttar Pradesh's second official language Hindus
Muslims		 24 N/A N/A [30]
1989 Indore (Madhya Pradesh) violence 14 October 1989 Indore Political rally Hindus
Muslims		 23 N/A N/A [30]
1989 Bhagalpur violence 22–28 October 1989 Bhagalpur Religious procession and false rumors about the killing of Hindu students Hindus
Muslims		 1000+ N/A N/A [30]
1989 Kashmir

Violence

 1989–1990 Kashmir Militancy in valley Militants
Muslims		 200-1341 Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
1990 Gujarat violence April–October 1990 Gujarat Political procession Hindus
Muslims		 12 N/A Looting of shops [30]
1990 Colonelganj (Uttar Pradesh) violence 30 September 1990 Colonelganj Stones and petrol bombs thrown at Durga Puja procession Hindus
Muslims		 100 N/A Looting of shops [30]
1990 Karnataka violence October 1990 Ramnagaram, Channapatna, Kolar, Davanagere, Tumkur Various incidents in different parts of Karnataka state Hindus
Muslims		 46 N/A N/A [32]
1990 Rajasthan violence October 1990 Udaipur, Jaipur Hindu Ram Jyoti procession (bearing the light of Ram) was stoned & attacked in Udaipur Hindus
Muslims		 50 N/A N/A [30]
1990 Ayodhya firing incident October, November 1990 Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh police fired live ammunition at civilians Hindus 60+ N/A N/A [30]
1990 Hyderabad riots 1990 Hyderabad Due to Hindus partly demolishing Babri Mosque Hindus
Muslims		 200+ N/A N/A [33][34]
1990 Aligarh riots 1990 Aligarh Started with an attack on a group of people bound for Etah from the house of Manawwar Hussain, ex- chairman of the Nagar Palika, and from a nearby Masjid Hindus
Muslims		 11+ Unknown Unknown [35]
1990 Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) riots 1990 Kanpur Hawkers selling clothes were attacked and their merchandise burned Hindus
Muslims		 20 N/A N/A [30]
1990 Agra (Uttar Pradesh) riots 1990 Agra Unknown Hindus
Muslims		 22 N/A N/A [36]
1990 Gonda riots 1990 Gonda False rumours of throwing of stones and petrol bombs at a Durga Puja procession Hindus
Muslims		 Unknown Unknown Unknown [37]
1990 Khurja (Uttar Pradesh) violence 1990; December 15–23 and 1991; January 31–February 5 Khurja Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi issue Hindus
Muslims		 96 N/A N/A [38]
1991 Bhadrak riot 1991; March 24 Bhadrak Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi issue Hindus
Muslims		 33 N/A N/A [39]
1991 Saharanpur (Uttar Pradesh) violence 1991; March 27 Saharanpur Ram Navami procession was prevented from passing near a mosque Hindus
Muslims		 40+ N/A N/A [30]
1991 Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) violence 1991; May 19 Kanpur Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims		 20 N/A N/A [30]
1991 Meerut (Uttar Pradesh) violence 1991; May 20 Meerut Election violence Hindus
Muslims		 30 N/A N/A [30]
1991 Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) violence 1991; November 8 and 13 Meerut Kali Puja procession attacked Hindus
Muslims		 20 N/A N/A [30]
1991 anti-Tamil violence in Karnataka 1991 Bangalore Tensions between Kannadigas and Tamils after Cauvery river dispute Mob, Public 16 N/A Mass exodus of Tamils, more than 200,000 from Karnataka [40]
1992 Sitamarhi (Bihar) violence 1992; October 2–9 Sitamarhi Durga Puja procession shouting slogans such as Jai Shri Ram near a mosque was stopped by some Muslim youths Hindus
Muslims		 65 N/A N/A [41]
1992 Surat (Gujarat) 1992; October 2–9 Surat Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims		 200+ N/A N/A [42]
1992 Bombay riots December 1992, January 1993 Various Protests over the demolition of the Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims		 250
1992 Surat (Gujarat) 1992; October 2–9 Surat Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims		 200+ N/A N/A [30]
1992 Karnataka 1992; December 6–13 Bangalore, Gulbarga, Hubli, Dharwad After Urdu News is broadcast in Doordarshan Hindus
Muslims		 30 N/A N/A [43]
1992 Kanpur 1992; December 6–11 Kanpur Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims		 254 N/A N/A [44]
1992 Assam 1992; December 7–8 Assam Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims		 90+ N/A As many as 23 temples and mosques were damaged [45]
1992 Rajasthan 1992; December 7–9 Rajasthan Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims		 60 N/A N/A [46]
1992 Calcutta 1992; December 7–1 Calcutta Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims		 35 N/A N/A [46]
1992 Bhopal 1992; December 7–15 Bhopal Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims		 175 N/A N/A [47]
1992 Delhi 1992; December 10 Delhi False rumor declaring the Mustafa mosque had been razed to the ground triggered the violence Hindus
Muslims		 53 N/A N/A [48]
1993 Bombay riots 1993; January 6–20 Bombay Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims		 4500 N/A N/A [48]
1994 Hubli (Karnataka) 1994; August 15 Bombay National flag hoisting at the Idgah Maidan Hubli Hindus
Muslims		 6 N/A N/A [49]
1994 Bangalore (Karnataka) 1994; October 6–8 Bangalore Broadcasting in Urdu of a Doordarshan (television) program Hindus
Muslims		 25 N/A N/A [50]
1997 Coimbatore riots (Tamil Nadu) 1997; November 29–December 1; 1998; February 14 Coimbatore Murder of a police constable by three Muslim youths belonging to the Al-Umma Hindus
Muslims		 60 N/A N/A [50]

Post 2000

Name Year Locations Cause Factions Deaths Wounded Damage Ref
2002 Gujarat riots 27 February – 2 March 2002 Gujarat The burning of a train in Godhra on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 69 Hindu pilgrims karsevaks returning from Ayodhya triggered the violence. Hindu
Muslims		 1044 Official Figure, 2000 Unofficial 2500+ official [51]
2005 Mau (Uttar Pradesh) 2005; October 13–14 Mau Hindus performing the Ramayana scene of Bharat Milap attacked by Muslims Hindus
Muslims		 14 N/A N/A [52]
2005 Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) 2006, March 3 Lucknow Danish Mohammed cartoons Hindus
Muslims		 4 N/A N/A [53]
2006 Vadodara riots 1 May 2006 – 3 May 2006 Gujarat Municipal council's decision to remove the dargah (shrine) of Syed Chishti Rashiduddin Hindus
Muslims		 8 42 [54]
2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal 2007, Dec 24-27 Kandhamal district Christmas celebrations Hindus, Christians 3-50 100+ Churches burnt down, demolished or vandalized,

100+ Christian institutions burnt down or vandalized, 837+ families left homeless, 700-730 houses (120 belonging to Hindus) were burnt or damaged.

 [55]
2008 Kandhamal violence 2008, Aug 25-28 Kandhamal district Murder of Lakshmanananda Saraswati Hindus, Christians 39-90 18,000+ 395+ Churches burnt down, demolished or vandalized,

54,000+ left homeless, 5,600+ houses ransacked or burnt down, 600+ Villages ransacked

 [56]
2008 Indore (Madhya Pradesh) 2008, July 3–4 Indore Conflict revocation of land allotment for the Amarnath Temple in Kashmir Hindus
Muslims		 8 N/A N/A [53]
2012 Assam violence 20 July – 15 September 2012 Assam Killing of 4 Bodo youths by unidentified miscreants Bodos, Bengali-speaking Muslims 77+ 4 lakhs displaced temporarily [57]
2013 Canning riots 21 February 2013 West Bengal Muslim cleric was killed by unidentified assailants Muslims 200 Hindu homes burnt. [58]
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 27 August 2013 – 17 September 2013 Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh Disputed Hindus
Muslims		 60+ 93 [59]
2014 Saharanpur riots 25 July 2014 – 26 July 2014 Saharanpur Disputed land Muslims
Sikhs		 3 33 [60]
2015 Nadia riots 5 May 2015 Nadia district, West Bengal Religious procession Muslims
Hindus		 4 8 Houses burnt [61]
2016 Kaliachak riots 3 January 2016 Malda district, West Bengal Muslims were protesting the remark of Hindu Mahasabha leader Kamlesh Tiwari made on 3 December 2015 in the state of Uttar Pradesh, which allegedly made derogatory remarks against Muhammad. Hindus
Muslims		 30+ 500 homes torched [62][63]
2016 anti-Tamil riots 13-14 September 2016 Bangalore,

karnataka

 Tensions between Kannadigas and Tamils after Cauvery river dispute Mob, Public 2 protesters because of police firing N/A 100+ cars, buses, trucks and shops belonging to Tamilians torched in Bangalore thousands of Tamil people flee the city as violence engulfed and ravaged the city [64]
2016 Coimbatore riots September 22 – 26 Coimbatore Death of Hindu Munnani leader Police, BJP and Hindu munnani supporters Destruction of police vans, Muslim-owned properties, Hindu temples
2016 Dhulagarh riots 12 December 2016 Panchla, Howrah refusal to allow Mawlid processions to march Hindus
Muslims
2017 Baduria riots 2 July 2017 Baduria, West Bengal Facebook post by a 11 Class student Hindus
Muslims		 23+ 65 year old Hindu man stabbed to death by a Muslim mob. [65]
2017 Northern India riots 25 August 2017 Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and New Delhi Rape conviction of Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Dera Sacha Sauda Followers 41+ 300+ Mostly in Police firing to suppress the Destruction. [66][67]
2018 Bihar riots 17 March 2018, 24 March 2018,

25 March 2018, 27 March 2018, 28 March

2018 &

30 March 2018

 Bihar

(17 March Bhagalpur, 24 March Siwan, 25 March Aurangabad, 27 March Samastipur, 27 March Munger, 28 March Silao(Nalanda), 28 March Sheikhpura, 30 March Nawada)

 Clashes erupted during Ram Navami processions between BJP, Bajrang Dal, RSS and Muslims Hindus

Muslims

 0 35+ 4 Hindu temples vandalized including the Hanuman idols and murtis inside of them broken and one mosque also vandalised, vehicles, shops were burnt [68]
2020 Delhi riots 23 February 2020 – 1 March 2020 North East Delhi CAA-NRC Protests Muslims, Hindu 53 200+ Shops, houses vehicles and mosque [69][70][71][72]
2020 Bangalore riots 11–12 August 2020 Bengaluru, Karnataka Protest by Muslims against a derogatory social media post about Muhammad. Muslims 5 Unknown Homes, shops, vehicles and police station [73]
2021 Assam eviction violence 24 September 2021 Darrang, Assam Eviction drive against alleged illegal settlers Assam police, Illegal settlers 2 9 policemen injured 2 people shot dead by police including 12 year old boy [74]
2022 Shivamogga riots 20 February 2022 – 22 February 2022 Shivamogga, Karnataka Murder of Bajrang Dal activist Bajrang Dal workers 0 20 injured 100 vehicles torched, Houses and shops vandalised [75]
2022 Kanpur violence 3 June 2022 Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh For insulting religious figure by misquoting hadiths Muslims 0 40+ injured [76]
2022 Ranchi violence 10 June 2022 Ranchi, Jharkhand For disrespectful comment on religious figure. Muslims 2 24 injured [77]
2023 Manipur violence 3 May 2023 - ongoing Manipur Ethnic tensions between the Meitei and the Kuki people in Manipur. Meitei and Kuki 60+ 230+ Churches, temples, schools, houses, vehicles, public properties were set ablaze by the violent protesters. [78][79][80]
2023 Haryana riots 31 July 2023 - 3 August 2023 Nuh, Haryana Religious tensions between the Hindus and the Muslims. Hindus and Muslims 7 200+ Mosque and public properties were set ablaze by the violent mobs. [81][82]
2023 Shivamogga violence 28 September 2023 - 3 October 2023 Shimoga Cutout of Tipu Sultan being covered by police for being inciteful Muslims and police 0 230+ Murders, attacking innocent people, police and public properties were set ablaze by the violent protesters. [83]
2023 Satara riots 10 September 2023 Riots by Hindus in response to abusive comments allegedly made by Muslims against Hindu deities Lord Ram & Lady Sita, as well as against the Maratha ruler Shivaji Maharaj Hindus and Muslims 1 10 Shops, houses vehicles and mosques burned or targeted [84]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "The date of the Hindu festival of Holi coincided with Barawafat, the Musalman day of mourning, in 1910, which led to a very serious riot between the Hindus and Musalmans of the Peshawar City resulting in a considerable loss of life. There was a wholescale plunder of Hindu houses and shops."[8]: 92–93 
  2. ↑ "On 22nd February 1910, a meeting of leading Muslims and Hindu leaders was called by deputy commissioner of Peshawar at the Municipal Hall in which arrangements regarding the upcoming festivals were discussed and a committee was established consisting of prominent leaders from both sides. It was decided in the meeting that the Holi should be celebrated quietly until the 25th March. There should be only two processions, namely from the Hindu quarter of Andar Shahr to that of Karimpura and vice-versa. The Muslim of the city should not join the procession and the troops should celebrate Holi in their lines and some leading men from both sides will supervise the arrangement at Hasting Memorial and other at Clock Tower."[7]: 23–24 
  3. ↑ On 21st March the Deputy Commissioner was informed by deputy superintendent of police Zain ul Abidin that the situation in the city is not good as Hindu brought some musicians from Amritsar and a dancing boy from Hari Pur and they are intending to lead the procession on an unauthorized route. The superintendent of police suggested the deputy commissioner that the Holi should not be allowed as the situations going to create clash. Mr. Blackway sent some Hindu leader to enquire the situation. These Hindu gentlemen assured the deputy commissioner that the situation is friendly and nothing bad is going to be happened. There is no musician with the Holi and it would follow the old route. At the same time some Muslim leaders reported to the deputy commissioner about the Muslim mob who intended to stop the Holi procession. They also suggested that Holi procession should be stopped to avoid an expected clash between the two communities. However, after the surety of the Hindu leaders that there are no musicians and dancing boys and that the procession is not going on an unauthorized route the deputy commissioner was stuck to follow his old plan. This was the point which was misunderstood and created communal violence in the city.[7]: 24 
  4. ↑ Around 8 pm when the Holi procession at Asa Mai gate was about to depart on the route to Pir Rathan Nath Dharamshala sub inspector Kanhya Lal who was posted at Chita Khuo informed the police head quarter that a mob of Muslim also assembled to stop it and the two mobs started abusing each other. Leaders from both sides tried to control the situation but the people from both sides refused to pay any heed to their leaders. Meanwhile, a Hindu Mahr Singh stabbed a Muslim with knife. Mahr Singh was chased by the mob and captured him at Bara Bazar. At the same time two Muslims Jani and Ahmad were killed by Hindu with knives. Police report for 21st March 1911, provides that two Muslim were killed and three wounded while from Hindu side two people were killed and eleven were wounded and eleven shops were broken.[7]: 24 
  5. ↑ When the funeral party was ousted from the city a riffraff of Muslim consisting of people from trans-border areas and Afghanistan remained in the city that started plundering and broke 285 shops. A violent clash was started in which two Hindus and one Muslim was killed... The next day on 23rd March the looting of shops started again. The first case was reported in Ramdas Bazar where the Muslim despite the Military and Police patrolling looted the Hindu shops. A Hindu, reader of Nawab of Landi fired and wounded two Muslim. The local Hindu during investigation denied the fact but Military intelligence reported that he fired and wounded two people. He was arrested and sent on trial under India Penal Code. Two Hindu were killed at Ram Das Bazar. It was also reported that in Mewa Mandi a mob of Afridi and Mohmand tribes started plundering and looted many shops. People from tribal areas were also involved in this looting. 11 shops were broken in Ram Das Bazar that day... The official records about the events of the day had self-contradictory statements. The starting paragraphs of police and commissioner reports claims that everything was good at the start of the day but after a while the situation was out of control in the whole city. For instance, police reports provides that around 10:00 am, in Karimpura a police constable Chettan Ram was struck on head and the mob at Bara Bazar started the slogan “Maro Hindu Ko”.[7]: 25 

References

  1. ↑ Pg 125 Palsetia, Jesse S. (2001). The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City. Brill. p. 368. ISBN 978-90-04-12114-0.
  2. 1 2 3 Pg 188–189 Palsetia, Jesse S. (2001). The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City. Brill. p. 368. ISBN 978-90-04-12114-0.
  3. ↑ Sajjad, Mohammad (2014). Muslim Politics in Bihar. Taylor & Francis. p. 98. ISBN 9781317559825.
  4. ↑ Thursby, Gene (1975). Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923-1928. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 978-90-04-04380-0.
  5. ↑ Besant, Annie Wood (1922). The future of Indian politics; a contribution to the understanding of present-day problems. University of California Libraries. Adyar, India, Theosophical Pub. House.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ambedkar, B.R. (1945), Pakistan, or the partition of India.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Rehman, Noor & Khan, Aman Ullah. 2020. "“Maro Hindu Ko” (Kill the Hindus): Communal Violence in Peshawar City: A Historical Perspective" In Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society. Volume: 33, No. 02, July – December 2020
  8. 1 2 "Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : Part I, Report; part II, Tables". 1922. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430163. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  9. ↑ "Troops called out for Bombay Riots". New York Times. 1930-06-23. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
  10. ↑ Burrows, Frederick (1946). Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell. The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107.
  11. ↑ "India: Written in Blood". Time. 28 October 1946. p. 42. Mobs in the Noakhali district of east Bengal ... burned, looted and massacred on a scale surpassing even the recent Calcutta riots. In eight days an estimated 5,000 were killed
  12. ↑ Khan, Yasmin (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. Yale University Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780300120783.
  13. ↑ "Agitation by backward Vanniyar community rocks Tamil Nadu".
  14. ↑ Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (11 February 1964). "Communal Disturbances in West Bengal: Shri G. L. Nanda's Statement in Parliament" (PDF). PIB Archive. p. 3. 6015.
  15. ↑ "Widespread Communal Riots in India and Pakistan" (PDF). Keesing's Contemporary Archives. 25 July 1964. p. 1.
  16. ↑ Huda, Kashif ul (2009-05-23). "Communal Riots and Jamshedpur". Economic and Political Weekly.
  17. ↑ "Recurrent Exodus of Minorities from East Pakistan and Disturbances in India" (PDF). International Commission of Jurists. 20 January 1965. p. 307.
  18. ↑ Sengupta, Anwesha (14 February 2022). "Calcutta's Muslims after Partition". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2023-01-12. more than 70,000 Calcutta hindus fled their homes during these riots
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